青枯假单胞菌的一段12.8 kb DNA带有特异性控制病菌在花生上致病的基因

在本工作中,通过平板筛选分离得到两个来自马铃薯的青枯假单胞菌菌株T2002和T2053(对花生不致病)的利福平抗性自发突变株T2016和T2017,通过三亲本接合,pGX1252分别以9.07×10-7、2.54×10-6频率被导入到T2016和T2017中,所得接合子T2123(T2016/pGX1252)和T2124(T2017/pGX1252)均分别能使花生汕油523发生青枯病,但它们侵染的植株出现病症的时间比T2005晚3～5 d,说明pGX1252能扩大T2016和T2017的寄主范围使之包括花生.从侵染T2123、T2124的病株中重新分离病菌,四环素抗性检测和质粒检测表明所有细菌均含有pGX1252,说明在植物体内无抗生素选择压力情况下pGX1252能在T2016、T2017中稳定存在.本工作进一步证实pGX1252带有特异性控制青枯假单胞菌在花生上致病的与寄主专一性有关的基因.     

不带抗药性基因的nifA质粒的构建

本研究克隆了萤光假单胞菌ＡＳ１．５５（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓＡＳ１．５５）的亮氨酸基因（ｌｅｕ＾＋）ＥｃｏＲＩ片段（－６．６ｋｂ）,并获得含有该片段的重组质粒ｐＢＲ３２２－ＬＥＵ。从ｐＢＲ３２２－ＬＥＵ质粒中分离出ｌｅｕ＾＋ＥｃｏＲＩ片段,将其插入到ｎｉｆＡ质ｐＭＣ７１Ａ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ位点使氯霉素抗性基因失活,从而构建了不带抗药性基因ｎｉｆＡ质粒ｐＭＣ７１Ａ－ＬＥＵ。     

脑钠肽与谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶融合蛋白的表达与分离纯化

用ＰＣＲ技术扩增获得脑钠肽－９５ｃＤＮＡ,再由它获得脑钠肽－３８ｃＤＮＡ（ＢＮＰ－３８ｃＤＮＡ）选用融合蛋白表达质粒ｐＧＥＸ－３Ｘ作载体,构建成谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶（ＧＳＴ）和ＢＮＰ－３８的融合基因,该基因在大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９中表达的最佳体系是：以１：１０扩大培养４ｈ加入终浓度为０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的诱导剂ＩＰＴＧ诱导培养４ｈ,诱导表达的融合蛋白量可达５６μｇ／ｍＬ,培养液,是国外文献的３．７３倍,用     

抗福美双假单胞菌株的NTG化学诱变及分子探针鉴定

利用微生物的抗药性筛选抗福美双的假单胞菌株Ｔ４６，然后通过亚硝基胍（ＮＴＧ）化学诱变获得了对福美双敏感的三株突变株Ｔ４６Ｎ１０、Ｔ４６Ｎ７和Ｔ４６Ｎ１７。利用这三个突变株作受体，通过基因克隆的方法筛选到了可使三个突变株恢复抗性的克隆，抗性基因分别被定位在７ｋｂ、２．５ｋｂ和２０ｋｂ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ片段上。将这三个克隆分别用（３２）Ｐ标记后制成分子探针，然后分别与三个突变菌株的总ＤＮＡ进行ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ分子杂交，结果表明，各突变株均存在与菌株Ｔ４６的抗福美双基因克隆的高度同源性，经结合形态、生理生化等分析后证实这三株突变株均源自于出发菌株Ｔ４６。     

花生条纹病毒外壳蛋白基因cDNA的合成、克隆及全序列测定

自田间采集的花生病叶中提取花生条纺病毒（ＰＳｔＶ）总ＲＮＡ,人工合成引物Ｐ１、Ｐ２,通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增合成ＰＳｔＶ－ｃｐ的ｃＤＮＡ,并将其克隆到ｐＧＥＭ－Ｔ载体上。经限制酶谱分析后进行全序列测定,结果表明：该布１０８４个核苷酸组成,包含了ＰＳｔＶ－ｃｐ ｃＤＮＡ完整的８６１ｂｐ编码序列（编码２８７个氮基酸）以及３＇端２２３ｂｐ非编码序列,与文献报道的４个ＰＳｔＶ－ｃｐ基因具有较高的保守性。     

拟南芥质膜水通道蛋白RD28保守区段在大肠杆菌中的表达及其抗体的制备

实验利用ＰＣＲ技术,从拟南芥原膜水旧白ＲＤ２８的ｃＤＮＡ中扩增了所有植物细胞质膜水通道蛋白保守区段（４２０ｂｐ）,并将其构入ｐＧＥＸ－ＫＧ。酶切、测序分析表明重组质粒ｐＧＥＸ－ＲＤ２８结构正确。０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＩＰＴＧ可诱导表达分子量约４０ｋＤ融合蛋白ＧＳＴ－ＲＤ２８,该蛋白主要以非包涵体的形式存在。诱导表达后的菌体超声裂解液经谷胱甘肽活化的Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４Ｂ亲和层析柱纯化得到了高纯度Ｇ     

导入外源基因扩大青枯假单胞菌的寄主范围

应用广谱寄主载体pLAFR1,在大肠杆菌中建立了青枯假单胞菌Pseu-domonas solanacearum两个不同生理小种T2003(在马铃薯上高发病,在花生上不致病)和T2005(在花生上高发病)的基因文库。把菌株T2005基因文库的克隆转移至T2003受体中,结果得到两个能引起花生枯死的结合子,这表明通过导入菌株T2005文库中的两个克隆,使原来在花生上不致病的菌株T2003的寄主范围扩大到在花生上能致病。     

水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌编码顺乌头酸酶的rpfA基因的鉴定

通过生化功能分析，证实了水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌野生型菌株Ｔ３０００产生两种顺乌头酸酶（分别命名为ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＡ和ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＢ）。通过三亲本接合的方法，将获得的含水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆ基因簇的重组质粒ｐＧＸＮ３０００导入甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因突变体８４７６中。经生化功能分析证实，８４７６／ｐＧＸＮ３０００中含有水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌的顺乌头酸酶ＸｏｏＡｃａｎＡ；同时还证实了ＰＧＸＮ３０００能互补８４７６，恢复其合成胞外酶和胞外多糖的能力及致病性．这表明在ＰＧＸＮ３０００中含有一个完整的水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌的顺乌头酸酶基因，该基因具有类似甘蓝黑腐病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因的功能．因此将该基因命名为水稻白叶枯病黄单胞菌ｒｐｆＡ基因。     

新城疫北京强毒株融合糖蛋白（F）基因的克隆及序列分析

ＮＤＶ北京强毒株Ｆ４８Ｅ９经ＳＰＦ鸡胚增殖,超速离心纯化,异硫氰酸胍法提取病毒ＮＡ后,用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增,得到其融合糖白基因。将扩增产物与ｐＧＥＭ＾Ｒ－Ｔ载体相连接转化,经过ＡｍｐＩＰＴＧ－Ｘｇａｌ（ＡＩＸ）平板筛选,ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切及ＰＣＲ鉴定,初步获得了含Ｆ基因的阳性克隆。用渐近法对克隆片段进行全序列分析,证明得到了作长１７４４个核苷酸的ＮＤＶ Ｆ蛋白基因。     

光合细菌对鱼病原细菌生长的影响

从发病的棒花鱼（Abbottina rivularis）和鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）分离得到7株菌,经人工感染证实其中的B3、J1和J2等3株菌均为病原细菌。B3和J1鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）,J2鉴定为豚鼠气单胞菌（Aeromonas caviae）。采用平板扩散法测定了光合细菌嗜酸红假单胞菌Y7（Rhodopseudomonas acidophila Y7）、球形红假单胞菌X3（R．spheroids X3）和桃红荚硫菌S（Tniocapsa roseopersicina S）对病原细菌B3和J2生长的影响。结果表明：在营养琼脂平板上3种光合细菌对两种病原细菌（B3和J2）无明显拮抗作用,但光合细菌能覆盖在病原细菌上生长;3种光合细菌对病原细菌生长有明显的抑制作用,其中球形红假单胞菌X3抑制作用最大,但X3代谢产物对病原细菌生长无明显抑制作用,说明X3对病原细菌的抑制作用来自菌体细胞。X3还能明显抑制水体中的病原菌B3和J2的生长。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.