Spatial distribution of δ~2H and δ~18O values in the hydrologic cycle of the Nile Basin

Existing δ2H and δ18O values for precipitation and surface water in the Nile Basin were used to analyze precipitation inputs and the influence of evaporation on the isotopic signal of the Nile River and its tributaries. The goal of the data analysis was to better understand basin processes that influence seasonal streamflow for the source waters of the Nile River, because climate and hydrologic models have continued to produce high uncertainty in the prediction of precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin. An evaluation of differences in precipitation δ2H and δ18O values through linear regression and distribution analysis indicate variation by region and season in the isotopic signal of precipitation across the Nile Basin. The White Nile Basin receives precipitation with a more depleted isotopic signal compared to the Blue Nile Basin. The hot temperatures of the Sahelian spring produce a greater evaporation signal in the precipitation isotope distribution compared to precipitation in the Sahara/Mediterranean region, which can be influenced by storms moving in from the Mediterranean Sea. The larger evaporative effect is reversed for the two regions in summer because of the cooling of the Sahel from inflow of Indian Ocean monsoon moisture that predominantly influences the climate of the Blue Nile Basin. The regional precipitation isotopic signals convey to each region's streamflow, which is further modified by additional evaporation according to the local climate. Isotope ratios for White Nile streamflow are significantly altered by evaporation in the Sudd, but this isotopic signal is minimized for streamflow in the Nile River during the winter, spring and summer seasons because of the flow dominance of the Blue Nile. During fall, the contribution from the White Nile may exceed that of the Blue Nile, and the heavier isotopic signal of the White Nile becomes apparent. The variation in climatic conditions of the Nile River Basin provides a means of identifying mechanistic processes through changes in isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen, which have utility for separating precipitation origin and the effect of evaporation during seasonal periods. The existing isotope record for precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin can be used to evaluate predicted streamflow in the Nile River from a changing climate that is expected to induce further changes in precipitation patterns across the Nile Basin.     

N and P resorption in a pioneer shrub （Artemisia halodendron） inhabiting severely desertified lands of Northern China

Nutrient resorption is an important conservation mechanism for plants to overcome nutrient limitation in the less fertile area of desertified land.In the semi-arid Horqin Sandy Land of Northern China,the shrub Artemisia halodendron usually colonizes into the bare ground of severely desertified land as a pioneer species.It is,therefore,expected that A.halodendron will be less dependent on current nutrient uptake through efficient and proficient resorption of nutrients.In this study,we found that averaged nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)concentrations in senesced leaves significantly varied from 12.3 and 1.2 mg/g in the shifting sand dune to 15.9 and 1.9 mg/g in the fixed sand dune,respectively,suggesting that foliar N and P resorption of A.halodendron were more proficient in the shifting sand dune.In particular,positive relationships between nutrient concentrations in senesced leaves and soil nutrient availability indicate that A.halodendron in infertile habitats is more likely to manage with a low level of nutrients in senesced leaves,giving this species an advantage in infertile soil.Moreover,foliar N-and P-resorption efficiencies and proficiencies showed limited inter-annual variability although annual precipitation varied greatly among 2007–2009.However,N and P resorption of A.halodendron were not more efficient and proficient than those previously reported for other shrubs,indicating that the pioneer shrub in sand dune environments does not rely more heavily than other plants on the process of resorption to conserve nutrients.Incomplete resorption of nutrients in A.halodendron suggests that senesced-leaf fall would return litter with high quality to the soil,and thereby would indirectly improve soil nutrient availability.The restoration of desertified land,therefore,may be accelerated after A.halodendron pioneers into shifting sand dunes.     

Grazing exclusion-induced shifts,the relative importance of environmental filtering,biotic interactions and dispersal limitation in shaping desert steppe communities,northern China

Grazing exclusion is one of the most efficient approaches to restore degraded grassland but may negatively affects the recovery of species diversity. Changes in plant species diversity should be a consequence of the ecological assembly process. Local community assembly is influenced by environmental filtering, biotic interactions, and dispersal. However, how these factors potentially contribute to changes to species diversity is poorly understood, especially in harsh environments. In this study, two management sites within a Stipa breviflora desert steppe community(typical natural steppe) were selected in northern China. In one of the two management sites, grazing has been excluded since 2010 and in the other with open grazing by sheep. In August 2016, three plots were established and 100 sampling units were created within each plot in a 5 m×5 m area at the two management sites. To assess the effects of grazing exclusion on S. breviflora steppe, we analyzed the vegetation biomass, species diversity,soil organic carbon, and soil particle size distribution using paired T-tests. In addition, variation partitioning was applied to determine the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation. Null mode analysis was used to quantify the influence of biotic interactions in conjunction with Eco Sim niche overlap and co-occurrence values. Our results demonstrated that(1) species diversity significantly decreased and the main improvements in soil quality occurred in the topsoil 0–10 cm after the grazing exclusion;(2) environmental filtering was important for community assembly between grazed and fenced grassland and this appears particularly true for soil particle size distribution, which may be well correlated with soil hydrological processes; and(3) however, competitive exclusion may play a significant role within the exclusion. The multiple pathways of assembly may collectively determine negative effects on the restoration of species diversity. Therefore, designers should be aware of the risk of reducing grazing exclusion-induced species diversity and account for manipulating processes. This in turn will reduce dominant species and promote environmental heterogeneity to maximize species diversity in semi-arid regions.     

Origin and circulation of saline springs in the Kuqa Basin of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

It is widely accepted that hydrogeochemistry of saline springs is extremely important to understand the water circulation and evolution of saline basins and to evaluate the potential of potassium-rich evaporites.The Kuqa Basin,located in the northern part of the Tarim Basin in Northwest China,is a saline basin regarded as the most potential potash-seeking area.However,the origin and water circulation processes of saline springs have yet to be fully characterized in this saline basin.In this study,a total of 30 saline spring samples and 11 river water samples were collected from the Qiulitage Structural Belt(QSB)of the Kuqa Basin.They were analyzed for major(K^+,Ca2^+,Na^+,Mg2^+,SO42-,Cl-and HCO3-)and trace(Sr2^+and Br-)ion concentrations,stable H-O-Sr isotopes and tritium concentrations in combination with previously published hydrogeochemical and isotopic(H-O)data in the same area.It is found that the water chemical type of saline springs in the study area belonged to the Na-Cl type,and that of river water belonged to the Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 type.The total dissolved solid(TDS)of saline springs in the QSB ranged from 117.77 to 314.92 g/L,reaching the brine level.On the basis of the general chemical compositions and the characteristics of the stable H-O-Sr isotopes of saline springs,we infer that those saline springs mainly originated from precipitation following river water recharging.In addition,we found that saline springs were not formed by evapo-concentration because it is unlikely that the high chloride concentration of saline springs resulted in evapo-concentration and high salinity.Therefore,we conclude that saline spring water may have experienced intense evapo-concentration before dissolving the salty minerals or after returning to the surface.The results show that the origin of salinity was mainly dominated by dissolving salty minerals due to the river water and/or precipitation that passed through the halite-rich stratum.Moreover,there are two possible origins of saline springs in the QSB:one is the infiltration of the meteoric water(river water),which then circulates deep into the earth,wherein it dissolves salty minerals,travels along the fault and returns to the surface;another is the mixture of formation water,or the mixture of seawater or marine evaporate sources and its subsequent discharge to the surface under fault conditions.Our findings provide new insight into the possible saltwater circulation and evolution of saline basins in the Tarim Basin.     

How precipitation and grazing influence the ecological functions of drought-prone grasslands on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains,China?

Drought-prone grasslands provide a critical resource for the millions of people who are dependent on livestock for food security.However,this ecosystem is potentially vulnerable to climate change(e.g.,precipitation)and human activity(e.g.,grazing).Despite this,the influences of precipitation and grazing on ecological functions of drought-prone grasslands in the Tianshan Mountains remain relatively unexplored.Therefore,we conducted a systematic field investigation and a clipping experiment(simulating different intensities of grazing)in a drought-prone grassland on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in China to examine the influences of precipitation and grazing on aboveground biomass(AGB),soil volumetric water content(SVWC),and precipitation use efficiency(PUE)during the period of 2014–2017.We obtained the meteorological and SVWC data using an HL20 Bowen ratio system and a PR2 soil profile hydrometer,respectively.We found that AGB was clearly affected by both the amount and seasonal pattern of precipitation,and that PUE may be relatively low in years with either low or excessive precipitation.The PUE values were generally higher in the rapid growing season(April–July)than in the entire growing season(April–October).Overall,moderate grazing can promote plant growth under water stress conditions.The SVWC value was higher in the clipped plots than in the unclipped plots in the rapid growing season(April–July),but it was lower in the clipped plots than in the unclipped plots in the slow growing season(August–October).Our findings can enhance the understanding of the ecological effects of precipitation and grazing in drought-prone grasslands and provide data that will support the effective local grassland management.     

Potential habitat modeling for reintroduction of three native plant species in central Iran

Potential habitat modeling of endemic species is an appropriate method to maintain biodiversity,ecosystem function and rehabilitation of rangeland ecosystems.Astragalus caragana,A.cyclophyllon and A.podolobus are endemic in Iran's rangelands and some neighboring countries.The three native species could endure environmental stresses due to their distinctive ecophysiological characteristics.They play important roles in sustainable pastures production,recreation and improvement.They suffer severe threat from many factors including;grazing,agriculture and invasive exotic species.We analyzed the potential habitat of three native plant species in central Iran basing on the grid map with the resolution of 1-km.We used inventory records from field surveys,herbarium collections and 22 environmental factors to explore the environmental influences on given species distribution by Maximum entropy(Maxent) model.Maxent is a species distribution model that uses species occurrence and environmental data for predicting potential species.The results of our study indicated species occurrence has strong correlation with environmental factors such as mean temperature of wettest season,elevation and precipitation of coldest season.We evaluated the model accuracy by AUC(area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) based on an independent test data set.AUC values indicated the high power of Maxent to create potential habitat map(AUCA.caragana=0.988,AUCA.cyclophyllon=0.927,AUCA.podolobus=0.923).It is important to consider that AUC values tend to be lower for species that have broad distribution scope,such as A.podolobus distribution.Most suitable potential habitat distributions of the three species were predicted in the western and southwestern parts of rangelands in Isfahan province.Visual comparisons of the actual distribution map of the three species with produced Maxent maps represent a good agreement.In general,the model demonstrated that the occurrence of the given species is highly probable when the elevation is between 2,200 and 3,000 m and mean temperature of wettest season less than 3°C.This model,therefore,can be applied to recognize potential sites for rangeland reclamation projects.     

Oasis cold island effect and its influence on air temperature: a case study of Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect(OCIE) intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change(LUCC) and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer(-9.08°C), followed by autumn(-4.24°C) and spring(-3.85°C). The total area of oasis cold island(OCI) and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer(reaching 1.14°C to 2.08°C) and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.     

Tree-ring-based reconstruction of temperature variability(1445–2011) for the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Long-term temperature variability has significant effects on runoff into the upper reaches of inland rivers. This paper developed a tree-ring chronology of Qilian juniper(Sabina przewalskii Kom.) from the upper tree-line of the middle Qilian Mountains within the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, Northwest China for a long-term reconstruction of temperature at the study site. In this paper, tree-ring chronology was used to examine climate-growth associations considering local climate data obtained from Qilian Meteorological Station. The results showed that temperatures correlated extremely well with standardized growth indices of trees(r=0.564, P0.001). Tree-ring chronology was highest correlated with annual mean temperature(r=0.641, P0.0001). Annual mean temperature which spans the period of 1445–2011 was reconstructed and explained 57.8% of the inter-annual to decadal temperature variance at the regional scale for the period 1961–2011. Spatial correlation patterns revealed that reconstructed temperature data and gridded temperature data had a significant correlation on a regional scale, indicating that the reconstruction represents climatic variations for an extended area surrounding the sampling sites. Analysis of the temperature reconstruction indicated that major cold periods occurred during the periods of 1450s–1480s, 1590s–1770s, 1810s–1890s, 1920s–1940s, and 1960s–1970s. Warm intervals occurred during 1490s–1580s, 1780s–1800s, 1900s–1910s, 1950 s, and 1980 s to present. The coldest 100-year and decadal periods occurred from 1490s–1580s and 1780s–1800s, respectively, while the warmest 100 years within the studied time period was the 20 th century. Colder events and intervals coincided with wet or moist conditions in and near the study region. The reconstructed temperature agreed well with other temperature series reconstructed across the surrounding areas, demonstrating that this reconstructed temperature could be used to evaluate regional climate change. Compared to the tree-ring reconstructed temperature from nearby regions and records of glacier fluctuations from the surrounding high mountains, this reconstruction was reliable, and could aid in the evaluation of regional climate variability. Spectral analyses suggested that the reconstructed annual mean temperature variation may be related to large-scale atmospheric–oceanic variability such as the solar activity, Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) and El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO).     

Invasion syndromes：hypotheses on relationships among invasive species attributes and characteristics of invaded sites

As invasion science accepts that there is no single causal factor for biological invasion,the identification of groups of traits that are often associated,or "syndromes",is a logical move forward.Invasion syndromes are proposed to identify suites of site conditions(biotic and environmental)that render a site vulnerable to invasion by different types of invaders.This paper proposed four invasion syndromes which relate invader attributes(competitive ability,niche construction,phenotypic plasticity,and phenological niche separation)to the biotic characteristics(biodiversity and enemies)and environmental conditions(resource abundance and fluctuation)of invaded sites.The four invasion syndromes described in this paper are a development of hypotheses of how the many factors that influence species invasion might be associated.Invasion Syndrome 1 proposes that sites with relatively high resource abundance and high diversity should be vulnerable to invasion by species with high competitive ability.Invasion Syndrome 2 hypothesizes that sites with relatively low resource abundance and low diversity should be vulnerable to invasion by species with niche construction ability.Invasion Syndrome 3 postulates that sites with moderate or fluctuating resources and moderate diversity should be vulnerable to invasion by species with high phenotypic plasticity.Invasion Syndrome 4 hypothesizes that species introduced into a site where it has phenological niche separation from natives will not have to contend with interference from the biotic community at a site(diversity or natural enemies)and may invade where ever site environmental conditions suit its life history.Further work is needed to support,contradict,or refine these hypotheses and almost certainly will identify more invasion syndromes.     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

全球气候变化背景下中国黄河流域的响应

黄河流域地处干旱、半干旱地区,水资源系统对气候变化十分敏感。最近几十年黄河流域气温和降水发生了明显变化。20世纪80年代中期以来,黄河流域气温明显升高,且以冬季增温为主,流域北部增温尤其显著;20世纪90年代,黄河流域降水明显减少;进入21世纪,降水略有增加。气温升高和降水减少是黄河流域径流锐减的重要原因。根据气候模式...     

准噶尔盆地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

地表反照率变化影响地表辐射收支与能量平衡,从而对区域和全球气候产生影响.以准噶尔盆地为研究对象,利用MODIS卫星遥感数据产品MOD09A1反演地表短波反照率,结合气象数据和植被指数分析准噶尔盆地2001—2018年荒漠草地地表反照率时空变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:准噶尔盆地地表反照率空间分布地域差异明显,地表反照...     

青海湖流域湿地小气候特征

利用青海湖流域小泊湖湿地和瓦颜山湿地的气象观测资料,分析了湿地小气候特征。结果表明:青海湖流域是太阳辐射较强的区域,反射辐射最大值出现在4月,总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量均表现为夏季高、冬季低。瓦颜山湿地年平均地表反照率为0.26,夏季平均地表反照率为0.2,低于隆宝湿地、西大滩和五道梁。瓦颜山和小泊湖站比湿最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季,降水主要集中在5-9月,占全年降水量的90%以上。2站气温和5 cm地温最高值出现在8月,最低值出现在1月,受湖陆热力性质差异的影响,小泊湖站全年白天盛行西风和偏西风,夜晚盛行东风;瓦颜山站则受地形影响,全年盛行西南风。     

Germination characteristics and emergence time of annual Bromus species of differing weediness in Sweden

The germination ecology of four annual Bromus species, which differ in weediness on arable land in southern Sweden, was investigated. The most problematic species is Bromus sterilis , while Bromus hordeaceus frequently occurs on arable land. In contrast, Bromus arvensis is a rare weed, and Bromus tectorum is found infrequently in fields despite being a widespread ruderal species. Five experiments were conducted to identify germination characteristics that could explain differences in habitat and abundance: (i) intraspecific variation in dormancy level; (ii) germination response to different light conditions; (iii) light and temperature interactions at germination; (iv) timing of seedling emergence; and (v) seed persistence in soil. Bromus sterilis and B. tectorum behaved similarly in all tests. For both these species, there were large differences in dormancy level among populations and strong inhibition of germination by light. In addition, emergence from seeds sown on the soil surface was both delayed and reduced compared with buried seeds. In contrast, B. hordeaceus and B. arvensis showed generally weak dormancy, and germination was only slightly inhibited by light. It was concluded that germination characteristics alone do not explain the differences in weediness between these four species.     

Spatial distribution of vegetation and the influencing factors in Qaidam Basin based on NDVI

The spatial distribution of vegetation in Qaidam Basin was analyzed using GIMMS(Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) /NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) data set from January 1982 to December 2006.Based on the data of precipitation,terrain,stream systems,land use and the map of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin,we studied the factors influencing the spatial distribution of vegetation.The results showed that the vegetation was generally low in Qaidam Basin and there was a clear semi-ring structure from southeast to northwest.In some areas,the existence of rivers,lakes and spring belts turned this semi-ring structure into a non-continuous state and formed distinct bright spots and continuous linear features.There were four main factors that affected the spatial distribution of vegetation coverage in Qaidam Basin,i.e.,precipitation,hydrological conditions,altitude and human activities.Precipitation and altitude have a correlation and determine the basic pattern of vegetation distribution in Qaidam Basin.The impacts of hydrological conditions and human activities were mainly embodied in partial areas,and often broke the pattern of vegetation distribution dominated by precipitation and altitude.     

近50年来喀什噶尔河流域气温、降水及径流的变化趋势

应用喀什噶尔河流域内7个气象站、3个水文站的观测资料,分析了全流域、平原区和帕米尔高原的气温、降水以及出山口控制站年径流量的变化特征.结果显示:①从20世纪90年代开始,喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年以及冬、秋季明显增暖,近5年春季迅速增温.从90年代起,全流域与高原区的年降水量明显增加,近5年平原区也明显增加;自90年代起全流域的春季、夏季降水明显增加,而近5年秋、冬季增湿迅速;近5年平原区的秋、春季以及冬季降水增加明显,高原区却以夏、秋季增湿最明显.②喀什噶尔河全流域以及平原区和帕米尔高原的年气温与降水量都呈显著的线性增加趋势.平原区的秋、冬季气温显著上升,冬季最明显,夏季呈不显著的下降趋势;平原区的四季降水呈不显著的上升趋势.帕米尔高原的夏、秋、冬季气温呈显著的上升趋势,秋季最明显;帕米尔高原的四季降水呈上升趋势,只有夏季的增湿趋势较显著.③喀什噶尔河年径流量(3站合计)近47年来呈显著的线性上升趋势,以3.0%·(10 a)-1的速率增加.流域内3条河流情况有所不同,克孜河径流量的线性增加趋势最明显,而盖孜河呈不显著的下降趋势.     

海河流域近50年降水量时空变化特征分析

依据海河流域1960—2010年逐日降水资料,采用泰森多边形方法将各站点的降水量展布到全流域,并采用M-K法计算Kendall倾斜度,分析降水的时空变化特征。结果表明:时间上,海河流域总体降水呈减少趋势,春季降水虽然呈增加趋势,但仍是少雨季节,夏季降水变化趋势缓慢,少雨现象出现的频率相对较小,秋季降水逐渐减少,少雨现象出现的频率与春季相似,冬季出现极端降水情况,降水呈增加趋势,降水等级集中在极度少雨,另外,存在春夏连续少雨、秋冬连续少雨,甚至四季连续少雨的情况;空间上,整个流域年降水量由南向北逐渐减少,春季五台山、天津变化显著,夏季全流域降水量呈增加趋势,且渤海西南地区增加显著,秋季全流域中东部分降水趋势下降显著,冬季全流域降水上升、下降趋势变化均较缓慢。     

新疆准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择

1999～ 2 0 0 1年 6～ 7月 ,利用粪便示踪和野外直接观察法对准噶尔盆地东部波斑鸨 (Chlamydotisundula tamacqueenii)夏季栖息地进行了采样研究。结果表明 :波斑鸨夏季栖息地地势平坦 ,视野开阔 ,沙质土和粘土上旱生和盐生荒漠植被广泛分布 ,植被稀疏、低矮 ,并镶嵌有相对较高的灌丛块 ;影响波斑鸨夏季栖息地选择的环境因子是植物种数、植被密度和植被盖度 ;栖息地内的植被盖度、植被密度、草本植物种数、角果藜密度和距邻近灌丛块距离都显著低于对照地内的相应成分。     

Impact of the pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda on Bromus tectorum seedbank dynamics in North American cold deserts

Bromus tectorum is a dominant winter annual weed in cold deserts of western North America. We followed patterns of seed carry-over and abundance of the pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda over 5 years at B. tectorum -dominated shadscale ( Atriplex confertifolia ) and sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) sites in southern Idaho. We hypothesised that more seeds could potentially carry over at the drier shadscale site because of minimal autumn precipitation, but that P. semeniperda , a pathogen that primarily kills dormant seeds, would have more impact at the drier site, where a higher density of dormant seeds would likely be present in the early spring seedbank. Successful first-year seed carry-over was higher in years with below-average autumn precipitation. It was lower at the shadscale site than at the sagebrush site (9% vs.16%). The number of seeds killed during incubation by P. semeniperda averaged three times higher at the drier site and the number of field-killed seeds averaged almost five times higher. This suggests that pathogen-related mortality caused the greater decrease in seed carry-over at the drier site. Mortality risk increased dramatically with seed age. This climate–pathogen interaction apparently limits B. tectorum seedbank carry-over in cold deserts to 3 years or less. Pyrenophora semeniperda shows potential as a biocontrol agent for B. tectorum in these habitats.     

新疆和田河流域土地利用及其生态服务价值变化

土地利用结构决定土地生态系统服务价值,生态服务价值也反映了土地利用结构的生态优劣.基于遥感和GIS技术及数理统计学方法,利用1990年、1999年、2002年和2005年遥感影像解译得到的4期土地利用数据,对和田河流域1990-2005年土地利用变化进行定量分析,估算出研究区15年间的生态服务价值变化量.结果表明:①耕地、林地和城乡建设用地面积增加,草地、水域和未利用地面积减少;研究区土地利用处于发展时期,土地利用综合程度日益提高;优势度没有发生明显的变化,未利用地一直最高.②土地生态系统服务价值量有所增加,土地利用总体生态效应趋良.但环境也存在着局部恶化,主要表现在上游山地生态系统冰川退缩、天然植被退化;中游绿洲生态系统耕地扩张迅速,土壤盐渍化,人工渠、水库增加显著;下游荒漠生态系统植被退化,水资源严重不足,土地沙漠化.