次致死浓度Cu2+对罗非鱼呼吸生理的影响

本文研究次致死浓度Cu~(2+)对罗非鱼呼吸生理的影响。通过比较15天里各污染组鱼呼吸频率、振幅和鳃盖运动的变化,得出罗非鱼异常鳃盖运动频率随Cu~(2+)浓度的增加而递增,咳嗽运动先于驱逐反射(expulsion reflex),提示鱼类的咳嗽运动和驱逐反射可作为次致死浓度下Cu~(2+)污染的敏感生物学监测指标。     

罗非鱼片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

研究不同温度贮藏条件下罗非鱼片挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）和菌落总数随时问的变化规律及其动力学特性,建立了TVB-N和菌落总数与贮藏温度和贮藏时间的动力学模型,以预测和控制罗非鱼片在贮藏过程中的品质和货架期。贮藏过程中罗非鱼片的TVB-N和菌落总数增加,随着贮藏温度的升高,鱼片品质劣化速度加快。TVB-N和菌落总数均符合一级化学反应动力学模型,并且与Arrhenius方程有很高的拟合度。罗非鱼片的贮藏期可通过模型进行预测。     

温度对褶牡蛎肉品质的影响

本文阐述贮藏在不同温度条件下的褶牡蛎,其5％TCA 可溶性总氮(TSN)、Folin-酚阳性物质、游离氨基氮(FAAN)、pH 值及挥发性盐基氮(VBN)含量的变化规律,并对热水抽提液中的多肽组份作了分离和分子量测定。结果发现,5％TCA可溶性总氮和Folin-酚阳性物质都出现先下降后上升的现象。分子量在1000～3000MW 的多肽相对含量,在 0℃及 30℃均随贮存时间延长而增加。pH 值和 VBN含量的变化呈相反趋势,即 pH值随贮藏时间延长而降低,而VBN含量却上升。利用阿累乌尼斯图(Arrhenius plot)原理对VBN 含量的变化规律作了进一步的研究,证明在22℃处该图有一折点。     

罗非鱼5个不同品系低温致死的研究

在室内人工降温条件下,进行了美国品系奥利亚罗非鱼及4个尼罗罗非鱼品系(美国品系、埃及品系、泰国品系和吉富品系)耐寒能力的试验,计算每个品系罗非鱼的半致死低温(LT50值)和低温累计存活小时数(CDH值),评估各品系耐寒力的大小.试验结果表明,美国品系奥利亚罗非鱼的死亡温度是8.6～9.6℃,其余4个尼罗罗非鱼品系的死亡温度在9.4～10.4℃.各罗非鱼品系的LT50值由高到低的顺序是:吉富尼罗>泰国尼罗>美国尼罗>埃及尼罗>美国奥利哑;CDH值由高到低的顺序是:美国奥利亚>埃及尼罗>美国尼罗>泰国尼罗>吉富尼罗.美国奥利亚罗非鱼的耐寒能力最强,极显著高于其他罗非鱼品系;吉富尼罗罗非鱼的耐寒能力极显著低于其余4个罗非鱼品系.     

鲻在冷冻过程中蛋白质的变性

通过研究鲻在冷冻过程中Ca^2 -ATPase的活性、挥发性盐基氮和凝胶强度的变化,为鲻鱼的冷冻加工提供理论依据。结果表明,抗冻剂能有效地抑制鲻于在冷冻过程中Ca^2 -ATPase活性的下降,同时能提高鲻鱼糜的凝胶强度且防止鲻鱼糜在冷过程中凝胶强度的下降。抗冻剂在鲻鱼冷冻加工中的应用是行之有效的。     

高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片品质的影响

文章研究了高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片的保鲜效果,通过罗非鱼片贮藏过程中肉汁渗出率、菌落总数、感官品质、色差值、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、脂质氧化（TBA）、p H等指标的变化情况,分析比较3.8 kV、1.8 kV、0 V高压静电下罗非鱼肉品质指标的变化。结果表明,高压静电场能够显著改善鱼肉的品质,贮藏至第30天,样品无异味,感官品质良好,可显著抑制肉汁渗出;可有效抑制微生物的生长和挥发性盐基氮的增加,在一定程度上抑制了鱼肉内脂肪氧化,具有较好的保鲜效果。总体上3.8 kV高压静电对鱼肉的保鲜效果优于1.8 kV高压静电,可延长肉片的保质期至30 d。 

     

致死方式对养殖草鱼肉挥发性成分的影响

采用电子鼻技术和固相微萃取(SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术研究了抽血和急杀致死草鱼肉挥发性成分的差异。通过电子鼻检测分析,抽血致死对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分有影响,对红肉部分无影响或影响不大;固相微萃取技术可以有效地吸附草鱼肉中的挥发性成分,经NIST质谱数据库检索和文献对照,抽血致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定出27、29和47种挥发性成分,急杀致死草鱼背肉、腹肉和红肉分别确定42、41和43种挥发性成分,可见致死方式对草鱼背肉和腹肉的挥发性成分影响较大,相对来说对红肉的影响较小;鱼血中确定46种挥发性成分,其中34种为芳香族化合物,相对含量达75.59%。因此,建议草鱼加工或食用前采用抽血致死方式。     

光合细菌对罗非鱼免疫功能的影响

为评价光合细菌在罗非鱼养殖过程中使用效果的生物学指标,本试验设计在养殖罗非鱼的水体里添加不同浓度的光合细菌,通过测定罗非鱼酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、溶菌酶(LZM)五种免疫酶活性指标,探讨在养殖水体里添加光合细菌对罗非鱼的免疫酶活性及生长性能的影响。结果表明:添加光合细菌的浓度为104cfu/mL的鱼血清的ACP活性显著高于其他组,光合细菌的浓度为105cfu/mL的鱼血清的AKP活性显著高于其他组,光合细菌的浓度为103cfu/mL的鱼血清AST活性显著高于其他组,光合细菌的浓度为104cfu/mL和105cfu/mL添加组的鱼血清ALT活性显著高于其他组,光合细菌的浓度为104cfu/mL的鱼血清的LZM活性显著高于其他组,且实验组显著高于对照组。为推广光合细菌在罗非鱼养殖过程中提高免疫功能提供了理论依据。     

禁食对不同养殖条件罗非鱼品质影响的比较

通过比较28 d禁食处理对微生态制剂添加养殖和传统养殖两种不同养殖方式下的商品罗非鱼品质影响的区别,结果表明:禁食处理后,两组罗非鱼体重、肥满度(CF)都有所下降,且微生态组罗非鱼平均体重损失10.0%,比传统组少损失4.4%,肥满度0.3 g/cm~3,较传统组节约0.2 g/cm~3;两组罗非鱼肌肉蛋白质、脂肪有所下降,但脂肪含量下降的变化量传统组为16.73%,远大于微生物组的4.95%;在氨基酸组分方面,氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、风味氨基酸总量都呈现下降趋势,但风味氨基酸占比(TDAA/TAA)则有所上升,微生态组上升幅度1.74%,比传统组0.98%高0.76%。因此,禁食处理对罗非鱼品质改善有一定的作用,建议在养殖过程中添加微生态制剂以保持禁食后的产量及改善商品鱼品质。     

电子鼻结合GC-MS分析不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味成分的影响

为了解不同干燥方式对罗非鱼片挥发性风味物质的影响,为罗非鱼片加工提供参考依据,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析了经超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透热泵干燥(UAPOHPD)、热泵干燥(HPD)、超声波辅助聚葡萄糖渗透真空冷冻-热泵联合干燥(UAPOVFHPCD)和真空冷冻干燥...     

Effect of electrical stunning at slaughter on the quality of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima)

Food quality aspects of farmed turbot (Psetta maxima) were compared following two methods of slaughter: the current commercial method, by immersion in an ice slurry, which is then dewatered after approximately 20 min, or by first humanely, electrically stunning the fish using a prototype commercial stunner, before immersion in an ice slurry, which is dewatered after 20 min. Quality was assessed for up to 10 days of storage on ice following slaughter. No differences were found between the slaughter methods in terms of an overall carcass quality: overall appearance, haemorrhage, damage, burst gall bladder, staining of the body cavity by leakage from the gut or damage to the spine. No detectable difference was found between the treatments using the industry standard freshness scoring system, the Quality Index Method. Both groups of fish were classified as ‘Fresh’ after 10 days of storage on ice. Using objective measurements of colour, no differences between fish from either treatment were found in fillet colour. Changes in flesh pH were similar in electrically stunned and traditionally killed fish with a mean pH (±SE) at 2 h post‐mortem of 6.80±0.027 declining to 6.44±0.032 at 24 h post‐mortem. Humane electrical stunning of turbot at slaughter neither detectably improved nor decreased product quality as measured between 1 and 10 days of storage on ice.     

Effect of the slaughter method on the quality of raw and smoked eels (Anguilla anguilla L.)

Eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were slaughtered using two procedures. The commercial method consisted of desliming the fish in dry salt followed by evisceration. The alternative method consisted of stunning and killing in water with a combination of electricity and oxygen removal. Eels slaughtered as commercially exhibited aversive reactions and consequently a higher level of muscular activity before death. In raw fillets, differences appeared clearly between the two batches. The alternative slaughter by electricity and gas led to redder, firmer flesh with a higher pH. Myofibrillar proteolysis, lipid oxidation and loss of freshness (as evaluated by K‐value) were reduced. After hot‐smoking, which is a process that greatly modifies the fish flesh properties, differences between batches were less pronounced. However, eels slaughtered by the alternative method were characterized by a higher pH and a redder colour of the dark muscle, a desirable property form a commercial point of view. When assessed by sensory difference tests, appearance seemed to be the only attribute that allowed panellists to discriminate the two batches. Overall, it is concluded that slaughter by electricity and gas improved the quality of raw and smoked eels compared with the commercial method.     

Effect of electrical stunning at slaughter on the carcass, flesh and eating quality of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Food quality aspects of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were compared following two methods of slaughter: the normal commercial method of killing, by immersion in an ice slurry, or by first electrically stunning the fish, before immersion in an ice slurry. Quality was assessed for up to 10 days of storage on ice after slaughter. No differences were found between the slaughter methods in terms of an overall sensory evaluation of cooked fillets, or in terms of overall carcass quality: overall appearance, internal and external haemorrhage, fin damage, burst gall bladder, staining of the body cavity by leakage from the gut or damage to the spine. Using objective measurements of colour, no differences between fish from either treatment were found in terms of external colour or colour of the fillets. A chemical analysis of flesh nucleotide breakdown products as well as the freshness indicator K_i value did not differentiate the two treatments nor did the industry standard freshness scoring technique (QIM, quality index method), over 10 days of storage on ice. Flesh pH was marginally lower in electrically stunned fish at 4 h post mortem (6.42 cf 6.56) but by 24 h, pH in fish from both treatments had decreased to a similar level (6.22). Humane electrical stunning of sea bass at slaughter neither measurably improved nor decreased product quality for between 1 and 10 days of storage on ice. Electrical stunning accelerated the pattern of onset and resolution of rigor mortis. If electrical stunning were to be widely adopted, re‐education of buyers would be necessary as rigor mortis is currently used by buyers as a proxy measure of fish freshness.     

臭氧水对军曹鱼片的减菌效果和品质的影响

文章研究比较了不同质量浓度的臭氧水处理军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）鱼片对其减菌效果和品质的影响。在15 ℃条件下分别以质量浓度为4 mgL-1、5 mgL-1、6 mgL-1和7 mgL-1的流动臭氧水处理军曹鱼片,以减菌率、感官和色泽为评价指标。结果表明,质量浓度为7 mgL-1的流动臭氧水处理军曹鱼片10 min可以达到一个较好的减菌效果,减菌率达到81.12%,且该臭氧水质量浓度对军曹鱼的品质影响较小。

     

Growth, feed efficiency and slaughter quality of salmon, Salmo salar L., given feeds with different ratios of carbohydrate and protein

The effects of using increasing levels of carbohydrate to replace protein in diets for Atlantic salmon were studied in a long-term, semicommercial-scale experiment in sea cages, using wheat and corn starch as carbohydrate sources. The fish were fed extruded diets containing 24 g and 602 g kg^?1, 98 g and 521 g kg^?1, 165 g and 454 g kg^?1, 230 g and 384 g kg^?1 of carbohydrate and protein, respectively. The contents of lipid were kept constant at 280 g kg^?1. The experiment lasted for 9 months until the fish had reached about 4 kg. All groups showed good growth in the experimental period. Feed efficiency decreased and feed intake increased linearly with increased level of carbohydrate in the diet. Digestibility of dry matter and energy were seriously decreased with increased carbohydrate level in the diets. This was mainly due to decreased digestibility of carbohydrate, but also to decreased digestibility of lipid. The digestibility of protein or amino acids was not affected by diet. Higher levels of carbohydrate resulted in increased storage of energy as lipid in fillet and abdominal fat. Red coloration showed an optimum at 98 g kg^?1 carbohydrate in the diets. No differences in maturation were found between diets. Overall, based on feed efficiency, growth and slaughter quality, the optimum level of carbohydrate in the diet for Atlantic salmon in sea water is found to be approximately 100 g kg^?1 dry matter.     

一氧化碳发色处理对罗非鱼鱼片暗色肉贮藏过程色泽影响分析

以罗非鱼（Orochromis niloticus♀×0．aureus♂）为研究对象,分析了一氧化碳（CO）发色处理对鱼片背部暗色肉贮藏过程中色泽的影响。结果表明,CO发色处理可以明显提高鱼片的红绿色值（a^＊）,并影响贮藏过程中色泽变化,特别是表征鱼片色泽的a^＊。冷藏初期发色鱼片a^＊略有上升,而后缓慢下降,但未发色鱼片则始终呈缓慢下降的趋势,冻藏期间3种处理鱼片a^＊均缓慢下降;发色鱼片冷藏期间保持鲜红色泽达13d,冻藏达半年。其他2项色泽指标亮度（L^＊）和黄蓝色值（b^＊）贮藏过程中变化趋势基本一致。贮藏过程中a^＊的变化情况与肌肉组织对CO的结合程度及稳定性密切相关,一般经CO发色处理的鱼片贮藏1～2d后鱼片的a^＊会进一步提高,这在冷藏过程中表现尤为明显。CO发色处理对鱼肉中的色素成分肌红蛋白（Mb）起到一定的保护作用,在某种程度上抑制或减缓了Mb氧化反应的发生,阻止高铁肌红蛋白（met—Mb）的生成。     

不同解冻方法对冻藏罗非鱼片理化性能的影响

为获得适合冻藏罗非鱼片的解冻方式,以解冻时间、解冻损失率、TBA值、K值和p H为指标,研究冰箱冷藏箱解冻(CT)、自然空气解冻(AT)、真空解冻(VT)和超声波解冻(UT)四种解冻方法对罗非鱼片品质的影响,并对解冻后鱼片的横切面进行扫描电镜观察。结果显示,与CT和AT相比,VT和UT的解冻时间较短(P0.05),解冻损失率、TBA值、K值和p H的变化均较小(P0.05)。扫描电镜显示,解冻对罗非鱼肉的微观结构均有一定的影响,但VT对鱼肉微观结构影响最小,能够最大程度地接近鲜鱼,UT对鱼肉的微观结构破坏较大,CT和ATD影响较小且无明显差别。研究表明,真空解冻方法既能缩短解冻时间,又能较好地保持罗非鱼肉的理化品质和微观结构,其与自然空气解冻法相比,解冻时间减少97.7%,解冻损件率减少87.5%,TBA值下降92.3%,K值下降61.7%,微观组织结构保持完整,是解冻罗非鱼片的最佳方式。