对数螺旋组合管无阀压电微泵性能

为了增大流管的流阻比以提高微泵性能,在传统的扩散/收缩管基础上提出1种新型对数螺旋组合管结构.该组合管为三通结构,由汇流管即传统的扩散/收缩管和分流管即以对数螺旋线为轮廓的一对对称流管组成.利用数值模拟方法分别对汇流管和分流管进行正交优化设计,并通过试验对数值模拟结果进行检验.结果表明优化后的对数螺旋组合管正反向流阻比近似为常数1.7,优于传统的扩散/收缩管.正、反向流动数值模拟结果相比试验值误差分别小于20%和12%.加工出应用对数螺旋组合管的样泵并进行试验测量,结果显示该微泵的扬程和流量在频率为225 Hz下存在峰值,该频率下扬程和流量随输入电压的增大而增大.该微泵最大扬程为396 mm水柱,最大流量为0.43 mL/min.应用该组合管可以有效增大正反流阻比从而提高无阀压电微泵的性能.     

无阀压电泵用平面锥管内部流动特性

为了研究锥管的流阻特性,采用数值模拟的方法对最小截面宽度为150μm,高度为150μm的平面锥管进行分析,得到雷诺数在100～2 000范围内,收缩方向流阻系数与扩散方向流阻系数的比值λ随锥角θ及流管长宽比l/w变化的规律.结果表明：流管锥角越小,θ及l/w对λ值的影响越大,且流管的流阻特性随θ和l/w的变化发生了转换;在Re=100与Re≥500两种工况下,流管扩散方向流阻系数ξd随θ及l/w的变化趋势相反;Re=100时,流管多呈沿扩散方向流阻较小的Ⅰ类流管特性,θ=20°,l/w=20的流管的λ值最大达到1.22;Re≥500时,流管多呈沿收缩方向流阻较小的Ⅱ类流管特性,θ=20°,l/w=1的流管的λ值最小达到0.63.说明不同雷诺数流动下流管的流阻特性相差较大,不同工况下可通过选用合适的流管结构参数提高无阀压电泵的工作效率.     

三通全扩散/收缩管无阀压电泵的流阻性能

针对传统扩散/收缩管无阀压电泵效率低的不足,提出一种新型三通全扩散/收缩管无阀压电泵.为了寻求新型三通全扩散/收缩管流管的最佳几何尺寸参数,在有限元仿真试验方法的基础上,将新型三通全扩散/收缩管与传统扩散/收缩管进行性能对比分析.分别改变三通全扩散/收缩管的分流锥管长度L2、分流锥管夹角φ、分流锥管的锥角2θ和分流锥管宽度b2,研究分流锥管结构参数对三通全扩散/收缩管流阻特性的影响.结果表明,相对于传统扩散/收缩管,三通全扩散/收缩管的反向流阻系数与正向流阻系数之比λ在较高雷诺数下大于传统扩散/收缩管,可提高无阀压电泵的效率;在不同雷诺数流动下,三通全扩散/收缩管的最优结构参数相差较大,设计时必须要根据实际工况选用合适的结构参数.     

基于数值模拟的V形管压电泵优化设计

分析了V形管内的流动损失,并初步优化V形管无阀压电泵结构,利用CFD软件对改进前后的V形管内流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明：直角汇流管口改为圆角后的V形管流阻系数有了明显提高.通过对比改进前后两种V形管流场速度矢量图,发现圆角V形管可抑制正向流动时管内回流和漩涡的发生,减小流动损失.对不同圆角半径的V形管内流场进行数值模拟,得到不同圆角半径V形流管的流阻系数,表明较大的圆角半径可有效地提高V形管流阻系数,即提高了V形管无阀压电泵的效率.此优化设计可为V形管压电泵的进一步改进提供思路.     

环形射流泵结构优化设计

运用DOE和CFD技术,以寻求环形射流泵效率最大时的最佳结构尺寸组合.试验射流泵模型原型取自真实试验,面积比1.75.首先对计算方法的可靠性进行了验证,在试验设计方法指导下,以最高效率为原则安排了多次试验,确定了4个主要因子,即流量比q、吸入室收缩角α、相对喉管长度lt及扩散管扩散角β,分别计算了射流泵在多种结构尺寸组合下的内部流动.借助统计分析软件对试验数据进行处理,确定各结构参数对射流泵性能影响的重要程度,找出最优的结构组合.结果表明该方法取得了很好的效果,试验设计预测最大效率36.3%与CFD模拟结果35.8%非常接近.影响泵性能的主要结构参数中,相对喉管长度比扩散管扩散角、吸入室收缩角更为显著,双因子间的交互作用比因子单独作用更为明显,为环形射流泵进一步优化设计,确定其合理的工作范围提供了依据.     

并联三通全扩散/收缩管无阀压电泵的性能

采用流固耦合的方法,对三通全扩散/收缩管单腔无阀微泵进行了数值模拟计算,并进行试验验证,结果表明:当激励电压幅值为100 V时,在50～175 Hz范围内,微泵的流量随频率的增大而增大,计算值与试验值的最大误差为12%;当确定频率为100 Hz时,微泵流量随电压的增大而线性增大;试验结果较好地验证了数值模拟方法的可行性.在此基础上,针对单腔无阀微泵低流量、低输出压力的缺点,设计并研究了基于三通全扩散/收缩管的并联结构无阀压电泵.应用上述数值模拟方法,分析了并联结构下两振子振动相位差对微泵流量的影响,绘制出了不同相位差下并联微泵流量图和微泵在1个周期内瞬时流量图,并与单腔结构的微泵进行了性能对比.结果表明:并联结构下微泵流量随振子振动相位差的变化不大;在相位差为180°时流量最大,为0.367 mL/min;在相位差为360°时微泵实现了流量的连续输送,其流量为0.349 mL/min,性能较单腔结构微泵有了较大的提高.     

一种新型差压流速流量计的研制与应用

应用圆柱绕流的基本理论,研制了一种新型绕流管差压流速流量计.用特制绕流管作取压元件,通过测定正对来流全压孔与特定偏角侧压孔流体压差来测定点流速或断面平均流速和流量.在一定绕流角度范围内,绕流压强系数不随雷诺数变化而变化,使得绕流管流速流量计的应用方便可靠,可在流道外标定而非原位标定,并且系统不确定度可控制在±1.0%以内.将绕流管流速流量计应用于南水北调东线工程解台泵站的1号和3号机组,并分别进行了流量现场测试.测试结果表明,现场实测的流量与经模型试验数据换算的流量之间,误差均在0.78 m3/s以内.在大型低扬程泵站的单泵流量现场测试中,绕流管插入泵叶轮前吸水室取压差,即可实现无等径直管条件水泵流速、流量测定.     

基于CFD的文丘里施肥器收缩与扩散段结构优化

为了研发新型文丘里施肥器,提高其吸肥性能,使之适应不同工况的进出口压差,讨论了相同喉管进出口直径之比λ的条件下,得到最佳收缩段与扩散段的结构组合方案。本文采用solidworks2016、CFD软件,对14种不同模型进行建模并计算分析。研究不同组合形式结构的吸肥量q、肥液比δ、肥液浓度γ、吸肥效率η,4个指标以及流场压力、速度、湍动能、流线分布,综合评价吸肥性能的优越性。结果表明:①压差与吸肥量呈现幂函数的关系,压差越大吸肥量越大,但是增大的趋势越来越缓慢,压差与吸肥效率呈现指数函数的关系,压差越大,吸肥效率越小,减少的趋势越来越平缓;②喇叭口收缩段与流线型扩散段结构方案对比同系列产品,吸肥量最大提高80%,肥液浓度随压差变化最稳定,对不同工况适应性最强;③在相同的工况下,喇叭口收缩段与流线型扩散段结构方案,在喉管附近产生的真空度最大、压力最小、速度最大,产生旋涡区所对应的中心截面上平均湍动能最小,最有利于吸肥;综合吸肥性能与流场分析,最优的组合形式为喇叭口收缩段与流线型扩散段。     

圆形喷灌机系统两井泵汇流装置水力性能研究

【目的】为了满足入机流量需求,圆形喷灌机在实际应用中常用多台井泵并联供水,在喷灌机入机处安置井泵汇流装置,以调节流量和稳定水压。【方法】通过设计两井泵汇流装置,开展了汇流装置水力性能试验及数值模拟,研究了雷诺数和两进口汇流比(较小流量与较大流量之比值)对装置水力性能的影响。【结果】汇流装置的总水力损失模拟值与试验值较吻合,相对误差范围为0.5%～3.3%,且随雷诺数和汇流比均呈二次函数关系,当汇流比为0.8左右时,装置的总水力损失最小;两进口对应的局部阻力系数均不随雷诺数产生变化,但随汇流比变化趋势相反,当汇流比为0.2～1.0之间时,较大流量进口的局部阻力系数为1.16～1.31,较小流量进口的局部阻力系数为1.31～4.22。【结论】两井泵汇流装置结构及水力性能可用于圆形喷灌机灌溉工程设计和运行管理。     

支管射流三通结构优化与试验

为了提高支管射流三通水力性能,改善滴灌的灌水均匀性,基于CFX数值模拟技术,对进口宽度为15 mm的支管射流三通进行结构优化.选取位差、劈距、劈尖半径和侧壁倾角为影响因素,通过四因素三水平正交设计了9组模型,边界条件设定为进口压力100 kPa.选取支管射流三通出口设计流量为评价标准,支管射流三通最优结构尺寸为位差5.5 mm、劈距113 mm、劈尖半径13 mm、侧壁倾角10°.此结构尺寸参数下的支管射流三通水力性能试验结果表明:在进口水压为100 kPa时,支管射流三通脉冲频率为148次/min,水头压力振幅为37.9 kPa,水头压力损失为16.7 kPa,出口流量为0.698 L/s;支管射流三通所接滴灌带长度为60 m时,与普通支管三通相比,支管射流三通的灌水均匀系数提高了2.78%,流量偏差率降低了4.72%.该研究可为射流技术在脉冲滴灌系统的研究、开发与应用提供理论依据.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。