Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

粗山羊草苗期抗叶锈性鉴定及抗叶锈基因推导

普通小麦D基因组的供体材料粗山羊草含有丰富的抗叶锈病基因资源,而且具有较好的农艺性状,在抗病育种中具有重要的应用价值。本研究旨在了解粗山羊草的抗叶锈性以及准确了解其中所含抗叶锈基因。选取25株小麦叶锈菌株对6个粗山羊草品系进行抗叶锈性离体鉴定,筛选出4个在苗期对22个和23个菌株表现中到高抗的品系。试验选用18个不同毒力类型的小麦叶锈菌株和44个已知的抗叶锈单基因品系对其进行了抗叶锈基因推导,推导出粗山羊草4254-Y206可能含有Lr1,Lr10和Lr29或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;4255-Y212可能含有Lr10和Lr29抗叶锈基因或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;Y192可能含有Lr41抗叶锈基因或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;Y201可能含有其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因。     

Genetic diversity of Russian common wheat varieties for leaf rust resistance

The results of evaluating resistance to leaf rust pathogen in Russian common wheat varieties recommended for growing in the Russian Federation are given. Their diversity with respect to Lr genes is assessed with the use of phytopathological and molecular methods and representativeness in growing regions is analyzed. A low genetic diversity among resistant varieties with domination of genes Lr9 and Lr19 and their confinement to Volga, Ural, and West Siberian regions are revealed.     

吉林省主要水稻品种稻瘟病抗性分析及分子辅助改良

为深入研究已经克隆的部分稻瘟病抗性基因在吉林省主要水稻品种和优良品系的分布,并为分子标记辅助选择培育稻瘟病抗性品种提供理论依据。根据已经克隆的10个稻瘟病抗性基因序列设计特异引物,对目前吉林省主要推广的13个水稻品种和15个主要品系进行稻瘟病抗性基因筛选。根据稻瘟病抗性基因筛选结果,进一步进行聚类分析、杂交组合配制及分子标记辅助选择,共获得24株理想的多基因聚合F4单株,并进行苗期稻瘟病接种鉴定。结果表明,Pi2、Pi36、Pi37、Pikh、Piz-t和Pi-ta等稻瘟病抗性基因在目前吉林省主要推广水稻品种中分布较为广泛,而Pi9、Pib、Pi21和Pi-d2分布较少。同时发现,品种间稻瘟病抗性基因有较好的互补性,可以有效地进行多基因聚合。因此,在吉林省通过分子标记辅助选择培育抗性优良的稻瘟病新品种是一种有效可行的途径。     

Identification of leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat varieties from China and foreign countries

Wheat leaf rust, triggered by Puccinia triticina Eriks(Pt), is among the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Deploying resistant varieties against leaf rust is the most effective, environmentally-friendly and economic way to control the disease. In the present study, 66 wheat varieties form China and foreign countries were tested with 17 Pt races for gene postulation during the seedling stage in the greenhouse. All the varieties were also planted to identify slow rusting responses to leaf rust at the adult plant stage in Baoding and Zhoukou field trials during the 2016/2017 to 2017/2018 cropping seasons. Moreover, 12 closely linked molecular markers to known leaf rust resistance(Lr) genes were used for assessing all the varieties. The results of both gene postulation and molecular marker identification showed that a total of eight Lr genes, Lr1, Lr10, Lr17, Lr20, Lr26, Lr34, Lr37 and Lr46, either singly or in combination were detected in 32 varieties. Known Lr genes were not identified in the remaining 34 varieties. Seventeen varieties were found to have slow rusting resistance. The resistance sources identified in this study can be used as resources for resistance against leaf rust in wheat breeding programs in China and the respective foreign countries.     

Donors of spring common wheat resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew with genetic material of the species Aegilops speltoides L., Aegilops triuncialis L., and Triticum kiharae Dorof. et Migusch

Spring wheat donors obtained by the wide hybridization method with several leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance genes effective for the Non-Chernozem Zone of the Russian Federation have been identified. The presence of effective genes of resistance to leaf rust (Lr37, Lr39, Lr46, Lr50) and powdery mildew (Pm2, Pm13) that can be used in breeding for immunity with STS and SSR markers has been established.     

宁夏水稻种质资源主要抗稻瘟病基因的鉴定和评价

针对宁夏地区水稻抗稻瘟病主要基因尚不清楚的现状,采用已克隆抗稻瘟病基因的功能标记对143份宁夏水稻种质资源进行抗稻瘟病基因的分子扫描。同时,利用宁夏地区致病性强且致病力频率高的10个稻瘟病菌菌株混合悬浮液进行人工接种与自然诱发相结合的方法鉴定其抗病性。进而开展稻瘟病抗性性状与抗性基因的关联分析。结果表明：在宁夏水稻种质资源中表现主要的抗病基因有Pikm、Pi9、Pi2、Pi5和Pid2。在此基础上,对主要抗病基因在宁夏水稻品种中的应用进行评价,发现Pikm、Pi9、Pi5、和Pid2基因在宁夏水稻种质资源中的分布频率比较低,分别为0.56、0.35、0.30、和0.11。所以这些基因是今后改良宁夏水稻稻瘟病抗性的主要抗病基因。     

宁夏自育水稻品种及部分引进品种的稻瘟病抗性基因分子标记检测

为明确宁夏水稻种质资源中含有的抗稻瘟病基因型及基因数量,为水稻抗稻瘟病分子标记辅助选择育种奠定基础。采用与抗稻瘟病基因Pita、Pi-kh、Pib、Pi2、Pi-km、Pi9、Pi5紧密连锁的7个分子标记,对25份宁夏自育水稻品种和55份引进水稻品种的抗稻瘟病基因进行分子检测。结果表明,宁夏自育水稻品种的抗稻瘟病基因较少,68%的材料仅含1~2个抗瘟基因,缺乏Pita、Pi2基因;抗病性鉴定也证实,只有8份材料达到中等抗性,主要含有Pib、Pi-km、Pi9抗瘟基因。37%的引进品种含3~6个抗稻瘟病基因,主要抗瘟基因有Pib、Pi-kh、Pi-km、Pi2、Pi9和Pita,这些材料均可为宁夏水稻抗稻瘟病的分子标记辅助选择育种提供抗病基因。     

不同水稻品种在皖南地区对稻瘟病的抗性鉴定

调查了位于皖南休宁县商山镇的稻瘟病圃带有不同抗稻瘟主效基因的31个单基因系的叶瘟病情。结果表明,含Pi-ta,Pi-ta2,Pi-kp的品系表现抗病。在病圃中鉴定了293份长江中下游水稻生产品种的抗瘟性,其中77份连续2年均表现抗病,适合在皖南稻瘟病流行区进一步试验推广。     

已知Lr基因小麦在叶锈菌侵染过程中PO活性及其同工酶的变化

利用２个近等基因系ＴｃＬｒ３和ＴｃＬｒ２６及３个小麦品种洛夫林１０＜Ｌｔ２６＞、阿芙乐尔＜Ｌｒ３＋Ｌｒ２６＞、和洛夫林１３＜Ｌｒ３＋Ｌｒ２６＞分别与２个毒力不同的叶锈菌（Ｐｕｃｃｉｎｉａｒｅｃｏｎｄｉｔａｆ．ｓｐ．ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉ）小种１０—２和冀７７—１，组合成亲和程度不同的品种—小种组合。对侵柒过程中过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）活性及其同工酶谱的变化进行了研究。结果表明，ＴｃＬｒ３与小种互作过程中ＰＯ活性变化是单峰曲线特征，峰值出现在接种后３６ｈ，同时在ＰＯ同工酶谱的变化中表现出ｐ１６．３，６．８处的酶带活性增强，而ＴｃＬｒ２６和其他含Ｌｒ２６的各品种与小种互作过程中ＰＯ活性变化均呈双峰曲线特征，峰Ⅰ，Ⅱ分别出现在接种后３６ｈ和８４ｈ，同时在ｐｏ同工酶谱变化中也有特征性表现。     

十个粳稻品种对稻瘟病抗性和抗性遗传分析

 10个粳稻品种,在3～4叶期和抽德初期于温室内,用7个稻瘟病菌生理小种即ZA₁,ZB₁₃,ZC₁₃,ZD₁,ZE₁,ZF₁和ZG₁进行人工接种,结果表明:苗叶瘟和穗瘟的抗性85.70%反应一致,呈正相关。10个品种与广谱感病品种丽江新团黑谷的杂交组合,根据F₁,F₂,B₁F₁分析结果:F₁95%抗性呈显性、不完全显性和隐性各占2%;该10个品种对多个测试小种的抗性,多受两对或1对显性基因控制,少数受1对隐性基因或3对显性基因控制。基因分析表明:这10个抗源品种至少各含有两对不尽相同的抗瘟性基因,在抗瘟性遗传上属不同抗源。根据6个杂交组合的正、反交分析结果,稻瘟病抗性属细胞核遗传,但也有的受细胞质作用影响。     

458份小麦品种(系)抗病性状功能基因的KASP标记检测

[目的]研究不同小麦品种(系)抗病性状功能基因的分布状态,分析小麦品种(系)的抗病功能基因,为小麦抗病育种提供理论依据.[方法]利用KASP技术通过1个抗白粉病分子标记(Pm21)、1个抗条锈病分子标记(Yr15)和2个抗叶锈病分子标记(Lr14、Lr68),检测458份小麦品种(系).[结果]筛选出携带Pm21标记材...     

257份小麦品种资源中矮秆基因的分子检测

矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8等的广泛利用,不仅增强了小麦的抗倒性,而且提高了产量。明确矮秆基因的分布,可以为小麦矮化育种提供分子信息。采用STS和SSR标记检测257份小麦品种资源中Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8基因的分布情况。结果表明,257份材料中, Rht8基因分布频率最高（106个品种,41.2%）,Rht-D1b次之（88个品种,34.2%）,Rht-B1b最低（70个品种,27.2%）。此外,部分材料中含有不同类型的矮秆基因组合,且分布频率不同,其中Rht-D1b+Rht8(25个品种,9.7%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht8(24个品种,9.3%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b(9个品种,3.5%)＞Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b+Rht8(5个品种,1.9%)。上述结果为小麦抗倒伏育种以及矮化育种提供了重要的参考信息。     

2009年河北省小麦叶锈菌群体EST-SSR遗传多样性分析

通过对小麦叶锈菌群体毒性多态性和EST-SSR多态性分析,为河北省小麦抗病品种的培育和合理利用提供依据。利用34个小麦抗叶锈近等(单)基因系和21对EST-SSR引物对河北省唐山、秦皇岛、沧州、保定、石家庄、邢台和邯郸的30个单孢子分离纯化小麦叶锈菌株进行毒性和DNA多态性分析。结果表明:30株小麦叶锈菌菌株间毒性相似性较高,相似系数为0.70~1.00,分子遗传多态性的相似系数为0.80~1.00。部分地理来源相同的菌株聚在同一亚组,表明小麦叶锈菌株地理来源与毒性多态性和遗传多态性有一定的相关性,但毒性多态性和SSR分子多态性相关性不明显。     

植物分子遗传学在挖掘作物重金属积累相关基因中的作用

随着我国农田土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,导致农产品重金属超标时常发生。如何阻控重金属在作物可食部位的积累,保证农产品安全和重金属中、低污染农田的安全利用,已成为我国农业生产急需解决的问题。培育重金属低积累作物品种,实现作物可食部位重金属含量达标,是解决重金属中低污染农田安全利用的经济而有效的手段之一。培育作物重金属低积累品种需要克隆控制重金属积累的相关基因,并阐明其分子遗传机理。以Os NRAMP5、Os HMA3和CAL1三个控制水稻镉吸收、转运和分配的基因为实例,介绍植物分子遗传学在挖掘作物重金属积累相关基因中的作用,包括基于正向遗传学和反向遗传学的方法,克隆控制镉在作物中积累的基因,并阐述这些功能基因控制重金属积累的分子遗传机理,同时展望这些基因在培育重金属低积累品种中的应用前景。     

Postulation of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars

Wheat leaf rust(caused by Puccinia triticina) is one of the most important fungal diseases in China. There are tens of winter wheat cultivars which are approved to be released by the government at a national level and more than 100 wheat cultivars at the provincial level. But there is no information about leaf rust(Lr) genes in these cultivars, which makes it difficult for farmers and breeders to select which cultivars they should plant in their fields and use in their breeding programs. The objective of this paper was to identify the leaf rust resistant genes at seedling stage present in the 84 commercial wheat cultivars from China that have been released in the past few years. A set of 20 near isogenic lines with Thatcher background and 6 lines with known Lr genes were used to test the virulence of 12 races of P. triticina(Pt). By comparing the infection types(ITs) produced on the 84 cultivars by the 12 Pt races with the ITs on the differential sets, the Lr genes were postulated. In addition, 8 molecular markers of Lr genes such as Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr29, which are closely linked to or co-segregated with the Lr gene, were used for further validation of the genes in the 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars. Twelve Lr genes, including Lr1, Lr3,(Lr3bg),(Lr3ka), Lr11, Lr13, Lr14 a, Lr16, Lr26, Lr27, Lr30 and Lr31 were postulated to be present either singly or in combinations in these Chinese wheat cultivars. Lr3 and Lr26 were detected most often in the tested cultivars, with frequencies of 51.2 and 38.1%, respectively. No wheat Lr genes were detected in 16 cultivars, and 4 cultivars may carry unknown Lr genes other than those used in this study. Lr9, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 were not present in any of the 84 tested accessions.     

21个小麦品种(系)抗叶锈性基因推导

选用１７个小麦叶锈菌菌系对１９９９扑河北省使用的２１个小麦品种（系）进行了抗叶锈性基因的推导。通过与２１个抗叶锈单基因系的反应型比较,鉴定出Ｌｒ１、Ｌｒ１４ａ、Ｌｒ２６和Ｌｒ３７等４个抗叶锈基因。８９０４含有Ｌｒ１;５１０８和４１８５可能含有Ｌｒ１或含与Ｌｒ１不同的抗性基因;中麦９号含有Ｌｒ１４ａ及其它抗性基因;８４２５１、邯郸４５６４、７１－３、梁麦２、７１１８－８、８５９－３４、８５９－３９和矮三共８个品种（系）含有Ｌｒ２６抗性基因;２６３１、北农８、鲁麦２３、高优５０３、９７－１１、益麦１含有与供试的已知基因不同的抗性基因;冀麦３８、京３８和３１８１没有鉴定出抗叶锈基因。     

常规籼稻品种的稻瘟病抗性基因及穗颈瘟抗性分析

目的 明确常规籼稻品种资源所携带的稻瘟病抗性基因及抗性效应。方法 利用PARMS SNP分型技术，检测14个稻瘟病抗性基因在121份常规籼稻品种中的分布情况，并进行田间穗颈瘟自然鉴定，分析基因型和抗性的关系。结果 大多数供试品种携带2~6个稻瘟病抗性基因，Pi46和Pia的检出率较低，分别为3.3%和7.4%；Pi54和Pi5检出率较高，分别为86.0%和67.8%；所有供试品种均不携带Pi9、Pigm、Pik-m和Pik。田间抗性鉴定结果表明，供试品种的穗颈瘟抗性普遍较弱，但广东品种的穗颈瘟抗性明显好于广西品种的；携带的抗性基因数量与穗颈瘟抗性间相关性不显著；Pi2和Pid3对穗颈瘟抗性贡献显著，优势比值分别为5.98和7.50；Pi2⁺Pid3⁺、Pi2⁺Pi33⁺和Pid3⁺Pi33⁺组合的田间穗颈瘟抗性表现较好。结论 本研究结果为两广籼稻区稻瘟病抗性基因聚合育种的亲本选择提供了理论支持，为常规稻的合理布局提供了科学参考。     

30个重要小麦生产品种抗叶锈性基因分析

【目的】小麦叶锈病是影响中国小麦产量的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种可以经济、有效地控制该病害。论文通过基因推导结合系谱分析、分子标记及成株抗病鉴定对小麦生产品种中抗病基因进行鉴定,从而确定小麦品种中所携带的抗病基因。【方法】选用18个小麦叶锈菌菌系(PHGQ、THJT、PHJT、KHJS、PHJS、THTT?、KHHT、FHRT、FHJQ、PHTT、THTT?、PHTT、FHTR、FHHT?、FHHT?、TGGT、FHTT、FGMT)接种36个已知抗叶锈病基因载体品种和中国的30个小麦生产品种进行苗期抗叶锈病基因推导,进一步利用9个与已知抗病基因紧密连锁的特异性标记进行标记检测,同时系谱分析法确定供试小麦品种中所携带的已知抗叶锈病基因。为了鉴定小麦品种的成株抗性基因,在2014—2015和2015—2016年度将30个小麦品种、慢锈对照品种SAAR和感病对照品种郑州5389种植于河北农业大学小麦试验田和河南周口黄泛区农场试验田,田间用混合生理小种(FHRT、THTT、THJT)接种进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定,进一步运用软件IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0进行方差分析(ANOVA),根据苗期与成株期的侵染型排除具有主效抗性基因的品种,将田间最终严重度(当达到发病高峰时调查的严重度为最终严重度,final disease severity,FDS)明显小于或与慢锈对照SAAR无显著差异的作为慢锈品种,从而筛选出表现慢锈的小麦品种。【结果】基因推导、系谱分析结合标记检测结果表明,30个小麦生产品种中有4个品种(鄂恩5号、鄂麦14、陕229和西农979)含有抗病基因Lr1,10个品种(鄂恩1号、鄂恩5号、鄂恩6号、贵农16、陕225、陕354、陕715、陕合6号、陕麦509和陕农7859)携带有抗病基因Lr26,2个品种(陕225和小偃81)经分子标记检测含有慢锈抗病基因Lr46,另外还有3个品种(西农979、陕229和贵农16)可能含有基因Lr13,所有供试品种均不含Lr9、Lr10、Lr19、Lr20、Lr24和Lr34抗病基因。根据2年2点的田间抗叶锈病鉴定筛选出18个表现慢锈的品种,且方差分析结果表明各品种间和地点间差异均极显著,年份间差异显著,品种与地点间、品种与年份间差异均极显著,而品种与重复间和重复间均不显著,这表明小麦叶锈病抗性的表达受基因型和环境互作共同影响。【结论】30个小麦品种中共检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr13和Lr46等4个抗叶锈病基因,其中Lr46为成株抗病基因,通过田间抗性鉴定共检测出18个品种可能携带成株慢锈基因,所有慢锈材料中可能含有未知成株抗叶锈病基因,需要进一步进行遗传鉴定。     

山东省小麦叶锈菌群体毒性研究

[目的]为小麦抗病品种的培育和合理利用提供依据。[方法]以小麦抗叶锈近等（单）基因系及已知基因的品系作为鉴别寄主,对2008年采集自山东省的62株叶锈菌菌株标样进行测定,计算其毒性频率。[结果]62株菌株共划分为35个致病类型,其中THSS、PHSS、THQS、THTS、FHSS、PHQT和THTT为优势致病类型,其出现频率分别为9.7%、6.5%、6.5%、6.5%、6.5%、4.8%、4.8%;根据小麦叶锈菌群体毒性基因频率,可确定抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr30、Lr36、Lr39、Lr42、Lr21＋39、Lr45和Lr47为目前山东省有效抗病基因（组合）。[结论]该研究为山东省小麦叶锈病的有效控制提供了参考。