大气CO2浓度与温度升高对小麦表层土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的影响

为研究大气CO₂浓度与温度升高对土壤碳氮元素含量和相关酶活性的影响,以位于山西省临汾市尧都区持续29年定位免耕和旋耕的旱作麦田(111°30′N、36°04′E)0～20 cm表层土为试验材料,在人工气候控制室内设置4个处理：CK(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eC(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eT(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃);eCeT(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃)。通过盆栽试验测定小麦关键生育时期土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量以及相关酶活性。结果表明,持续增温2℃或CO₂浓度升高200μmol?mol^-1条件下,免耕土壤三个小麦生育时期的易氧化有机碳和硝态氮含量的平均值均较CK降低,降低幅度分别为10.7%～21.3%、7.3%～1...     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO₂浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO₂浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO₂浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C₃作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO₂浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO₂浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

追氮量对不同试点小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为探究小麦在不同地区合理的追氮量,在北京和石家庄2个试点以强筋小麦藁优2018(B₁)和师栾02-1(B₂)为试验材料,设置75 kg·hm^-2(C₁)、105 kg·hm^-2(C₂)、135 kg·hm^-2(C₃)3种追氮水平的大田试验,研究不同追氮量对不同试点小麦光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,在75~135 kg·hm^-2追氮量范围内,增加追氮量,可提高小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn),增大气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)。随着开花后天数的增加,藁优2018的旗叶Pn和Gs下降速度均较师栾02-1快,且Ci升高;随着追氮量的增加,各处理叶绿素(Chl)(a+b)含量均呈增加趋势,开花后14 d,C₂、C₃处理Chl(a+b)含量相对C₁分别平均增加了6.01%和13.81%。籽粒产量、生物产量及收获指数(HI)均随追氮量的增加而提高,平均提高幅度分别为6.235%、3.11%和3.015%。试点间比较表明,两强筋小麦品种的旗叶Chl含量、Pn、Gs、Tr等在北京试点的结果均优于石家庄试点,表明北京试点的环境条件较石家庄试点更有利于小麦旗叶光合性能潜力的发挥,但后者环境更适宜供试品种的生长,更能充分发挥其产量潜力。各光合指标及Chl含量均在追氮量为135 kg·hm^-2(C₃)时最高(旗叶Pn除外),且两品种均获得最高产量,但追氮量为105 kg·hm^-2(C₂)与追氮量为135 kg·hm^-2(C₃)的产量差异不显著,从高产及资源投入角度考虑,强筋小麦藁优2018和师栾02-1的适宜追氮量均为105 kg·hm^-2。本研究结果可为强筋小麦在不同生态区的优质高效生产提供理论与技术参考。     

脉冲标记下甘蔗13C富集及氮磷钾含量变化

¹³C示踪是精准量化植物碳源贡献土壤碳的有效途径。为建立经济适用的甘蔗¹³C脉冲标记方法,同时获得¹³C富集蔗叶,本研究采用自制全密闭标记室进行标记试验,供试甘蔗品种为桂糖58号,设置0(CK)、0.32(T1)、0.64(T2)和1.28 g·m^-3(T3)4个Na₂¹³CO₃标记浓度,每隔7 d进行6 h的¹³CO₂脉冲标记,共标记6次。于第6次脉冲标记开始及结束后采集标记室内气体,测定CO₂浓度和δ¹³C-CO₂。并于第2、第4和第6次标记7 d后破坏性采集植株,测定蔗叶和根系δ¹³C值及全碳和N、P、K含量,计算蔗叶和根系¹³C标记效率。结果表明,在密闭标记时间内,外源释放的¹³CO₂ 95%以上被甘蔗光合作用利用。蔗叶δ^...     

减氮和施生物炭对华北夏玉米-冬小麦田土壤CO2和N2O 排放的影响

2013年6月-2014年6月,在河南省新乡夏玉米-冬小麦试验田设置四种处理即农民常规施肥（F处理,250kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%（LF处理,200kg·hm^-2）、减氮20%+黑炭（LFC）,以不施肥处理为对照（CK）,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对夏玉米-冬小麦生长季土壤CO_²和N_²O排放通量动态进行测定。结果表明：（1）夏玉米-冬小麦田的土壤CO₂排放通量为21.8～1022.7mg·m^-2·h^-1,土壤CO_²排放通量主要受土壤温度和水分的影响,在夏玉米季受土壤水分的影响更为显著,而在冬小麦季则为5cm土层处的温度对其影响更为突出。减施氮肥20%处理和减氮加生物黑炭共同作用使土壤CO_²累积排放量显著降低,小麦生长季的减排作用尤为显著。（2）施肥和灌溉是影响土壤N_²O排放的最主要因素,施肥期间N2O排放量分别占夏玉米季和冬小麦季累积排放量的73.9%～74.5%和40.5%～43.6%;施肥量主要影响排放峰的强度,灌溉主要影响排放峰出现时间的早晚且会影响不同措施的减排效果。在每季作物250kg·hm^-2施氮水平下减施氮肥20%使夏玉米季和冬小麦季的N₂O累积排放量分别降低15.7%～16.8%和18.1%～18.5%,是高产集约化农田减排N₂O的有效措施。在适宜施氮水平（200kg·hm^-2）下施用生物黑炭,短期内对土壤N₂O排放无显著影响。（3）夏玉米-冬小麦田农民常规施肥水平的N₂O排放系数为0.60%,减氮施肥的N₂O排放系数为0.56%。在华北平原高产集约化农田适当减氮施肥不仅能降低农田土壤温室气体排放,且对作物产量无影响,是适宜的温室气体减排措施。     

泥沙沉积层次对有机碳矿化和CO2排放影响的模拟研究

[目的]探讨沉积区不同掩埋层位对CO₂在沉积剖面中产生和传输的影响，为定量评估黄土高原地区侵蚀-沉积环境下碳源/汇强度和功能提供理论依据。[方法]通过土柱回填控制性试验模拟沉积土层，在12 cm高土柱的顶部(2 cm)、中部(5 cm)和底部(9 cm)分别添加¹³C标记的葡萄糖溶液，并设置3种¹³C葡萄糖溶液浓度(26,52,104 mg C/kg),对比分析20℃恒温培养10 d期间，不同添加位置和葡萄糖溶液浓度对土柱表观CO₂释放速率的影响，并结合稳定性同位素示踪法，解析不同有机碳来源对表观CO₂的贡献，进而探讨不同掩埋层位对外源输入有机碳矿化的影响。[结果](1)低浓度葡萄糖添加处理下，外源添加葡萄糖的矿化程度在顶、中、底部分别为38.6%,65.1%,50.9%,存在显著性差异；而随着葡萄糖添加浓度的升高，各层位间的矿化程度趋于一致。(2)顶部添加葡萄糖后，表观CO₂中δ¹³C峰值最大(376‰,1527‰,3176‰),出...     

施氮量对江汉平原中低产田小麦产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究江汉平原地区中低产田小麦种植的最适施氮量,以适宜长江中下游流域种植的小麦品种郑麦9023与扬麦23为材料,设置0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-24个纯氮施用量,研究施氮量对小麦籽粒产量及产量构成、氮素利用效率以及部分农艺性状的影响。结果表明,当施氮量在0～225 kg·hm^-2范围内时,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐降低,而小麦的旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)值、有效穗数、穗粒数和生物量逐渐增加,同时籽粒产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时最高,但与180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理并无显著差异。在0～180 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内,氮肥的增施可显著增加植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和收获指数。在180 kg·hm^-2施氮量处理的基础上继续增施氮肥至225 kg·hm^-2,并未显著增加小麦各生育时期植株干物质积累量。在不同施氮量处理下,扬麦23较郑麦9023平均增产19.8%,且有效穗粒数较多、穗...     

稻田CH4和N2O排放对大气CO2浓度升高响应的研究进展

大气CO₂浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO₂浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO₂浓度升高影响CH₄和N₂O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH₄和N₂O排放对大气CO₂浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

高氮密植栽培对湘两优900产量形成及氮利用效率的影响

为探明湘两优900在热带稻区的高产性和适应性,在海南三亚进行4个施氮水平(0、150、225、300 kg·hm^-2)和2个移栽密度(25.0×10⁴、16.7×10⁴ hills·hm^-2)大田栽培试验,研究施氮水平和移栽密度对湘两优900产量形成和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施氮水平和移栽密度对湘两优900产量影响显著,产量随着施氮水平和移栽密度的提高而显著增加,以施氮量300 kg·hm^-2与移栽密度16.7×10⁴ hills·hm^-2组合的产量最高(15.32 t·hm^-2),其增产优势主要表现为有效穗数多,地上部干物重和叶面积指数(LAI)大,叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)高。施氮水平与移栽密度对氮肥吸收利用效率有影响,且施氮水平起显著作用。施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,氮肥吸收利用率最大(44.5%),增加施氮量能显著提高氮肥利用率,同时也会显著降低氮素吸收效率、氮生理效率、氮肥效率。从产量和氮肥利用效率综合考虑,施氮量300 kg·hm^-2与移栽密度25.0×10⁴ hills·hm^-2是本试验条件下的最优密肥组合。本研究结果为超级杂交稻在热带稻区(海南)推广应用提供了科学依据。     

大气CO2浓度和气温升高对藜麦生长及碳氮代谢的影响

为明确大气CO₂浓度升高和气温升高的交互作用对藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd)生长及碳氮代谢的影响机制，在控制气室开展CO₂浓度和温度升高对藜麦的影响研究，设置对照CK(CO₂浓度和温度与室外相同)、EC(CO₂浓度为室外测定值+200μmol·mol^-1，气温与室外测定值相同)、ET(CO₂浓度与室外测定值相同，气温为室外测定值+2℃)、ECT(CO₂浓度为室外测定值+200μmol·mol^-1，气温为室外大气测定值+2℃)共4个处理，对藜麦灌浆期的光合作用、碳氮代谢以及成熟期的形态指标进行测定。结果表明，与对照相比，ET处理使藜麦的单株粒重降低75.73%，而EC处理使藜麦的地上部分生物量增加50.14%，单株粒重增加38.20%;ET处理使藜麦的水分利用效率下降，但EC、ECT处理均提高了藜麦叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率；ET处理使藜麦叶片光合色素含量显著降低，而EC处理使藜麦叶片的...     

多重情景下半干旱地区人工杨树林光合生理特征

深刻剖析多重情景下主要防风固沙树种的光合生理特征,对半干旱地区生态系统的健康维持与恢复重建具有重要的指导意义。以半干旱典型区科尔沁沙地人工杨树为研究对象,采用Li-6400红外气体分析仪活体测量生长季不同月份、嫩叶与成熟叶、上午与下午以及不同CO2浓度和光强下杨树叶片的光响应和CO2响应曲线,进一步对比分析这些情景下净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)的差异性。结果表明:在相同光强和CO2浓度下,生长旺盛期杨树叶片的Pn高于生长初期和生长末期;嫩叶与成熟叶的Pn、Tr、WUE差异明显,嫩叶的蒸腾作用相对较强,成熟叶的光合作用相对较强。研究结果对开展半干旱地区人工杨树光合生理相关研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Influence of Selenium on Cadmium Toxicity in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. 4200) at an Early Growth Stage in a Hydroponic System

An experiment was established to assess the ability of selenium (Se) to reduce cadmium (Cd) toxicity when tomato was grown hydroponically. A factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with six replicates in cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. 4200). The Se was applied at four levels [0 mg L^–1 (Se0), 2 mg L^–1 Se (Se1), 4 mg L^–1 Se (Se2), and 6 mg L^–1 Se (Se3)], whereas Cd was applied at three levels [0 µM Cd (Cd0), 5 µM Cd (Cd1), and 7 µM Cd (Cd2)]. The Se improved the dry weight of roots even when plants were exposed to Cd. Treatment Se1 improved the dry weight of shoots in Cd1 and Cd2. Treatments Se1 and Se2 improved photosynthesis in Cd1. Treatment Se1 significantly improved stomatal conductance in Cd2 at all levels of Se relative to Cd2. The greatest Cd concentration in leaves was observed in Cd2 × Se0 and while Se concentration in solution increased in response to Se1, Se2, and Se3. The greatest Se level reduced Cd uptake the most. Growth and photosynthetic attributes can be negatively affected by Cd, but Se has the ability to buffer, or improve, several attributes.     

Determination of photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax for a C3 plant (spring hulless barley) at two altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau

On the Tibetan Plateau, the unique alpine climate factors of low air pressure, low CO₂ partial pressure and low air temperature have significant but non-explicit influences on the photosynthetic capacity of plants. To evaluate these influences, we measured the net photosynthetic rates for spring hulless barley leaves at two altitudes of 3688 m (the low altitude) and 4333 m (the high altitude), respectively. Two photosynthetic parameters—Vc_max, the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity, and J_max, the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport—were determined. The net photosynthetic rate and the photosynthetic parameters Vc_max and J_max were higher for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than for those at the low altitude. Vc_max and J_max were approximately 24% and 22% greater, respectively, for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude. The CO₂ and air temperature at the high altitude were lower than those at the low altitude. As a consequence, plants exposed to lower CO₂ partial pressure and lower air temperature have a higher photosynthetic capacity on the Tibetan Plateau. The optimal temperatures for Vc_max and J_max were approximately 6.5% and 3.5% higher, respectively, in leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than those grown at the low altitude, and the ratio of J_max to Vc_max was 12.7% lower at the low altitude. Simulation analyses revealed that the photosynthetic capacities of plants decreased after long-term increases in CO₂ partial pressure and temperature associated with global climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.     

干旱胁迫下调节ATP的含量对提高转玉米C4型pepc水稻光合速率的影响

为了分析三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)是否是限制高表达转玉米C4型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因(C4-pepc)水稻光合速率提高的限制因素,本文以高表达的转玉米C4型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因水稻(PC)及其原种‘Kitaake’(WT)作为试验材料,喷施蒸馏水(对照)、2 mmol·L-1亚硫酸氢钠溶液、100μmol·L-1N′-(3,4-二氯苯基)-N,N-二甲基脲[3-(3′,4′-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylμrea,DCMU]和10μmol·L-1寡霉素(oligomycin)溶液过夜处理5~6叶期水稻幼苗,在20%(m/v)PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,研究不同处理对水稻叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、ATP含量、玉米C4型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性以及光系统Ⅱ(photosynthemⅡ,PSⅡ)实际光化学效率(actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡin the light,ΦPSⅡ)的影响。试验结果表明,喷施亚硫酸氢钠溶液提高了PC和WT在水培条件下叶片的Pn,DCMU和寡霉素溶液处理则降低了PC和WT叶片的Pn。喷施亚硫酸氢钠溶液增加了WT叶片Gs和Ci,但降低了PC叶片Gs和Ci。喷施DCMU溶液增加了PC和WT叶片Ci,但降低了叶片Gs。用20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理后,亚硫酸氢钠、DCMU和寡霉素溶液处理的水稻叶片Pn均下降,喷施亚硫酸氢钠溶液处理可以减缓Pn下降的趋势,喷施DCMU和寡霉素溶液加速了叶片Pn的下降。在20%PEG-6000处理8 h后,PC在喷施不同试剂处理下Gs差异不大,但其Pn变化显著。进一步的研究表明不同处理下叶片中ATP含量、PEPC活性以及ΦPSⅡ出现显著变化,DCMU处理引起ATP含量、PEPC活性和ΦPSⅡ快速下降,亚硫酸氢钠溶液处理能够减缓这些参数的下降,喷施寡霉素降低了叶片中的ATP含量,但是对ΦPSⅡ没有显著影响。因此认为,在干旱胁迫条件下,PEPC的高表达能够维持较高的PSⅡ活性,与原种相比,也产生较高含量的ATP,来维持净光合速率的稳定。     

施氮及添加硝化抑制剂对苜蓿草地N2O排放的影响

为探究旱作紫花苜蓿(MedicagosativaL.)栽培草地氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放对施氮水平及添加硝化抑制剂的响应特征,采用传统静态箱法研究了不同施氮水平[0kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N0)、 50kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N50)、 100kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N100)和150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150)]以及添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)150kg(N)·hm~(-2)(N150+DCD)对陇东苜蓿草地N_2O排放特征的影响。结果显示,监测期内N0、N50、N100和N150处理N_2O平均排放速率分别为3.5μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、4.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、5.0μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和6.1μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),随着施氮梯度的增加, N_2O排放速率呈增加趋势。添加硝化抑制剂DCD对N_2O排放产生明显的抑制作用。与N150处理相比, N150+DCD处理下苜蓿草地N_2O平均排放速率下降50.7%, N_2O累计排放量显著降低61.6%(P0.05)。施氮对苜蓿产量没有显著影响,而N0、N50、N100和N150处理下单位苜蓿产量N_2O排放量随氮肥梯度的增加而增加,各处理分别为6.5 mg·kg~(-1)、7.8 mg·kg~(-1)、11.3 mg·kg~(-1)和12.5 mg·kg~(-1)。N_2O排放受土壤含水量影响深刻,生长季N_2O排放通量与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),而与土壤温度无显著相关性(P0.05)。综上,旱作紫花苜蓿栽培草地N_2O排放通量随施氮水平的增加明显增加,在相同施氮水平下添加硝化抑制剂DCD能显著抑制N_2O排放。相关研究结果对于该区域苜蓿草地合理施肥以及N_2O减排具有一定的实践指导意义。     

Growth and uptake rates of P,K, Ca and Mg in wheat 1

The relation between plant age and nutrient absorption properties of red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots were investigated. Understanding the change in ion uptake parameters with increasing plant age is helpful in devising efficient fertilization systems. Such information can be used to determine the nutrient levels needed in the soil to supply nutrients rapidly enough to the root surface to minimize deficiencies. Wheat was grown for periods up to 40 days in solution culture in a controlled climate chamber. Sequential harvest and nutrient influx measurements were made. Shoot growth was exponential with time to 30 days and linear thereafter. Root dry weight increased linearly with time at a slower rate than shoot dry weight. Root length increased linearily with time. With increasing plant age there was a reduction in average P and K uptake rate while average uptake rates for Ca and Mg remained relatively unchanged. With increasing plant age, the maximum influx, I_max. for P and Mg remained constant, but for K and Ca, there was a decrease. For the Michael is constant, Km, no change was observed for P, an increase occurred for K, and a decrease for Ca and Mg, as the wheat plant grew from 5 to 40 days.     

Available Nitrogen for Corn and Winter Cereal in Spanish Soils Measured by Electro‐ultrafiltration,Calcium Chloride,and Incubation Methods

Abstract

Comparison of methods is necessary to develop a quick and reliable test that can be used to determine soil‐available nitrogen (N) in an attempt to increase the efficiency of N fertilizers and reduce losses. The objectives of this research were to compare the fractions extracted by the calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and the electro‐ultrafiltration (EUF) methods and to correlate them to the mineralization rate (k) obtained from a 112‐d incubation of 61 soil samples. Thirty‐five soil samples were collected from cornfields and 26 from winter cereal fields. Subsamples were either aerobically incubated to calculate k or extracted by the EUF and CaCl₂ methods to identify three fractions: nitrate (NO₃ ^?)‐N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)‐N, and Norg‐N. The Norg‐N extracted by both methods was larger in soils from cornfields than in soils from winter cereal fields. In samples from cornfields, the Norg‐N fraction obtained by the EUF method was correlated to the Norg‐N measured by the CaCl₂ method (r=0.46). Soil N content was related to k in samples from cornfields (r=0.40) but not in samples from winter cereal fields. Also, k was correlated to inorganic N content extracted by both chemical methods. The CaCl₂ method was a reliable alternative for laboratories to determine soil‐available N for corn but not for winter cereal.     

Predicted effect of temperature and n fertilization on crop response of four cultivars of head lettuce

Abstract

An investigation was conducted on an Olivier silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic aquic, Fragiudalfs) at two locations to determine the influence of 6 seasonal temperatures and 4 N rates on head diameter, head weight, tissue NO₃ concentration and crop yield of 4 head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. An analysis of covariance was used to establish prediction equations for each dependent variable. Temperature was shown to have a significant curvilinear influence on all crop parameters. There was a significant cultivar X temperature interaction with respect to all dependent variables except tissue NO₃ concentration. Calculated optimum mean temperatures for maximum head diameters, head weights, and yields for all cultivars were found to range between 17.4° and 18.2°C.

Fertilizer N effects were significant on head weight and crop yield. Nitrogen rate did not significantly affect young leaf tissue N0₃ concentration. Greater tissue NO₃ levels were found at lower temperatures in the covariate range.

At optimum temperatures, the cultivar ‘Fairton’ produced larger diameter heads and greater yields.     

设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征分析

研究设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征对于了解CO₂排放对环境和作物生长的影响十分重要。本研究采用CO2红外分析仪 动态箱法在2009年秋冬季和2010年冬春季监测了不同有机肥和氮肥处理下设施菜田土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征。结果表明: 施用有机肥和秸秆明显提高设施菜田土壤呼吸速率, 尤其是在高氮投入下, 鸡粪和小麦秸秆混施土壤呼吸速率明显高于其他处理; 不同季节各处理土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征基本一致, 土壤呼吸速率的最大值出现在14:00-17:00; 随着温度升高, 土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加, 但是过高的温度和CO₂浓度均会抑制土壤呼吸速率; 上午8:00-11:00测定的土壤呼吸速率值与土壤呼吸速率日平均值基本一致, 可采用上午8:00-11:00土壤呼吸速率的观测值评估设施菜田CO₂的排放量; 施肥、温度和温室内近地面CO₂浓度是影响不同季节土壤呼吸速率日变化的主要因素, 合理调控对于实现设施蔬菜的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on carbon and nitrogen interaction in wheat and soybean

Effect of CO₂ enrichment on the carbon-nitrogen balance in whole plant and the acclimation of photosynthesis was studied in wheat (spring wheat) and soybean (A62-1 [nodulated] and A62-2 [non-nodulated]) with a combination of two nitrogen application rates (0 g N land area m^-2 and 30 g N land area m^-2) and two temperature treatments (30/20°C (day/night) and 26/16°C). Results were as follows.

1. Carbon (dry matter)-nitrogen balance of whole plant throughout growth was remarkably different between wheat and soybean, as follows: 1) in wheat, the relationship between the amount of dry matter (DMt) and amount of nitrogen absorbed (Nt) in whole plant was expressed by an exponential regression, in which the regression coefficient was affected by only the nitrogen application rate, and not by CO₂ and temperature treatments, and 2) in soybean the DMt-Nt relationship was basically expressed by a linear regression, in which the regression coefficient was only slightly affected by the nitrogen treatment (at 0N, DMt-Nt balance finally converged to a linear regression). Thus, carbon-nitrogen interaction in wheat was strongly affected by the underground environment (nitrogen nutrition), but not by the above ground environment (CO₂ enrichment and temperature), while that in soybean was less affected by both under and above ground environments.

2. The photosynthetic response curve to CO₂ concentration in wheat and soybean was less affected by the CO₂ enrichment treatment, while that in wheat and soybean (A62-2) was affected by the nitrogen treatment, indicating that nitrogen nutrition is a more important factor for the regulation of photosynthesis regardless of the CO₂ enrichment.

3. Carbon isotope discrimination (..:1) in soybean was similar to that in wheat under ambient CO₂, while lower than that in wheat under CO₂ enrichment, suggesting that the carbon metabolism is considerably different between wheat and soybean under the CO₂ enrichment conditions.