日本《外来入侵物种法》及对我国外来物种管理立法和科研的启示

日本政府于2004年6月颁布了《外来入侵物种法》,10月环境省制定的《预防外来入侵生物对生态系统造成不利影响的基本政策》通过内阁决议,该法案于2005年6月1日起生效。本文简要介绍了日本外来生物管理有关策略和基本政策,并针对我国现状提出了外来物种管理立法及科研方面的建议:(1)成立国家级外来物种管理委员会及外来物种专家委员会,统筹外来物种管理工作;(2)对现有法律法规体系进行系统评估,加强外来物种管理立法;(3)加强对外来物种的科学研究,特别是加强外来入侵物种环境风险评估系统建设;(4)进一步加强建立国家级、一站式的外来物种数据库和外来物种数据交换所,促进信息交流。     

中国外来入侵物种数据库简介

中国外来入侵物种数据库系统是我国进行生物入侵交流的权威网络信息平台。该系统由中国外来入侵物种数据库系统、中国外来入侵物种地理分布信息系统、外来入侵物种野外数据采集系统、外来入侵物种安全性评价系统、中国主要外来入侵昆虫DNA条形码识别系统和中国重大外来入侵昆虫远程监控系统等6个子系统组成。该系统旨在为从事外来入侵物种研究、检测监测工作的科研机构和职能部门提供科研成果交流、检测监测信息发布、外来入侵物种数据查询和科普教育的综合信息服务平台。     

The crucial role of information exchange and research for effective responses to biological invasions

Farmers have been fighting weeds and pests since the beginnings of agriculture, but the impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on native species, habitats and ecosystem services have only been brought to the world's attention relatively recently. Invasive plants, also known as environmental weeds, constitute an insidious 'biological pollution'. Unlike many other types of pollution, they are not diluted in time but, on the contrary, can expand in numbers, density and geographical extent – often exponentially. This paper illustrates an increasing ability to fight back, using a number of case studies of good management practice, including prevention, ecosystem approaches, adaptive management and stakeholder involvement. It identifies some of the challenges inherent in managing IAS in complex situations and identifies areas where weed scientists and other researchers can increase their contributions. Crucially, communities, conservation groups, NGOs and agencies undertaking prevention and management activities need ready access to science-based biological and ecological information about target species, prevention strategies and management techniques, as well as case studies from other regions facing similar problems. Information exchange is a key component of effective responses to biological invasions. A number of global-scale information exchange mechanisms are described.     

内蒙古阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化遥感监测

以阿拉善盟2000年TM卫星影像遥感信息为主要依据,根据中国北方土地沙漠化动态分类系统,在遥感影像上进行解译和面积量算,获得了阿拉善盟2000年土地沙漠化状况:沙漠化土地总面积3666232.9hm2,占土地总面积的15.48%。阿拉善盟主要的沙漠化类型为沙丘活化或流沙入侵(1846880hm2)、灌丛(草地)沙漠化(735369.5hm2)、砾质沙漠化(1064944hm2)和耕地沙漠化(19039hm2)。沙丘活化或流沙入侵主要分布在阿拉善左旗境内,巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠和乌兰布和沙漠之间的一些低山丘陵和荒漠干草原上;灌丛(草地)沙漠化主要分布在阿拉善东部;砾质沙漠化主要分布在阿拉善盟的西部,尤其以额济纳旗最多;耕地沙漠化主要集中在额济纳绿洲。     

潜在和新发外来入侵物种三维可视化预警监测系统构建与应用

潜在和新发外来入侵物种数据可视化展示是外来入侵物种管理的重要载体。潜在和新发外来入侵物种数据具有混合型(包括结构化和非结构化)和离散性(数据分布在不同的系统或平台)特点。本文在分析这些数据的基础上,以预警监测模型分析与三维可视化集成、多源异构数据融合为切入点,综合运用3D GIS、物联网、大数据等技术手段,研发潜在和新发外来入侵物种可视化系统的关键技术;以潜在外来入侵物种地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata和新发外来入侵物种番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta为例,构建多源异构数据融合的潜在和新发入侵物种预警监测三维可视化系统,形成了基于GIS技术的典型潜在和新发外来入侵物种可视化平台的解决方案。该系统可为我国潜在和新发外来入侵物种分级控制管理和区域性防控预案制定提供科学支撑。     

Effects of exotic and endogenous shrubs on understory vegetation and soil nutrients in the south of Tunisia

This study was conducted in southern Tunisia in the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014, and aimed to compare the effects of exotic and endogenous shrub species(Haloxylon persicum and Retama raetam, respectively) on understory vegetation and soil nutrients. For each shrub species, the canopied sub-habitat(under the shrub crown) and un-canopied sub-habitat(in open grassland area) were distinguished. The concentrations of soil nutrients(organic matter, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus) were found to be significantly higher(P<0.05) under R. raetam canopy than under H. persicum canopy and in open area. The result also showed that the presence of shrubs improved all the values of understory vegetation parameters(floristic composition, density, total plant cover and dry matter) and all these values were significantly higher under endogenous species canopy than under exotic species canopy. These results highlighted the positive effect of endogenous shrubs on understory vegetation and soil nutrients compared to the exotic ones in the Saharan areas of Tunisia.     

入侵昆虫基因组研究进展

随着全球贸易的加速发展,入侵物种对农林业、生态环境及人类健康的威胁日益严重。基因组学研究为阐明外来有害生物入侵的分子机制与生态适应性过程以及研发新型防控技术提供了新手段、新平台与大数据。本文综述了入侵昆虫基因组学研究的发展现状,系统总结了基因/基因家族、转座子/重复序列等基因组信息在决定昆虫入侵性中的重要作用,着力探讨了基因组学研究在助力害虫RNAi、昆虫不育技术(SIT)、化学生态防治和物理防治等防控新技术/新产品开发方面的潜力,并展望了基因组学研究应用于入侵昆虫综合防控的前景。     

我国外来生物入侵的立法概况

随着经济全球化的加速,外来生物入侵现象日益严重。外来入侵生物一直被认为是世界范围内对生物多样性最大威胁之一,其对全球的经济发展、生态环境及人类健康造成了巨大的危害。由于复杂独特的地貌和各种气候类型,中国的外来生物入侵问题也正在面临巨大的挑战。针对这一现状笔者浅析了我国外来生物入侵的立法概况,指出我国在外来入侵生物立法过程中存在的问题,如立法地位低、制度薄弱、立法本意的背离、对长期利益的忽视和法律责任制度不明确等。为了完善我国外来入侵生物的法律制度,本文结合外来入侵生物的国际公约和外国法律,如美国、日本等法律法规,提出相关建议,包括立法化以防止外来生物入侵;整合行政资源,建立专门机构以限制外来生物的使用;建立对外来入侵生物和应急反应机制的跟踪和监控措施。     

环境DNA技术在生物入侵研究中的应用进展

生物入侵事关国家粮食安全、生态安全和生物安全。快速发现外来物种并及时根除或阻截是降低损害的重要手段,而传统的鉴定方法往往无法满足对外来物种精准快速的检测需求。环境DNA(environmental DNA,eDNA)技术是一种新型检测技术,具有非侵入性和易于取样等特点,弥补了入侵生物传统鉴定技术在检测率低、耗时长以及破坏样本等方面的不足,为入侵生物防控提供了重要的技术支撑。该文综述了eDNA技术的特点及发展概况,从入侵物种的检测与监测、入侵途径、分布与危害程度以及与其他物种的相互关系等方面介绍了eDNA技术在生物入侵研究中的应用进展;同时,指出了eDNA技术存在的问题并展望了该技术的应用前景。     

Awareness raising on alien species in Slovenia

In Slovenia invasive alien species (IAS) have been overlooked for many years. Despite a growing body of evidence about the negative impacts of IAS, little attention has been given to the issue on a policy level. Legislation and institutional support have also been poorly developed. IAS have only been studied by a few experts. Among the general public, even the term ‘alien species’ was virtually unknown until recently. In 2008 the first nation‐wide awareness project on IAS, Project Thuja, was launched. During this project many general awareness raising activities were carried out including a travelling exhibition and a brochure for hobby gardeners. A well‐attended conference on IAS brought together stakeholders from governmental and non‐governmental sectors. In April 2012 a follow up project Thuja 2 started. This was directed to target groups (fishermen, pet keepers, pet shop employees, gardeners), to aim to change their practices and thereby limit further introductions of IAS. A web‐based system to report observations of IAS was also established. Through these activities, alien species have been recognised as a serious threat to biodiversity by various stakeholder groups. However, as the projects were carried out by non‐governmental organisations, making improvements on a policy level was limited to expert proposals. These have not yet been implemented and a national policy on IAS is still to be developed.     

外来入侵物种的大数据获取及预测分析方法研究进展

随着全球经济一体化推进,国际国内贸易往来剧增,生物入侵问题愈加突出,国内外应加强生物安全工作。随着外来入侵物种数据的大量积累,将大数据技术运用到外来入侵物种防控工作中变得至关重要。本文将近些年国内外针对外来入侵物种防控和检测监测工作中涉及的以下3种大数据技术进行综述：1)基于PDA(personal digital assistant)、SOA(service-oriented architecture)、GIS(geographic information system)、GNSS(global navigation satellite system)等移动应用技术设计并开发的外来入侵物种大数据采集方法;2)国内外主要的外来入侵生物数据库;3)预测外来入侵物种潜在地理分布、定殖可能性以及潜在经济损失的大数据预测与分析方法。为生物入侵的早期预警和快速反应提供信息技术支持。     

陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复中的障碍分析与应对策略——以子长县为例

通过对子长县退耕还林、植被恢复重建中出现的具体问题进行实地调查研究,并结合研究区自然环境条件和前人有关人工植被建设中的研究结果进行分析,以探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑区植被恢复重建的技术体系.结果表明,在陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区退耕还林植被恢复建设中,应充分考虑当地降水条件并结合生态效益与经济效益,具体实施过程中要注意: (1) 依据当地原生态植被结构合理配置乔、灌、草,在以刺槐为主的乔木林内应适当搭配当地适生树种(杨、柳、山杏、榆、杜梨等);(2) 在沟谷及部分阴坡水分条件较好的地方种植耐旱乔木树种,在墚峁坡顶种植灌木和草本植物,半灌木和灌木种植在沟坡上部,坡度大的地方尽量不要人为干扰,自然封育恢复;(3) 秋季植树,初植乔木林密度不要超过2 300株/hm2,成林密度应控制在1 100株/hm2左右;(4) 建立苗圃,提高种苗质量,造林种苗尽量在本地解决,以提高植树成活率.     

Outbreak of a new alien invasive plant Salvia reflexa in north‐east China

The establishment of invasive species is widely recognised as a pivotal issue in the preservation of biodiversity. Salvia reflexa, a species native to the south‐central United States and Mexico, has been widely introduced in Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Japan. In China, the first population of this plant was found growing adjacent to a grain depot in Shahai village, Jianping County, Liaoning Province, on 25 July 2007. Since the grain depot imported foodstuffs from regions where the plant is native, we infer that S. reflexa was introduced into China via imported foodstuff in the early to mid‐2000s. Based on field observations, at least seven populations of this plant were observed in north‐east China. The plants displayed vigorous growth in midsummer and produced prolific seeds to overcome the cold environment in winter. Salvia reflexa occurred in both dense monocultures and in mixed stands with native plants. In order to validate a system for recognising and categorising non‐native plants in China, the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system was used to assess the invasiveness status of 19 exotic and 16 native plants in north‐east China. Salvia reflexa exhibited a high score of 10, suggesting it is a potentially pernicious alien invasive plant. Although the current distribution of S. reflexa is restricted to Liaoning province and thus far has limited impact on local environments, local regulatory authorities should pay close attention to this plant and take measures to stop its expansion. This is the first time that an invasive plant from the Lamiaceae (mint family) has been documented from cold environments in China.     

Climate warming alters competition between two highly invasive alien plant species and dominant native competitors

Biological invasions and climate warming are two major threats to the world's biodiversity. To date, their impacts have largely been considered independently, despite indications that climate warming may increase the success of many invasive alien species. We therefore set up an experiment to study competition between native and invasive alien plant species and the effects of climate warming thereon. Two highly invasive alien plant species in Belgium, each with a native competitor that dominated in invaded sites, were grown either together (1:1 mixtures) or in isolation (monocultures) at ambient and elevated temperature (+3°C) in climate‐controlled chambers. To detect possible mechanisms underlying the effects of competition and elevated temperature, we conducted a combined growth and nitrogen uptake analysis. In one pair, Senecio inaequidens – Plantago lanceolata (alien invasive – native), the alien species dominated in mixture, while in the other pair, Solidago gigantea – Epilobium hirsutum, the native species dominated. Climate warming reduced the invader dominance in the first species pair, but stimulated the suppressed invader in the latter. Many of the biomass responses for these two species pairs could be traced to the root‐specific nitrogen uptake capacity. The responses of the native‐invasive interaction to warming could not always be extrapolated from the monoculture responses, pointing to the necessity for experiments that take into account species interactions.     

Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption

Classical biological control remains the only tool available for permanent ecological and economic management of invasive alien species that flourish through absence of their co‐evolved natural enemies. As such, this approach is recognized as a key tool for alien species management by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and the European Strategy on Invasive Alien Species (ESIAS). Successful classical biological control programmes abound around the world, despite disproportionate attention being given to occasional and predictable non‐target impacts. Despite more than 130 case histories in Europe against insect pests, no exotic classical biological control agent has been released in the EU against an alien invasive weed. This dearth has occurred in the face of increasing numbers of exotic invasive plants being imported and taking over National Parks, forests and amenity areas in this region, as well as a global increase in the use of classical biological control around the world. This paper reviews potential European weed targets for classical biological control from ecological and socioeconomic perspectives using the criteria of historical biological control success, taxonomic isolation from European native flora, likely availability of biological control agents, invasiveness outside Europe and value to primary industry and horticulture (potential for conflicts of interest). We also review why classical biological control of European exotic plants remains untested, considering problems of funding and public perception. Finally, we consider the regulatory framework that surrounds such biological control activities within constituent countries of the EU to suggest how this approach may be adopted in the future for managing invasive exotic weeds in Europe.     

The role of road disturbance in the dispersal and spread of Ageratina adenophora along the Dian–Myanmar International Road

This study was conducted to examine the roles of both environmental variables and road factors in explaining the spatial patterns of the exotic plant, Ageratina adenophora (Crofton weed), within the roadside habitats along the Dian–Myanmar International Road. The results indicate this plant was comparatively abundant along the middle part of this International Road and significantly less common along the northern section. The highest presence of A. adenophora was found at the site of new roads. This plant invaded more easily into spoil ground where road soil or construction waste was piled up. This road was confirmed as a corridor of A. adenophora invasion and should be considered as an important target of local and regional efforts to prevent and control cross-border and interior invasions of this exotic plant.     

进境货物中苍耳属杂草截获与苍耳属分类

随着我国进出口贸易的扩大,杂草等有害生物传入我国的风险也大大增加,海关部门从进境货物中截获到大量杂草,其中以苍耳属植物的截获量最大.本文系统分析了2003-2017年我国海关部门截获苍耳种类的情况:全国进境货物中共截获苍耳属杂草28种,70 269种次,其中检疫性苍耳26种,56 888种次;美国、澳大利亚和巴西是截获...     

Screening Corymbia populations for resistance to Puccinia psidii

The exotic rust pathogen Puccinia psidii is now widespread along the east coast of Australia from temperate Victoria to tropical far north Queensland, with a current host range exceeding 200 species from 37 myrtaceous genera. To determine the threat P. psidii poses to plantation and native eucalypts, artificial inoculation was used to screen germplasm of spotted gum (Corymbia spp.) for resistance to the biotype of P. psidii that has become established in Australia. The objective was to characterize resistance to P. psidii within the Corymbia species complex so that management strategies for the deployment of germplasm from existing breeding programmes of these spotted gum species could be developed. Symptom development initiated 7 days after inoculation, with resistant and susceptible seedlings identified within all species, provenances and families. Inter‐ and intraspecific variability in rust resistance was observed among spotted gum species. There was no apparent relationship between climatic conditions at the provenance origin and disease resistance. The heritability estimates for all assessments are moderate to high and indicate a significant level of additive genetic variance for rust resistance within the populations. The results of this study clearly identify potential to select for resistance at the family level within the tested populations. While the potential for P. psidii to detrimentally impact upon Corymbia in the nursery and in young plantations was demonstrated, estimations of the heritability of resistance suggest that efforts to enhance this trait through breeding have reasonable prospects for success.     

石羊河上游退耕区紫花苜蓿草地群落动态特征

以石羊河上游旱泉沟流域紫花苜蓿人工草地为例,采用常规群落学调查,并结合2003～2009年连续7a的定位观测资料,研究了紫花苜蓿草地退化过程和群落动态特征.结果表明:紫花苜蓿人工草地建植以来,群落盖度逐年下降,群落密度逐年增大,地上部分生物量呈抛物线变化趋势;随着紫花苜蓿草地的退化,杂类草侵入群落,物种数由7种增加到1...     

赤峰市林业建设的实践及相关问题探讨

内蒙古赤峰市地处自然环境条件相对恶劣的半干旱地区 ,是国家林业局 (原林业部 )在西北地区重点扶持的两个林业生态环境建设典型之一。本文重点介绍了该地区的河谷川地农田林网和丘陵岗地草田林网模式 ,指出其在西部生态环境建设中的重要示范意义 ,并就西部地区林业建设的一些认识问题进行了探讨