外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下盐角草和毕氏海蓬子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了外源甜菜碱(GB)对不同盐(NaCl)浓度处理下毕氏海蓬子和盐角草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:外源甜菜碱提高了盐环境下毕氏海蓬子和盐角草种子的发芽率、发芽指数以及活力指数.在外源甜菜碱处理下,毕氏海蓬子和盐角草幼苗根茎长及叶绿素含量都高于单盐处理,表明外源甜菜碱提高了毕氏海蓬子和盐角草抗盐能力.甜菜碱对毕氏海蓬子种子萌发率、发芽势的促进作用更大,而对于促进幼苗根茎的生长及提高活力指数和耐盐性方面对盐角草的作用更为明显.     

白茎盐生草种子萌发特性及其对盐旱胁迫的响应

以白茎盐生草种子为材料,研究不同光照、温度、NaCl和PEG处理对白茎盐生草种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明:1)白茎盐生草萌发时对光暗条件要求不严,3种光暗条件下,白茎盐生草种子均在30℃/35℃时快速达到最大萌发率而完成萌发进程.2)当NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L时,对白茎盐生草种子萌发无显著影响向,但当NaCl浓度为200～ 500mmol/L则会显著抑制白茎盐生草种子的萌发,种子的耐盐(NaCl)阈值和极限值分别为350.94和510.32mmol/L.3)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,完成萌发进程所用时间增长,最终萌发率显著下降.-0.2 MPa的渗透势对白茎盐生草种子最终萌发率无显著影响,渗透势为-0.4～-1.2 MPa时,种子最终萌发率总体呈显著下降的趋势,种子的耐旱(PEG)阈值和极限值分别为-1.58和-3.09 MPa.综上所述,白茎盐生草种子萌发时表现出较强的抗盐性和极强的抗旱性.     

不同钠盐胁迫对高冰草种子萌发的影响

通过对高冰草种子在不同钠盐(NaCl、NaHCO3、Na2CO3)溶液中萌发情况的研究,旨在探明高冰草种子在不同盐胁迫下的萌发特性。结果表明:碱性盐(NaHCO3、Na2CO3)胁迫较中性盐(NaCl)胁迫显著降低了高冰草的发芽率。高冰草种子在NaCl浓度150mmol/L、NaHCO3浓度100mmol/L和Na2CO3浓度50mmol/L时萌发受到明显抑制。不同钠盐胁迫下高冰草种子胚根和胚芽的受抑制大小顺序为,中性盐NaCl胁迫:胚根<胚芽;碱性盐NaHCO3和Na2CO3胁迫:胚根>胚芽。     

施氮量对盐角草生长及钠离子累积的影响

为了研究施氮对盐角草生长及其钠离子累积的影响,本研究通过5个氮肥水平大田小区试验分析了不同施氮量对盐角草生长和钠离子累积的影响.结果表明:施氮能够显著增加盐角草茎秆、籽粒和同化枝的产量;在0 ～ 600 kg/hm2范围内,盐角草的生物量及籽粒产量随着施氮量增加而呈现直线增长的趋势.施氮对盐角草茎秆、籽粒和同化枝中的Na+含量无显著影响,但盐角草同化枝中的Na+含量显著高于茎秆和籽粒.施氮能够促进盐角草各部分对Na+的累积,600 kg/hm2的施氮量条件下,盐角草的Na+累积量平均达到了9668 kg/hm2,较不施氮的2045 kg/hm2增加了370％.因此,本研究表明,施氮能够促进盐角草对盐渍土的改良效果.     

毕氏海莲子和盐角草幼苗对PEG 6000模拟干旱的生理响应

以不同浓度PEG 6000模拟干旱处理,研究了盐生植物毕氏海蓬子和盐角草幼苗的抗旱性。结果表明:随着PEG 6000浓度的上升,毕氏海蓬子和盐角草体内主要抗氧化酶SOD,POD,CAT活性总体呈先升后降,盐角草SOD活性呈上升趋势。毕氏海蓬子产生速率高于盐角草,且随着干旱的加剧呈上升趋势。盐角草MDA含量基本趋于稳定,毕氏海蓬子MDA的含量虽低于盐角草,但随着干旱的加剧呈上升趋势。毕氏海蓬子的脯氨酸含量随干旱程度的加剧先上升再下降,盐角草的脯氨酸含量一直上升,两者可溶性蛋白含量变化不大。叶绿素含量总体随干旱递增,叶绿素a/b随干旱程度加剧先略有增加然后大幅度下降。总体来看,盐生植物抗氧化酶活性是水分胁迫的敏感指标,而盐角草耐旱能力比毕氏海蓬子要强。     

牛筋草种子萌发特性的研究

牛筋草种子萌发受温度影响较大,温度低于15℃,种子完全不萌发,高于25℃利于种子萌发,萌发率超过92％。对光照条件不敏感。牛筋草种子的萌发受酸碱度影响很小,在pH值4—11范围内,萌发率均高于90％。牛筋草种子对水分胁迫较敏感,当水势为-0．6MPa时,种子萌发率仅1．67％。牛筋草种子耐盐性较强,当NaC1浓度为120mmol／L时,种子萌发率仍高达80％。牛筋草种子适宜在土层深度0-1cm范围内萌发,萌发率超过87％,种子埋深增加会严重抑制其萌发。     

垄沟种植对盐角草生长及矿质元素含量的影响

为了研究垄沟种植对盐角草(Salicornia-Europaea L.)生长的影响,本研究采用田间试验比较了垄沟种植与常规种植两种模式下,盐角草生长及其矿质元素含量与累积量的差异.结果表明,垄沟种植模式能够增加盐角草地上部与地下部的生物量,提高盐角草的冠根比,尤其是垄上单株生物量约为垄下与常规种植的2倍.垄沟种植能够改...     

温度对4种杂草种子萌发的影响

研究了20℃/15℃和25℃/20℃两种日波动温度对棒头草（Polypogon fugax Nees ex steud.）、大瓜草（Spergula arvensis L.）、红花月见草（Oenothera rosea L’Herit.ex Ait.）和紫茎泽兰（Eupatorium adenophorumSpreng.）种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的作用。结果表明,4种杂草种子萌发对两种波动温度的反应存在差异。前4 d高温有利于棒头草种子萌发,而3 d以后,种子在低温时的发芽率均高于高温处理。前3 d高温促进大瓜草种子的发芽势,而4 d后两种温度下种子的发芽率维持不变,且低温处理的发芽率比高温处理高10%左右。红花月见草和紫茎泽兰种子萌发对温度的反应很相似,即在种子萌发的早期高温和低温种子发芽率差异很大,随着发芽时间的进一步延长,两种温度处理的发芽率逐渐接近。     

不同化学试剂及人工处理对稗草种子休眠的影响

分别应用不同化学试剂及人工剥去颖壳处理来提高稗草种子的萌发率,不同处理对种子发芽率的影响不同.GA3、浓H2 SO4、KNO3、剥去颖壳处理都有利于稗草种子的萌发,但剥去颖壳破除休眠的效果不理想.通过800～1200 mg/L GA3浸种24 h,浓硫酸浸种10～ 20 min,都能打破稗草种子休眠,使其发芽率超过70％;KNO3溶液可打破部分稗草种子休眠,2％ KNO3浸泡12 h,发芽率为34.67％;NaOH、HC1不宜用于解除稗草种子休眠.     

氮肥对盐角草生长及矿质灰分累积的影响

在新疆南疆重盐化土壤上采用田间试验方法及完全随机区组设计,研究了不同氮肥施用水平(0、75、150和225 kg/hm2)对盐角草生长以及矿质灰分吸收累积的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥能显著提高盐角草的地上部各部分生物量、根系干重、种子产量及总灰分累积量,其中施用225 kg/hm2氮肥时,盐角草每年可从土壤中带走8 43...     

耐旱灌木蒙古莸花的资源及保护利用

蒙古莸是分布在黄土区和干旱的荒漠区,以及沙区的一种耐旱性小灌木,不仅抗性强,而且繁殖更新容易。它是一种花型优美、叶和种子含樟香型油。是很好的水土保持和环境绿化、美化树种,并且又是良好的“木本饲料”。今后对蒙古莸的保护、开发、利用前景广阔     

茶籽象为害对油茶果产量和茶油品质的影响

为探索茶籽象为害对油茶果产量及茶油品质的影响,对健康茶果和受害茶果平均籽重、茶籽出油率、所提炼茶油的酸值、过氧化值、苯并芘和黄曲霉毒素B1含量等一系列指标进行了对比测定。结果表明:健康茶籽的平均重量7.89g显著高于受害茶籽6.58g(P0.001);受害茶籽出油率显著低于健康茶籽,仅为后者的71.15%(P0.05);受害果的茶油中酸值平均含量为17.79mg/g,过氧化值平均含量0.66g/100g,两个指标都极显著高于健康的茶油,且显著高于食用油国家标准;受害果茶油中苯并芘含量明显增高,但与健康果茶油差异不显著;受害果茶油和健康果茶油中均未检出黄曲霉毒素。本研究明确了茶籽象为害对油茶产量及茶油质量的影响,为茶籽象的防治及茶油加工提供了参考。     

4种盐生植物生长对土壤石油污染的响应

为了探讨4种新疆盐生植物在石油污染土壤上的生长适应性及修复效果,设置了5种不同浓度的石油污染处理,对4种供试盐生植物的株高、鲜重、根冠比及土壤中总石油烃含量进行了观测。结果表明：① 当土壤石油污染浓度为0.5%时,对4种供试植物的生长均有一定的促进作用,其生长指标均大于空白对照组,但差异不显著。② 随着污染物浓度的增大,4种供试植物的生长也受到了显著的抑制作用。其中,盐角草与野榆钱菠菜幼苗在生长过程中,当土壤石油污染浓度分别为1.5%和2%时,出现叶片枯黄死亡现象,其生长期只能维持20 d左右。③ 经过120 d的修复,4种供试植物对土壤中石油烃类污染物都有一定的修复作用,其总石油烃降解率为：鞑靼滨藜﹥盐地碱蓬﹥野榆钱菠菜﹥盐角草。④ 与其他2种植物相比,鞑靼滨藜和盐地碱蓬具有较大的石油污染耐受性和修复效果,表明其具有修复石油污染土壤的应用潜力。     

Insecticidal activity of fatty acid constituents of fixed vegetable oils against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on cowpea

The insecticidal activity of lauric, oleic and linoleic acids against Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea was investigated in laboratory bioassays. In pre-oviposition grain treatments, it was found that, at dosages between 1.96 and 11.59 kg-lauric acid had no effect on progeny development, while the oily oleic and linoleic acids were active in reducing progeny development. The active fatty acids had no effect on oviposition (in no-choice experiments) or on mortality of adults or larvae that successfully penetrated treated cowpea seeds, and their insecticidal activity, like that of fixed vegetable oils, depended mainly on ovicidal action. When applied to cowpeas in a pure state, oleic acid had an LC₅₀ value of 1.64mlkg^?1, which made it approximately 3 and 8 times more toxic against eggs of C. maculatus than groundnut oil and linoleic acid respectively. When the ovicidal activities of the three fatty acids were tested by dipping egg-infested seeds in acetone- based solutions, they were all found to be similarly toxic, lauric, oleic and linoleic acids having LC₅₀, values of 40, 38 and 26 ml litre^?1 respectively (with overlapping 95% C.L.). These values made them 2-4 times more toxic than acetone-based solutions of groundnut and traditional coconut oils. The possibility of employing fatty acids in large-scale and traditional small-scale food storage systems is discussed.     

Seed Development,Oil Accumulation and Fatty Acid Composition of Drought Stressed Rapeseed Plants Affected by Salicylic Acid and Putrescine

Two field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 to evaluate the impacts of salicylic acid (1?mM SA) and putrescine (1?mM Put) on leaf osmolytes, seed reserve and oil accumulation and fatty acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different watering levels (irrigations after 70 and 150?mm evaporation as normal irrigation and severe drought stress, and 70?→?90?→?110?→?130?→?150 and 70?→?100?→?130→150 as gradual and moderately gradual water deficits, respectively). The experiments were laid out as split plot on the bases of randomized complete block design in three replications. Water stress increased the contents of glycine betaine, proline, soluble sugars, and proteins. Application of SA and Put further enhanced the contents of glycine betaine and soluble sugars, while reduced proline content of leaves. Seed filling duration, seeds per plant, plant biomass and seed yield were decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. Exogenous SA and Put enhanced all of these parameters under different irrigation intervals. Oil accumulation in seeds was diminished as water stress severed. The gradual water deficit considerably reduced the impacts of drought stress on yield related traits and oil content per seed, due to stress acclimation of plants. Oil content of seeds was augmented by SA and Put treatments through prolonging seed filling duration, particularly under limited irrigations. Percentages of palmitic acid and stearic acid (saturated fatty acids) were not affected by water limitation. However, unsaturated fatty acids of linoleic and linolenic acids were reduced, and oleic acid was enhanced due to water shortage. Unsaturation index was improved by SA and Put treatments under severe water stress as a result of decreasing oleic acid and increasing linoleic and linolenic acids contents. The SA spray was the best treatment for improving rapeseed seed and oil production under normal and stressful conditions.

     

The incidence of Alternaria spp. and Leptosphaeria maculans in commercial brassica seed in the United Kingdom

Tests on samples of oilseed rape seed ( Brassica napus ) sown in the UK between 1981 and 1984 indicated that on average 25% of samples were infected with Alternaria brassicae and 61% with Leptosphaeria maculans , with maximum incidences of infection of 19 and 4.2% respectively. Much infection by Alternaria spp. occurred on vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK between 1979 and 1983. In B. oleracea types A. brassicicola occurred most frequently, affecting 88% of samples and up to 55% of seeds. A. brassicae was detected in 44% of B. oleracea samples and in up to 13% of seeds. Little Alternaria infection occurred in swede or forage rape samples (B. napus ), but A. brassicae affected up to 8–5% of seeds in turnip samples ( B. campestris ). L. maculans occurred in 44% of samples of vegetable and forage brassica seed produced in the UK, with a maximum of 4–6% infected seeds. A. brassicicola was present in 73% of samples of imported B. oleracea seed, affecting up to 25.5% of seeds. A. brassicae was absent from these samples and little L. maculans was detected. Pathogenicity tests on isolates of L. maculans from infected seeds indicated that virulent pathotypes were present in 16 rape seed samples but in only one sample (swede) of vegetable or forage brassica seed. The high incidence of seed infection by these pathogens emphasizes the importance of applying fungicide treatments to all types of brassica seed.     

Unsaturated fatty acids from zoospores of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerospora graminicola</Emphasis> induce resistance in pearl millet

Downy mildew of pearl millet, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, is a devastating disease, resulting in high economic losses in the semi-arid regions of the world. Recently, induction of host plant resistance using biotic and abiotic inducers are included among disease management practices as an eco-friendly approach. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered as a new generation of plant disease resistance inducers. In the present study, six unsaturated fatty acids, viz. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA), linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, all originally detected in the zoospores of S. graminicola,were applied to seeds of susceptible cultivars of pearl millet to examine their ability to protect against downy mildew under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse experiments, EPA and AA induced a maximum of 78.6% and 76.5% protection, whereas linoleic acid, DHA and linolenic acid provided up to 66.3%, 61.2% and 24.5% protection, respectively. Oleic acid was not effective in protecting pearl millet (only 5.1% protection). A time interval of four days between treatment of seeds and challenge inoculation was required to obtain optimum protection. Plants raised from treated seeds and challenge inoculated at the tillering and inflorescence stages showed enhanced resistance, resulting in higher grain yield compared to untreated plants of the same cultivar. Chitinase activity was found to be higher in susceptible seedlings of pearl millet after treatment with the fatty acids and pathogen inoculation than in seedlings only inoculated with the pathogen. This indicates that host defence responses are activated and thus that induced resistance is involved in the protection observed. The role of unsaturated fatty acids as activators of resistance against downy mildew in pearl millet is discussed.