CH4/CO2混合气中CH4的变压吸附法提纯试验

选择几种商业化的分子筛,在常温(25℃)、低压(0.2 MPa)下,进行CH4与CO2混合气的动态吸附分离性能试验.结果表明:3A和4A分子筛对CO2的吸附量很小,而5A和13X分子筛都能较好地分离CH4与CO2.混合气在13X分子筛上的分离系数要高于5A分子筛,表明13X分子筛对CH4与CO2的分离效果更好.但5A和13X分子筛使用一次之后,都不能通过抽真空法完全再生,原因是吸附剂被吸附质毒化,红外光谱可以解释这一原因.5A和13X分子筛要成为产业化沼气净化的吸附剂,再生性能还需要进一步提高.     

3种吸附剂不同压力下脱除沼气中CO_2对比实验

研究了不同压力下常用几种吸附剂脱除沼气中CO2的效果,以提高混合气体中CH4的浓度,并得出最佳吸附压力,从而为工业生产提供沼气净化的吸附剂。本实验选取工业上常用的ZGA-高强度活性氧化铝、5A分子筛和13X-APG空分专用分子筛3种吸附剂,在不同压力下测定分离后混合气体中的CH4的浓度。实验结果表明:在0.1~0.8MPa压力范围下,5A分子筛吸附后的尾气中CO2和N2的浓度相对ZGA氧化铝和13X-APG分子筛低,且CH4浓度高,说明5A分子筛对混合气中CO2的脱除效果要比ZGA氧化铝和13X-APG分子筛明显;并且在0.7MPa的压力下,尾气中的CH4浓度达到了90.26%。因此,5A分子筛较适合应用于工业化脱除沼气中的CO2。     

碳基吸附剂提纯CH4/CO2混合气中CH4的研究

在常温(25℃)低压(0.2 MPa)下,测定市售碳基吸附剂(活性炭和碳分子筛)对CH4与CO2混合气的动态吸附分离性能,并与13X分子筛性能进行比较.结果表明:碳分子筛能较好地分离CH4与CO2,但分离选择性不如13X分子筛.然而碳分子筛可以通过抽真空法或惰气吹扫法完全再生,这一性能优越于13X分子筛.碳质吸附剂的再生耗能低于以13X为代表的沸石分子筛,更有利于成为变压吸附法净化沼气的吸附剂.     

Co含量对CoAPSO-5分子筛膜制备的影响

采用原位水热合成法在多孔α Al2O3上制备了连续致密的CoAPSO 5分子筛膜,并考察了Co含量对成膜过程的影响机制。通过XRD、SEM及ICP检测,证明所合成的为致密、均一、无取向CoAPSO 5分子筛膜,同时分析了合成液中进入分子筛的Co含量及其对CoAPSO 5分子筛膜的晶形、厚度及完备性的影响,并通过气体渗透法验证所合成的分子筛膜为无缺陷的。     

基于Aspen HYSYS的沼气中CO2气体低温液化分离技术

基于沼气主要成分CH4气体和CO2气体物理性质的差异,利用PR方程,得出不同CH4体积分数下,沼气泡点和露点的温度和压力;在Aspen HYSYS平台中,设计了低温液化分离沼气中CO2气体的流程,仿真分析了低温液化对CH4体积分数和CO2体积分数的影响.根据低温液化分离沼气中CO2气体的流程,对沼气进行纯化实验,结果表明:实验结果与模拟结果相吻合;液化分离后CH4体积分数从58.2％升至82.8％,CO2体积分数由36.4％降至8.8％,N2+ O2体积分数小于4.0％.     

耕作措施对京郊冬小麦农田CO2、CH4排放通量的影响

通过设置在北京市大兴区青云店镇的不同耕作措施试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法对2季冬小麦（2011年10月—2012年7月和2012年10月—2013年7月）各关键生育期内CO2、CH4的排放通量进行了测定。结果表明：免耕（NT）、深松（ST）、旋耕（RT）、传统耕作（CT）4种耕作措施下,冬小麦农田土壤总体表现为CO2源和CH4汇的功能,且CO2和CH4都有明显的日变化和季节变化特征。CO2日排放通量最高峰出现在0:00,最低峰出现在10:00;CO2季节排放通量最高峰出现在冬小麦播种期和收获期,最低峰出现在越冬期。CH4日排放和季节排放通量变化特征差异显著,但没有明显的变化规律。CO2排放通量与0~20cm各土层土壤温度呈正相关,与0~30cm各土层土壤质量含水率呈负相关关系。CH4排放通量与0~20cm各土层土壤温度呈正相关关系。4种耕作处理下,冬小麦农田CO2的季节平均排放通量为：传统耕作>旋耕>深松>免耕,CH4的季节平均吸收通量为：旋耕>传统耕作>免耕>深松。免耕相对于旋耕和传统耕作农田CO2季节平均排放通量降低了23.3%~27.1%;旋耕、传统耕作相对于免耕和深松CH4的季节平均吸收量增加了20%以上。因此,在京郊冬小麦农田,4种耕作措施（NT、ST、RT和CT）均能不同程度地增加CH4的吸收量,同时,采用免耕能进一步降低农田CO2排放量。     

有机胺基氨基酸盐吸收剂的沼气CO2分离特性

在鼓泡式CO2吸收和再生装置中对有机胺基氨基酸盐吸收剂的沼气CO2吸收和再生特性进行了研究,并与乙醇胺(MEA)和哌嗪(PZ)进行了对比。试验中,气相为典型的模拟沼气氛围(CO2与CH4体积分数比为4∶6,常压),液相CO2吸收温度为35℃,再生温度为75℃,并辅以纯CH4作为吹扫气。结果表明:当达到CO2吸收和再生平衡时,质量分数为30%的4种乙醇胺基氨基酸盐吸收剂对CO2的净携带容量均优于MEA,且乙醇胺基鸟氨酸盐(MEAORN)的CO2净携带容量最高(0.733 mol/mol),比第二位、质量分数为15%的PZ高82.34%。同时,综合考虑能耗与投资成本,对吸收剂CO2分离成本的对比分析表明,MEAORN和PZ的沼气CO2分离成本低于MEA,而乙醇胺基氨基乙酸盐(MEAGLY)在大规模沼气提纯上具有替代MEA进行工程应用的潜能。     

生物质燃气各组分气体燃烧与排放特性试验

在一台火花点火发动机上,分别进行了生物质燃气中可燃组分CH4、CO和H2的燃烧试验,研究并对比了各组分气体的燃烧及排放特性.结果表明,H2燃烧快,热效率高,NOx排放水平较低;CH4和CO相比具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放水平,但其稀燃能力较弱;在实际生物质燃气中可以通过提高H2的含量来扩展稀燃极限以及提高热效率.     

氮气和含氧气氛下玉米秸秆热解气化产气规律研究

为了探究秸秆类生物质在热解和气化过程中的产气规律,以我国东北地区典型的玉米秸秆为原料,基于自行建立的管式炉生物质热解气化实验装置,系统研究了玉米秸秆在氮气气氛下热解和在含氧气氛下气化过程中CO、H2、CO2、CH4和CnHm等小分子生物质燃气成分的释放特性,对比分析了不同热解温度和气化温度对不同燃气组分释放规律及其产率的影响。实验结果表明：玉米秸秆热解过程中最先释放的小分子气相产物是CO和CO2;当温度升高时生物质燃气中逐渐出现CH4和H2,且随着热解温度升高,CO的产率峰值最先出现且峰值出现在升温阶段,而CO2、CH4和H2的产率峰值几乎同时出现在恒温阶段;热解温度升高,玉米秸秆热解产生的CO体积分数几乎没有变化,而CO2的占比则随着温度的升高而降低;在400~500℃之间CH4体积分数随着热解温度的升高而增加,在500℃以后,基本稳定在13%。在O.2体积分数为8%、N2体积分数为92%的含氧气氛下,随着气化温度的升高,玉米秸秆气化产生CO2气体的体积分数呈先增加后降低的趋势,而CO的体积分数随着温度的升高而增大,这说明高温气化条件下更有利于CO的释放,而低温条件下有利于CO2的产生。     

猪场污水预贮存池的温室气体排放监测

猪场污水贮存过程中会产生大量温室气体,为测定污水预贮存过程中的温室气体排放情况,该实验利用静态箱法对四川某猪场的三格式污水贮存池进行了温室气体排放情况的监测。试验结果表明:一、二、三级贮存池温室气体CO2排放当量分别为555 g·m-2h-1,555 g·m-2h-1,279 g·m-2h-1,经过分级贮存后,温室气体排放明显减少;3个贮存池排放主要的温室气体均是CH4,其CO2排放当量分别为522 g·m-2h-1,526 g·m-2h-1,266 g·m-2h-1。CH4的贡献率分别达到94%,95%,95%,控制污水贮存过程中的CH4排放是温室气体减排的重要方法。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。