谈“蝗”色变 湖南长沙准备动用飞机“扫蝗”

<正>湖南今年局部地区遭遇五十年一遇的旱灾,持续干旱为蝗虫暴发创造了有利条件。自六月下旬以来,长沙市岳麓区、宁乡县、望城县,益阳市安化县,常德市汉寿县等地相继暴发"蝗灾"。据不完全统计,长沙市岳麓区、宁乡县、望城县受灾面积超过2万亩,益阳市安化县受灾面积超过2万亩,常德市汉寿县受灾面积超过2千     

博斯腾湖流域植被覆盖变化及驱动因素分析

植被覆盖变化对于气候变化背景下的区域生态水文响应研究具有重要现实意义。利用博斯腾湖流域2001—2013年16天合成MODIS NDVI影像及30 m分辨率ASTER DEM数据,对博斯腾湖流域植被NDVI时空变化及驱动因素分析。结果表明：（1）博斯腾湖流域植被生长季开始于4月下旬,结束于10月下旬。2001—2013年植被生长季内流域植被NDVI呈不显著的减少趋势,且891~1500 m、3501~4000和4001~4808 m范围呈增加趋势,1501~3500 m范围植被NDVI呈减少趋势。（2）博斯腾湖流域2001—2013年植被NDVI以减少趋势为主,占流域面积的61.80%,呈增加趋势的区域占流域面积36.60%。增加区域主要分布在流域东南部焉耆盆地、博斯腾湖的东南侧与西北侧,以及流域西北部的中部部分区域,其他为减少趋势分布区域。增加区域分布在891~2000和3501~4808 m范围,其他高程范围呈减少趋势。（3）博斯腾湖流域植被覆盖变化受到气候变化与人类活动的双重影响,但高海拔区域植被覆盖变化主要与气候变化有关,而低海拔区域植被覆盖变化受人类活动影响居多。     

退耕政策对延安地区土壤侵蚀影响

陕北黄土高原是中国土壤侵蚀最为严重及退耕政策实施的重要区域,经过10多年退耕还林还草政策实施,区域生态环境明显改善。科学评价政策实施对土壤侵蚀的影响,有助于政策的调整及完善。以延安地区为例,基于该区域土地利用、植被覆盖、DEM及降水等数据,评价退耕政策实施对区域内土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）受退耕政策影响,2000—2010年延安地区及＞25°区域耕地面积大幅减少,主要转化为草地和林地,转化比例分别超过80%和15%;（2）＞25°区域耕地面积减少207.8km2,减少47.50%,但仅占延安地区退耕面积的8.8%,由于＞25°区域耕地对土壤侵蚀影响较大,完全可以全部实施退耕;（3）退耕政策实施提高了植被平均NDVI值,延安地区及＞25°区域,耕地减少区域的植被平均NDVI值在2000—2010年间分别增加53.76%和55.29%;（4）计算表明,2000—2010年间耕地面积减少并未抵消降雨侵蚀力增大对土壤侵蚀的影响,若按2000年降雨侵蚀力不变计算,退耕政策确实起到了减少土壤侵蚀的作用。由于土壤侵蚀的减少是一个长期过程,所以退耕政策实施成果的维护、植被覆盖的改善和恢复需要持续进行。     

基于NOAA AVHRR数据的京津冀地区植被覆盖的时空变化

本研究利用京津冀地区83个站点近29年（1982—2010年）归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,研究京津冀地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征。采用气候倾向率、相关分析、经验正交函数EOF分解等方法,分别从月、季和年多个时间尺度以及空间变化尺度,详细分析了京津冀地区植被覆盖的基本特征,结果表明：（1）近29年京津冀地区植被覆盖整体呈微弱的增加趋势,年际波动较大;春季植被覆盖上升趋势最为明显,其次是秋季和冬季,夏季植被变化率与年变化相关性最强;4—6月为植被主要生长期,7月植被覆盖增长率最高,8月、10月和11月为弱的减少趋势。（2）整个研究区植被覆盖空间分布差异较大,其中河北南部、北京东北部的燕山附近区域植被覆盖最好（NDVI均值>0.4）,低值区主要位于张家口北部,其中张家口的康保站年平均NDVI值为0.15,为研究区最低;EOF分析表明,整个研究区植被增加明显的区域为河北中南部,时间系数表明京津冀地区植被覆盖1982—1999年为增长期,2000—2002年有所减少,2003—2010年有明显增加。

     

羌塘国家自然保护区植被生长季NDVI时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

为详细了解羌塘国家级自然保护区生长季NDVI时空特征及其对气候变化的响应,使用MODIS传感器的生长季归一化植被指数(NDVI),计算2000—2020年羌塘国家级自然保护区各功能区生长季NDVI变化趋势和稳定性,结合中国第一代大气和陆面再分析产品(CRA/LAND)研究NDVI对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）保护区多年植被生长季NDVI均值为0.02~0.55,平均值为0.138,呈现由东南向西北逐渐减小的空间分布特征。（2）保护区86.39%的面积区域植被生长季（6—9月）NDVI呈缓慢上升趋势,并且大部分区域达到显著水平(P<0.05),剩余13.61%的面积区域植被生长季NDVI处于下降趋势,其中只有极少部分区域达到显著性水平(P<0.05);总体植被状况随时间变化呈变好趋势。（3）2000年以来保护区的生长季NDVI稳定性较差,NDVI≤0.1的大部分区域处于较低稳定度,较低稳定度和中等稳定度面积之和占整个研究区域面积的86.66%。（4）保护区在植被生长季气候趋向于“暖湿化”;气温与降水量对保护区生长季NDVI都有重要的正向影响。研究结论能为气候变化背景下该区域植被生态保护提供一定科学依据。     

棉田雹灾后的综合管理技术

特殊的地理位置使兵团一师二团灾害性天气发生较多,2016年5月5日和5月16日二团遭受强冰雹灾害,50%的棉花被砸断头,受灾面积0.13万hm~2,棉花受灾严重。雹灾发生后,二团对棉花受灾情况和雹灾棉田管理难点进行了调查和分析,根据不同棉田受灾程度,及时采取综合管理技术,有效降低了冰雹灾害损失,可为今后雹灾后棉花的生产管理提供参考。     

新疆人工造林存在的问题及建议

1概况新疆维吾尔自治区位于我国西北部,面积166万km2,占全国总面积的六分之一,是我国面积最大的省(区)。全区绿洲面积约7万km2,占全区总面积     

近10年浙江植被物候的遥感监测及时空动态

为了全面认识浙江植被物候变化规律,进一步完善区域气候变化的植被响应机制,基于改进的Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重构了2001-2010年MODIS NDVI时间序列数据,利用分段多项式拟合和动态阈值法提取了浙江省近10年的植被重要物候期（生长季开始时间、结束时间和生长季长度）,分析植被物候期的年际变化趋势和空间分异特征。结果表明：（1）浙江省植被生长季为3月下旬-11月中旬,平均生长季长度为222天。近10年的生长季开始时间有提前趋势,但提前不显著,结束时间显著推迟,生长季有所延长,每10年延长约7天。（2）浙江植被的生长季开始时间从北往南逐渐推迟,生长季结束时间相对集中。浙江植被生长季延长的区域面积和生长季缩短的区域面积相当。（3）不同植被类型物候特征差异较大,分析针叶林和灌丛草地2类典型样区植被的物候变化发现,灌丛草地NDVI的年内和年际变幅均较针叶林的大,且针叶林的平均生长季长度比灌丛草地短约35天,针叶林生长季有延长的趋势,而灌丛草地生长季变化不明显。     

基于地形梯度的陕西省土地利用变化研究

笔者利用2000、2010 年土地利用现状和DEM数据,基于地形位梯度指数、分布指数和土地利用程度综合指数等,探讨了陕西省土地利用分布变化的地形梯度特征。研究结果表明：陕西省土地利用现状以林地、耕地和草地为主,三者土地面积占区域总面积的95%以上;2000—2010 年土地利用变化特征是耕地面积逐渐降低,大量耕地退耕为草地(3761.33 km2)和林地(1198.61 km2),而建设用地面积明显增加,主要源于对耕地(729.66 km2)和草地(225.86 km2)的侵占;土地利用类型在地形位梯度上的变化特征是随着地形位的增高,草地、耕地、园地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地的分布指数逐渐降低,而林地与之相反。土地利用程度显示,在地形位指数较低的区域土地利用程度较高,土地利用类型转换剧烈,而随着地形位指数增高土地利用程度随之降低。     

面积破百万公顷 出口近5亿美元——2011年全国花卉统计数据分析

8月初,农业部公布了2011年全国花卉统计数据。总体上看,与上年度相比,2011年我国花卉种植面积、销售额和出口额均有不同程度上升,花卉产销继续保持一定的增长势头。总体增长较快2011年我国花卉生产总面积102.40万公顷,比2010年的91.76万公顷增加11.60%;销售总额1068.54亿元,比2010年的861.96亿元增加     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.     

Genetic variation for disease and nematode resistances and forage quality in perennial diploid and tetraploid lucerne populations (Medicago sativa L.)

Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality.     

Review of Effects of Active Components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on Central Nervous System

In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,...     

Effects of Pb on Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activity and Chemical Constituents of Achyranthes bidentata Blume

[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat...     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

Isozyme variation between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth.

Summary Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. is a wild perennial species related to the cultivated soybean, G. max (L.) Merr. It is composed of diploid (2n=40) and tetraploid (2n=80) cytotypes. Currently, to differentiate the cytotypes, plants are grown out in the greenhouse and chromosome counts made on pollen mother cells. It is a laborious and time consuming process. The objective of this study was to determine whether electrophoretic techniques could be utilized to separate the cytotypes. Electrophoretic examination of seven isozyme systems from seed of 67 G. tabacina accessions revealed banding patterns that could be used to differentiate between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes in the species. Among the tetraploid accessions, the number of bands observed were always greater than the diploids. Some tetraploid banding patterns consisted of bands similar to the diploid tabacina and/or additional bands previously identified in other Glycine species. The patterns of isozyme multiplicity and variation in the tetraploid tabacinas suggests more than one mode of origin for the tetraploids.     

Some physiological and photosynthetic characters of rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids

Summary Some photosynthetic characters as-leaf anatomy, leaf photosynthetic rate and CO₂ compensation pointdistinguishing C₃ and C₄ plants and physiological characters as leaf area ratio, nitrogen content, leaf stem ratio and total shoot-to-root and deep root-to-shoot ratios have been studied in rice × sorghum and rice × wheat hybrids. Rice × sorghum 1. has lower values of photosynthetic rate, leaf nitrogen, total root and deep root-to-shoot ratio and CO₂ compensation point as of rice parent where as, rice × sorghym 2. is superior in all these characters. Both hybrids lack kranz anatomy. Though both rice × sorghum hybrids show characters of C₃ rice plant but rice × sorghum 2. has improved drought tolerance and leaf characters in relation to yield. Rice × wheat hybrid have higher assimilatory area and higher total root-to-shoot ratio. Grains of rice × wheat hybrids are identical to rice grain. However, as grains of rice × wheat hybrid does not contain seed coat, it could be exploited as novel rice germplasm after improvement.Abbreviations T CO₂ compensation point - T21 CO₂ compensation point at 21% O₂ - T2 CO₂ compensation point at 2% O₂ - dR/sR deep Root-to-shoot Ratio - LAR Leaf Area Ratio - CER photosynthetic rate - TR/SR Total Root-to-Shoot Ratio