高温胁迫对河南省2种主要玉米品种萌发及早期生长的影响

以河南省2种主要玉米品种濮单6号和晋单51号为材料,研究高温胁迫下,这2种玉米在种子萌发、幼苗相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量等生理指标的变化规律.结果表明:1)濮单6号和晋单51号萌发率都随温度的升高而降低,而濮单6号下降得更为明显;2)随温度升高,濮单6号和晋单51号幼苗叶片的电导率都会增加,其中濮单6号增加得更显著;3)丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量都随温度的升高而增大,且晋单51号较濮单6号的积累量更多.在高温胁迫下,晋单51号的耐受性比濮单6号强.     

不同肥料配施对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

采用3414最优回归设计,研究了不同施肥处理对青贮玉米品种'大京九26号'的产量和营养品质的影响.结果 表明,适量增施氮肥对提高青贮玉米鲜重产量和干物质产量的作用大于磷钾肥,并显著提高粗蛋白(CP)含量,对改善酸性洗涤性纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤性纤维(NDF)和脂肪(Fat)含量均有有益作用;钾肥对改善青贮玉米营养...     

不同施肥处理对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

2006年在北京市顺义区布置了青贮玉米肥料效应试验,研究氮磷钾的不同配比对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响,确定当地青贮玉米的氮磷钾适宜施用量。采用“3414”部分实施设计,3次重复,完全随机区组设计。施用氮肥对青贮玉米产量的影响要显著大于磷、钾肥的效应。处理6（N2P0K2）的纯收入和产投比是所有处理中最高的,分别达到10446.4元/hm^2和14.4。蛋白质含量最高的处理是处理5（N3P2K2）,蛋白质含量为9.93%。合理施肥能提高青贮玉米产量,增加氮肥用量显著提高蛋白质含量,改善青贮玉米的品质。综合试验结果,结合当地农业生产实际,北京市顺义区青贮玉米生产体系的氮、钾肥推荐用量分别为180kg/hm^2和180kg/hm^2,在该地区不建议施用磷肥。     

不同玉米品种的青贮产量和营养品质比较分析

本研究比较了7个不同玉米品种的青贮产量和青贮营养品质,结果发现品种间产量和品质性状存在显著差异.其中中北410、中北412等产量较高,但品质一般,应通过一定的栽培管理措施对其营养品质加以改善;组合6013-18/5947在青贮品质中均满足优质青贮玉米的要求,产量也较高,是产量和品质两方面均较好的组合,比较适于对青贮品质要求较高的畜牧区的种植;在选择示范推广青贮品种时,应兼顾青贮产量和品质两个方面,不可只看产量而忽视品质.     

影响玉米青贮产量和品质的分析

玉米青贮是一种主要的能量和纤维来源,具有巨大的优越性。近年来,国内外对玉米青贮技术有着较大的革新,从青贮玉米品种选择、栽培措施、灾害环境、收获期、刈割高度等方面进行了大量的研究,本文进行了综述。青贮玉米种植时根据动物生产目的来挑选品种和杂交类型,适当增加种植密度,并与豆科植物间作;同时玉米青贮研究需要加强自然灾害和玉米病虫害的防治及防治措施后玉米青贮技术。     

高温胁迫对小麦幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响

采用人工气候室控温,在大气相对湿度40%的条件下,以22℃为对照,在32,36,40℃的高温胁迫条件下,对烟农19二叶期小麦叶片内叶绿素含量、超氧化物岐化酶总活力、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：随着胁迫处理时间的延长,叶片内叶绿素含量迅速降低,且随胁迫温度的升高,叶绿素降解率增大;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及膜脂过氧化产物（MDA）含量呈现先上升后下降趋势;可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,且随胁迫温度的升高,可溶性糖含量升高幅度呈上升趋势。这些变化可能是由于高温胁迫造成细胞内膜系统损害所致。     

青贮玉米不同器官产量贡献率对密度调控的响应

为揭示不同类型青贮玉米各器官产量对于密度调控的响应规律,以粮饲兼用型品种冀承单3号及青贮专用型品种真金青贮31号为供试材料,设5个密度梯度,分别为45 000,60 000,75 000,90 000,97 500株/hm²,采用随机区组试验设计,进行了青贮玉米不同器官对全株饲用产量贡献率的比较研究。结果表明:冀承单3号全株产量主要贡献器官为籽粒,其次是茎秆和叶片;在45 000株/hm²及97 500株/hm²密度下,真金青贮31号全株产量主要贡献器官为叶片,其次为茎秆,再次为籽粒;而在75 000株/hm²密度下,真金青贮31号全株产量主要贡献器官为籽粒,其次为叶片,再次为茎秆。随着种植密度的增加,茎秆及叶片产量贡献率呈现先降后升变化趋势,苞叶、穗轴及籽粒呈现先升后降变化趋势;而茎秆及叶片含水率随着密度的增加呈现先升后降变化趋势,苞叶、穗轴及籽粒含水率随着密度增加呈现先降后升变化趋势。全株产量与鲜草器官产量呈正相关关系,与籽粒器官产量呈负相关关系,各器官产量均与其含水量呈负相关关系。从全株青贮产...     

不同种植密度对玉米郑单23产量和生理指标的影响

以郑单23为试验材料,在30000、37500、45000、52500、60000、67500和75000株／hm2种植密度下,研究了种植密度对郑单23玉米品种产量及子粒品质的影响。结果表明：郑单23的产量随着种植密度的增加先增后减,产量在52500株／hm2时最高,达9141.67kg／hm2;在3.0-7.5万株／hm2的密度范围内,随着种植密度的增加,玉米郑单23的株高、穗位升高,单株叶面积和单株干物质积累量减小,单株产量明显降低,经济系数表现为减–增–减的变化趋势。     

氮磷钾肥对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响

为了探讨施肥对青贮玉米原料及青贮饲料的影响,在撒施羊粪的田间,青贮玉米栽培管理时,分别单独施用氮肥（N-150kg/hm ²）、磷肥（P₂O₅-120kg/hm ²）、钾肥（K₂O-150kg/hm ²）,以不施用化肥为对照,经田间测产和取样,并对其青贮发酵后进行分析。结果表明,增施氮肥能极显著提高青贮玉米产量（P<0.01）,Milk2006奶亩指数显著高于单施磷钾肥和对照处理（P<0.05）;增施钾肥显著提高了青贮玉米的产量（P<0.05）。增施氮肥除了提高玉米青贮饲料氨态氮含量外（P<0.05）,玉米青贮饲料的其他发酵品质参数差异不显著。青贮不仅保存了原料的养分,同时降低了硝酸盐含量。     

不同玉米品种光合特性及青贮产量品质的差异性研究

明确内蒙古中熟区不同玉米品种光合效率、青贮产量及品质的差异性,为筛选适宜内蒙古中西部地区种植的中熟青贮玉米品种提供理论依据。系统分析了先玉335、利禾1号、东裕120、金创998、京科青贮301和种星青饲1号6个玉米品种关键生育时期的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合特征指标的动态变化规律以及青贮收获期的产量和品质指标。结果表明,随生育期的推进各品种的各项光合指标变化规律均表现为抽雄吐丝期>大喇叭口期>灌浆初期>灌浆中期。各品种玉米的叶绿素含量均无显著差异。种星青饲1号、先玉335和利禾1号叶面积指数显著高于其他玉米品种,净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的变化趋势较平缓,其生物产量均达到了20 100kg/hm ²以上,品质优良,综合各玉米品种的光合特性、产量以及品质分析得出,种星青饲1号、先玉335以及利禾1号3个品种作为内蒙古中熟区青贮玉米种植。     

添加不同乳酸菌菌剂对绿狐尾藻青贮品质的影响

以绿狐尾藻作为研究材料,探讨添加Lactococcus lactis (LL),Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)和复合菌剂(FH)对绿狐尾藻青贮品质的影响。试验设4 个处理组,即对照组(CK)、actococcus lactis 菌剂组(LL)、Lactobacillus plantarum 菌剂组(LP)、Lactococcus lactis 和Lactobacillus plantarum 复合菌剂组(FH);在青贮第1、3、7、15、30 天取样,实验室分析干物质含量、pH值、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及有机酸含量。研究结果表明：与对照相比,LL菌剂组可以显著降低绿狐尾藻青贮的pH值(P<0.05),提高乳酸含量(P<0.05),较对照组增加了131.2%;中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),与对照组相比降低了17.23%;酸性洗涤纤维的含量相比对照组显著降低(P<0.05),比对照组降低了24.56%。FH菌剂组的粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),较对照组高出12.6%。综上所述,乳酸菌菌剂可以改善绿狐尾藻的青贮品质、营养价值以及消化利用率,为绿狐尾藻的资源化利用提供了数据基础支撑。     

不同形态锰对番茄产量及品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了复混肥中分别添加硫酸锰(MnSO4)、氨基酸螯合锰(Mn-AA)和EDTA螯合锰(Mn-EDTA)对番茄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,肥料中添加3中不同形态锰均可提高番茄的产量和品质,其中,添加Mn-AA对提高番茄品质最有效,可提高果实维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和游离氨基酸含量,降低可滴定酸含量,提高果实的糖酸比。     

荒漠绿洲不同种植方式对青贮玉米产量及水肥利用效率的影响

合理的种植方式可以在不增加灌溉耗水量的前提下,利用植物个体间的正相互作用关系和群体适应特点来达到提高作物产量和水分利用效率的目的。通过田间试验,研究了河西走廊黑河中游边缘绿洲区1穴1株、1穴2株和1穴3株种植方式对青贮玉米产量及水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,1穴2株和1穴3株的地上生物产量均高于1穴1株,1穴2株最高,鲜重为102.9 t/hm~2,比1穴1株提高了29.4%;1穴2株与1穴1株之间存在显著差异(P0.05),1穴3株与1穴1株之间差异不显著(P0.05)。同样,1穴2株和1穴3株的地上生物产量水肥利用效率也均高于1穴1株,1穴2株的水分和氮肥利用效率也均最高,分别为9.3 kg/m~3和342.9 kg/kg;1穴2株与1穴1株之间存在显著差异(P0.05),1穴3株与1穴1株之间差异不显著(P0.05)。在河西走廊边缘绿洲区,采用1穴2株的种植方式能显著提高青贮玉米的地上生物产量和水肥利用效率,可在生产中推广应用。     

Silage yield and quality traits in elite maize hybrids and their relationship to elemental concentrations in juvenile plants

European silage maize is cultivated for animal feed and biogas production. We evaluated 210 factorial crosses of elite dent and flint lines in multilocation trials for agronomic and quality traits together with biomass and shoot concentrations of 10 elements in juvenile plants. Significant genotypic variances, mainly due to general combining ability variance of the dent lines, and high heritabilities were observed for dry matter yield (DMY) and quality traits. DMY was not correlated with quality traits, but methane fermentation yield (MFY) and metabolizable energy content (MEC) showed significant correlations with starch and fibre content. Concentrations of elements N,P,S,K were positively correlated with each other but only in few cases correlated with DMY and quality traits. Parent lines with contrasting P concentrations differed in root morphology traits. Results support DMY as primary trait for selection of silage maize hybrids, but MFY is of negligible importance in breeding for biogas contrary to MEC for animal feed. Neither biomass nor elemental composition of juvenile plants were of predictive value for final DMY or quality traits.     

Relationship between grain yield and quality in rice germplasms grown across different growing areas

Rice grain yield and quality are two major foci of rice breeding. In this study, Chinese regional rice test data provide us the unique opportunity to analyze the relationship between yield and quality in rice, because China has an unusually wide range of rice cultivars. We analyzed the relationships between grain yield, yield components, and grain quality of 300 rice germplasms. Japonica was superior in both yield and quality compared with indica. A high setting rate improved the head rice ratio. A higher 1000 grain weight was negatively correlated with quality characteristics but had a positive correlation with yield. A high spikelet density (number of grains per centimeter on the panicle) not only benefits the yield but also the head rice ratio and chalkiness traits. According to our results, global rice production can be increased to at least 8500 kg/ha to meet projected demands in 2025 without sacrificing grain quality.     

不同栽培管理条件下夏玉米产量与肥料利用效率的差异解析

于2017—2018年在泰安、淄博和烟台,根据生产调研和各地夏玉米高产经验,在同一地块综合设置了超高产栽培、高产高效栽培和农户栽培3种栽培模式,分别模拟超高产生产水平(SH)、高产高效生产水平(HH)和农户生产水平(FP) 3个层次。并分别设置不施氮(SHN_0、HHN_0、FPN_0)、不施磷(SHP_0、HHP_0、FPP_0)和不施钾(SHK_0、HHK_0、FPK_0)的肥料空白处理。定量分析不同产量层次之间产量差及肥料利用效率差,探究产量差和效率差的影响因素及缩差增效途径。结果显示,当前山东省夏玉米SH、HH和FP的籽粒产量分别实现了光温潜力产量的68.13%、63.71%、53.22%。随着产量差距的增大,肥料利用效率降低。FP的N、P、K肥料利用效率分别为4.23、5.83、4.94 kg kg~(–1), SH的分别为3.84、4.64、2.97 kg kg~(–1)。通过优化栽培措施后,高产高效管理模式能够较FP籽粒产量提升10.49%, N、P、K的肥料利用效率分别提高67.07%、101.35%、57.65%,是实现产量与肥料利用效率协同提升的有效技术途径。对各产量水平进行产量性能分析发现,随着产量水平的提高,平均叶面积指数和单位面积穗数明显提高,而穗粒数、平均净同化率和粒重则有所下降。随着产量水平的提高,吐丝后干物质和N、P、K元素积累比例有增加的趋势。因此,在保持现有功能性参数不降低情况下,优化结构性参数是当前产量与资源利用效率协同提升的有效措施,今后高产高效应更加注重生育后期群体结构性能的优化。     

In vivo silage feeding value of early maize hybrids registered in France between 1958 and 1994

The in vivo feeding value of 118 early maize (Zea mays L) hybrids, registered in France between 1958 and 1994, has been estimated from digestibility measurements with sheep at INRA Lusignan (France). There were great variations in the digestibilities of organic matter and crude fibre, and in the energy value of these hybrids, ranging respectively between 65.1 and 73.5%, 45.4 and 60.0%, and 0.79 and 0.95 UFL. There was a regular decrease in the average feeding value, regarding the year of registration, for each of the feeding value traits investigated. From 1958 to date, the frequency of hybrids lower than Mammouth increased, while the number of hybrids higher than LG11 or Brutus clearly decreased. Across the years, the increase in variations among hybrids occurred because of the introduction of hybrids with a poorer feeding value, particularly since the end of the 80's. The extremely efficient genetic pressure in breeding for whole plant yield and stalk standability could explain the drift in feeding value. A silage maize hybrid with a high yield, a high lodging resistance, and a good feeding value can be available only if breeders use a digestibility assessment, proved as representative of the digestion in cattle. In addition to a digestibility evaluation, the prediction of maize ingestibility could be taken into account as soon as a criterion is established. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同钾肥用量对莴笋产量和品质的效应

莴笋是中国南北地区广泛栽培和食用的叶类蔬菜之一, 其对氮、磷、钾三要素的吸收量中以钾最大,氮次之,磷最小。钾素作为作为“品质元素”,对莴笋品质形成至关重要。为寻求大田条件下合适的钾肥用量,在田间试验研究了不同钾肥施用量(K1、K2、K3、K4）对莴笋产量和品质的影响。结果表明：不同施肥处理间莴笋产量有显著差异。不同施肥处理提高莴笋产量2.0%～18.5％,增产幅度以K2＞K1＞K3＞K4,增施钾肥处理的增产效率则以K1＞K2＞K3＞K4。与CK1相比,不同施肥处理提高莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.9%～140%;增施钾肥降低莴笋茎和叶片硝酸盐含量12.2%～43.8%和20.6%～35.0%,且茎、叶片硝酸盐含量与钾肥用量呈显著的二次回归关系。与CK1处理相比,不同施肥处理对莴笋Vc和可溶性糖含量茎中以负效应为主,叶片中以正效应为主;低K 处理（K1和K2处理）对Vc和可溶性糖含量正效应较大。不同施肥处理对莴笋茎和叶片氨基酸含量的效应以降低作用为主。综合莴笋产量和品质来看,以K2处理（即K2O 150kg/km2）为莴笋高产优质的最佳处理。     

不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

水分不足是旱地玉米生长主要限制因素,渭北旱塬雨养玉米种植区降水季节波动大,干旱频繁发生,已严重影响春玉米正常生长发育及产量稳定性。于2016—2018年在渭北旱塬合阳县进行旱地玉米施氮量定位试验,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年包括0、75、150、270、360 kg hm~(–2) (分别以N0、N75、N150、N270、N360表示), 2018年施氮量处理为0、90、180、270、360kgNhm~(–2) (分别以N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),供试品种为郑单958(ZD958)和陕单8806(SD8806)。分析了不同降水分布年份施氮量对春玉米生育期土壤水分变化动态、干物质积累动态、产量构成、经济效益及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,试验年份降水分布可分为穗期多雨、粒期干旱型(2016年和2018年)和穗期干旱、粒期多雨型(2017年)。生长季降水量及其分布显著影响土壤蓄水量和玉米地上部干物质积累,从而影响玉米产量及其构成因素,穗期干旱显著降低地上部干物质积累量和穗粒数,粒期干旱会明显降低粒重。不同降水分布年份施氮处理较N0增产6.72%～91.23%不等,施氮量对玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)影响呈现二次曲线关系,穗期多雨、粒期干旱型以N270处理籽粒产量和WUE最高,而穗期干旱、粒期多雨型以N150处理产量和WUE最好。籽粒产量与"休闲至抽雄期降水(FP2)"、"播前土壤蓄水量+播种至抽雄期降水(SP2)"相关性较强(FP2:R2=0.839**; SP2:R2=0.837**)。根据产量、水分利用和经济收益综合评价,渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150kghm~(–2),再根据休闲至抽雄期降水量或播前土壤蓄水量与播种至抽雄期降水量之和预测产量,估算并及时追施适宜施氮量。     

不同膜上遮挡措施对旱地玉米土壤理化性状及产量的影响

Aiming at the phenomenon of premature senescence of plants under long-term maize plastic film mulching in rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, adding cooling measures on mulched maize were taken to study the effects of soil temperature change on maize yield formation and analysis the changes of soil physical and chemical properties in topsoil of maize from the perspective of never changing the water conserving function of plastic film, which would provide the theoretical reference for the analysis of the early senescence in the later growth stage of ordinary plastic film maize. This experiment design using Shaandan 609 (SD 609) as tested materials, based on a 2-year field experiment, compared with the effects of three modes, ordinary plastic film mulch + black sunshade net (A), ordinary plastic film mulch + straw (B) and ordinary plastic film mulch (C) on soil temperature, soil nutrients, dry matter mass accumulation yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency in yield. The results were as follows: (1) Adding coverings on plastic film mulching (black sunshade net, straw) can effectively decrease the soil temperature and compactness, especially early stage of maize growth. (2) Compared with the control treatment C, cooling treatment A and treatment B significantly increased the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and total potassium in the later stage of maize growth, and the average partial fertilizer productivity increased by 7.24% and 6.97%, respectively. (3) Cooling treatments can delay the attenuation of green leaf area in the later stage of maize growth, improve the accumulation rate of dry matter and increase the kernel weight of maize. Compared with treatment C, the 2-year average maize yields of cooling treatment A and treatment B were increased by 6.39% and 5.93% and the average water use efficiency by 8.17% and 7.67%, respectively. In rainfed and arid regions in Northwest China, properly reducing the temperature under the film of mulched maize are helpful to improve soil physical and chemical properties, promote the accumulation of dry matter and the formation of yield and improve the high utilization efficiency of fertilizer and water.