羊草草原植被不同演替阶段土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落特征

2007年6月、8月、10月对吉林省羊草草原植被不同演替阶段的土壤鞘翅目昆虫进行调查,共获取土壤鞘翅目昆虫19科,1 670只,优势类群3类:步甲科、隐翅甲科、象甲科幼虫,其中象甲科幼虫为广布类群。不同演替植被生境中土壤鞘翅目昆虫在类群及数量组成上存在明显差异,其垂直分布具有明显的表聚性。土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性指数(H′)表现为:羊草群落>羊草+虎尾草群落>虎尾草群落>碱蓬群落,这与植被演替进程密切相关。不同演替阶段植物群落中土壤鞘翅目昆虫个体数、类群数及多样性指数(H′)均存在明显的季节变化,除虎尾草群落外,个体数在8月份达到最大值。灰色关联分析结果表明土壤鞘翅目昆虫受土壤含水量、pH、土壤有机质等土壤环境因子的影响明显。     

金尾矿废弃地不同植被恢复阶段物种多样性与土壤特性的演变

为探寻矿山废弃地植被恢复过程中植被和土壤的演替规律及物种多样性与土壤因子间的关系,以福建紫金山金尾矿废弃地为研究对象,采用空间代替时间序列的方法,对不同植被恢复阶段植物群落的物种多样性和土壤理化性质进行调查研究,并与未被破坏的自然植物群落和植被恢复前的裸尾矿进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)植被恢复能有效提高群落物种多样性,且随群落演替的进行呈上升趋势,不同植被恢复阶段的群落乔木层物种多样性明显低于灌木层和草本层,物种α多样性指数呈现相似的变化趋势;(2)植被恢复能有效改善土壤理化性质,不同植被恢复阶段的土壤容重和pH值随着恢复年限的增加而降低,土壤持水量和孔隙度逐渐提升,最大持水量和总孔隙度在恢复到11a时达到最大,相对于裸尾矿分别提高了112.91%和95.31%,有机质含量显著提高,是裸尾矿的1.99~23.30倍,养分含量逐渐增大,其中全磷和速效磷含量呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势;(3)相关性分析结果表明:植被恢复过程中物种多样性与土壤理化因子间具有明显的相关性,物种多样性与土壤养分含量呈现相似的变化趋势,植被的恢复不断改善着土壤理化性质,土壤肥力不断提高,而土壤理化性质的改善又促进了植物群落的发育和恢复发展。     

大型土壤动物群落对高寒草甸退化的响应

为了查明大型土壤动物群落对高寒草甸退化的响应,2009至2010年间对青藏东缘若尔盖湿地的沼泽草甸、草原草甸、退化草甸和沙化草甸4个退化阶段的大型土壤动物群落进行了7次调查.结果表明:高寒草甸的不同退化阶段大型土壤动物群落的类群组成和优势类群存在差异,且退化和沙化对大型土壤动物群落的丰富度、密度、Shannon多样性和群落结构均有显著影响(p＜0.01或p＜0.05).其中退化可使带马陆目(Polydesmida)和鞘翅目幼虫(Coleoptera)等多个类群的密度显著增加(p＜0.05),而沙化则使优势类群密度显著降低(P＜0.05)、常见类群和稀有类群消失.植物种类、生物量和土壤理化性质,尤其是有效磷和速效钾含量与大型土壤动物的丰富度、密度和多样性间存在显著相关关系(p＜0.01或p＜0.05).季节变化对大型土壤动物的群落密度和多样性有显著影响(p ＜0.01或P＜0.05),但不同退化阶段的大型土壤动物对季节变化的响应存在差异.研究结果表明高寒草甸的中度退化能够增加大型土壤动物群落多样性,而严重退化(即沙化)则显著降低土壤动物群落多样性,且不同退化阶段大型土壤动物群落的季节动态不同.     

长江中下游地区农田土地利用对中小型土壤动物群落的影响

为了解长江中下游地区不同农田土地利用方式对中小型土壤动物群落的影响,在吴江市设置3组样地161采样点,共捕获中小型土壤动物20906只,隶属于5门11纲14目21类。其中,线虫纲为优势类群,弹尾目、蜱螨目、猛水蚤目、轮虫纲和寡毛纲为常见类群。农田土地利用方式对中小型土壤动物密度产生明显的影响,灌溉水田土壤动物密度分别是旱地与菜地的1.6倍以上,且差异显著,但3类土地利用方式的土壤动物类群总数无显著差异。灌溉水田土壤动物多样性H′指数分别是旱地与菜地的0.42和0.46倍,且差异显著,但旱地和菜地无显著差异。皆为旱作的旱地与菜地的中小型土壤动物群落间类群及其个体数量相似程度较高,而灌溉水田与旱地或灌溉水田与菜地间中小型土壤动物群落相似程度较低。因此,农田土地利用方式和具体措施对中小型土壤动物群落组成与结构特征有一定的影响。     

放牧和刈割对草甸草原中小型土壤动物群落的影响

为了解放牧和刈割对草甸草原中小型土壤动物群落结构的影响,于2019~2020年在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市鄂温克旗贝加尔针茅草甸草原采用自由放牧、刈割和围封3种不同草地利用方式下,研究了内蒙古草甸草原中小型土壤动物群落结构特征。调查研究在草地返青期、生长期和枯黄期3个时期进行,共捕获中小型土壤动物284只,隶属于12目34个类群。结果表明:放牧导致中小型土壤动物数量、类群数和多样性指数降低,而刈割影响相对较轻;返青期、生长期、枯黄期对应的春、夏、秋三季中小型土壤动物群落结构存在明显差异,土壤动物个体数、类群数和多样性指数均在草地枯黄期最多。放牧和刈割利用方式下改变了草甸草原中小型土壤动物在草地生长期Shannon-Weiner指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数的变化趋势。中小型土壤动物群落表聚性在刈割利用方式中表现最为典型,放牧利用方式下0~10 cm土层中小型土壤动物有向10~20 cm 土层移动趋势;土壤pH和速效钾含量与中小型土壤动物类群有密切关系。     

拉萨半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛不同封育时间土壤动物多样性特征

为了解半干旱河谷不同封育时间对砂生槐灌丛土壤动物群落组成及结构的影响,阐明土壤动物群落多样性及群落结构在高原灌丛植被恢复中的变化趋势,本研究对拉萨河中下游的不同封育时间砂生槐灌丛下土壤动物群落结构、垂直分布、多样性、土壤动物类群间的相关性特征进行分析。结果表明,砂生槐灌丛90份土样中共获得大中小型土壤动物491只,隶属3门9纲25类。优势种群为弹尾目、鞘翅目和蜱螨目,分别占类群总数的42.7%、15.9%和11.2%。土壤动物类群数和个体数量的垂直分布具有表聚性特征,多数土壤动物分布在0~20 cm土层,但因不同封育时间而有变化。封育10年样地0~10 cm土层土壤动物数量显著高于10~20和20~30 cm,该层土壤动物个体数占所有采集数的40.1%。随封育时间增加,植被盖度、土壤动物个体数量、类群数均呈逐渐上升趋势。土壤动物群落的多样性指数(H),均匀性指数(E),丰富度指数(D),优势度指数(I)和多群落间比较指数(DIC)基本随封育时间的增加逐渐增大,但DIC指数的最高值出现于封育10年和15年,分别为3.99和3.29,而未封育(对照)、封育4年和8年分别为0.66、0.49和0.63。不同封育时间半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛螨类(A)/跳虫(C)值也呈现较大变异,封育4年的A/C值为2.67,高于其它封育时间,因此,A/C可作为拉萨半干旱河谷植被退化恢复演替评价的生物指示剂,这为高原生态环境状况评价提供参考依据。     

乙草胺对农田中小型土壤动物群落结构的影响

采用定点试验的方法,在哈尔滨市呼兰区选择典型农田生态系统进行试验,研究施用不同浓度乙草胺对农田中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性及垂直分布的影响。本调查共获中小型土壤动物4 648只,隶属于2门4纲10目15个类群,其中甲螨亚目和中气门亚目为优势类群。研究结果表明,施用不同浓度的乙草胺对农田中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性及垂直分布均产生一定影响。Sorenson相似性系数和Morisita-Hron相似性系数均表现为高浓度与中浓度差异高浓度与低浓度差异高浓度与对照差异,表明随乙草胺浓度的增加土壤动物的群落结构差异逐渐显著;除优势度指数外,其余多样性指数均表现为中浓度和低浓度样地与对照样地存在显著差异(P0.05),高浓度样地与对照样地间存在极显著差异(P0.001)。5月、7月和9月土壤动物的密度在0~5 cm土层中均表现为对照样地低浓度样地中浓度样地高浓度样地,而在其下部的各土层中土壤动物密度变化与乙草胺浓度变化无明显相关性。中小型土壤动物可以作为揭示施用乙草胺过程中土壤质量变化的生物学指标。其群落组成、多样性和垂直分布的变化表明,中小型土壤群落对乙草胺的不同施用浓度产生了响应,过高浓度乙草胺会对土壤生态系统产生干扰,对土壤环境造成威胁。     

长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落生态分布特征

在长白山地丘陵区选择次生落叶阔叶林、灌木林、采伐迹地以及耕地四种土地利用方式,对其土壤动物群落的组成、多样性和分布特征进行研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落的水平分布呈现明显的差异。采伐迹地中型土壤动物个体密度和耕地中型土壤动物类群数季节变化明显。次生落叶阔叶林和灌木林土壤动物分布随土层加深急剧减少,采伐迹地和耕地垂直分布递减和缓。同一季节土壤动物的丰富度指数和多样性指数在不同土地利用方式差异显著。土壤动物的多样性表现为灌木林最高,耕地最低。不同土地利用方式影响土壤动物群落的生态分布,其中pH、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效氮是影响长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落分布的主导因子。     

黄土丘陵区典型草地演替中植物群落特征与土壤储水量关系

[目的]阐明草地植被演替过程中植被生产力、植物多样性等生态学特征与土壤储水量的关系,为探明黄土高原地区植被恢复的生态环境效应提供一定的科学依据。[方法]采用时空互代的方法对宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山保护区自然恢复3,8,13,46,66,89a的样地进行取样,分析0—100cm土层土壤储水量的分布及其与地上地下植物生物量、物种多样性的关系。[结果]随着草地演替的进行,植被群落盖度、生物量和物种多样性指数在恢复13a之前显著增加,之后渐趋稳定;土壤含水量逐渐增加,容重逐渐降低。植被群落演替对0—40cm土层土壤储水量没有显著影响,但演替后期对40cm以下土层水分有明显消耗。植被群落生物量及物种多样性指标与表层0—10cm水分呈显著正相关。[结论]草地演替过程中,植被群落生物量和物种多样性的增加与表层土壤储水能力的提升密切相关,但深层根系生物量的增加对下层土壤储水的消耗也逐渐增大。     

巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及物种多样性变化

 巴山山地是我国南北方过渡地区,亦是长江重要的水源涵养区,探讨该地区退耕地植被自然恢复演替过程及其物种多样性的变化规律,对于指导该地区的人工植被建设具有重要的理论价值与实际意义。采用时空互代法对巴山山地退耕地植被自然恢复过程及其物种多样性变化进行研究,结果表明:1)巴山山地退耕地植被演替依次经过1年生植被草本群落、多年生草本群落、杂灌草群落及以栓皮栎、橿子栎或栓皮栎为建群种的阔叶林群落等不同阶段,形成地带性植物群落大致需要40～50a;2)物种多样性会随立地环境的变化有所差异,阴坡的各物种多样性指标明显高于阳坡,但其变化规律基本一致。演替初期,植被群落的物种数、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数相对较低,随着植被群落演替的进行,各指标均呈波浪上升趋势;当植被恢复25a时,各多样性指数均达到最大,分别为23、2.5、0.89和0.8;到地带性植物群落阶段时,其各物种多样性指标又略有降低并趋于稳定。该结论对于充分利用植被自然恢复进行生态改善,并根据植被演替进程采取相应的人工管理措施具有重要的指导意义。     

Soil fauna abundance and diversity in a secondary semi-evergreen forest in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles): influence of soil type and dominant tree species

The importance of secondary tropical forests regarding the maintenance of soil fauna abundance and diversity is poorly known. The aims of this study were (1) to describe soil fauna abundance and diversity and (2) to assess the determinants of soil fauna abundance and diversity in two stands of a tropical semi-evergreen secondary forest. Soil macrofauna and microarthropod abundance and soil macrofauna diversity were described at two sites developed on different soils and with different site histories: (1) a natural secondary stand (natural forest) under two dominant tree species, Pisonia subcordata and Bursera simaruba, and (2) a planted secondary forest (planted forest) under three tree species, B. simaruba, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tabebuia heterophylla. The effects of both soil and main tree species’ litter quality were assessed to explain soil fauna abundance and diversity. The abundance of soil macrofauna was significantly higher in the soil under the planted forest, and soil fauna communities were contrasted between the two sites. In the planted forest, a soil-dwelling macrofauna community developed (mainly consisting of the anecic earthworm Polypheretima elongata). In the natural forest, soil macrofauna and microarthropod communities were located at the soil surface. The effect of plant litter quality varied according to each dominant tree species and was superimposed to soil effect. The lowest macrofauna abundance was associated with B. simaruba in the natural forest. T. heterophylla supported a much greater macrofauna community than the two other tree species studied at the same soil, and it appears likely that this is due to the palatability of its leaves compared with the other trees (low lignin, tannins, soluble phenols).     

米亚罗林区冬季大型土壤动物的空间分布特征

土壤动物是陆地生态系统的组成部分,对多种地下生态过程具有重要的作用[1-2]。近些年,对土壤动物多样性及其功能的研究已成为生态学领域的一个新兴前沿[3-4]。土壤动物群落组成对植被变化有明显的依赖性,不同植被类型有着与其相适应的土壤动物群落[5-7]。但植被类型的变化常与海拔     

Spatial patterns of grasses influence soil macrofauna biodiversity in Amazonian pastures

Grasslands are often characterized by small-scale spatial heterogeneity due to the juxtaposition of grass tufts and bare ground. Although the mechanisms generating plant spatial patterns have been widely studied, few studies concentrated on the consequences of these patterns on belowground macrofauna. Our objective was to analyze the impact of grass tuft (Brachiaria bryzantha cv. marandu) spatial distribution on soil macrofauna diversity in Amazonian pastures, at a small scale (less than 9 m²). Soil macrofauna was sampled among B. bryzantha tufts, which showed a variable spatial distribution ranging from dense to loose vegetation cover. The vegetation configuration explained 69% of the variation in total soil macrofauna density and 68% of the variation in total species richness. Soil macrofauna was mainly found in the upper 10 cm of soil and biodiversity decreased with increasing distances to the nearest grass tuft and increased with increasing vegetation cover. The size of the largest grass tuft and the micro-landscape connectivity also had a significant effect on biodiversity. The density and species richness of the three principal soil ecological engineers (earthworms, ants and termites) showed the best correlations with vegetation configuration. In addition, soil temperature significantly decreased near the plants, while soil water content was not influenced by the grass tufts. We conclude that soil macrofauna diversity is low in pastures except close to the grass tufts, which can thus be considered as biodiversity hotspots. The spatial arrangement of B. bryzantha tussocks influences soil macrofauna biodiversity by modifying soil properties in their vicinity. The possible mechanisms by which these plants could affect soil macrofauna are discussed.     

大兴安岭不同冻土带土壤动物生态地理研究

2003年6月、8月、10月对大兴安岭不同冻土带选择沼泽、柳丛、耕地、次生林群落进行土壤动物调查，共获土壤动物39225只，隶属于4门8纲24目。由对大型、中小型及湿生三类土壤动物的数量分析可知，三类土壤动物数量的变化在群落间并不总是成正相关的关系。水平分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减少，该分布与土壤动物分布的一般规律（土壤动物分布通常符合纬度地带性分布规律，即由低纬向高纬逐渐减少）一致，但大型土壤动物的个体数量、类群数和生物量基本上从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐增加（即由低纬向高纬逐渐增加），湿生动物的数量也如此分布，这与土壤动物分布的一般规律不一致甚至相悖，这一特点表现出生态系统局部-区域相互关系的复杂性；土壤动物的类群数、个体数量与土壤有机质、全氮的含量呈明显的正相关；垂直分布调查表明，中小型土壤动物的个体数量和类群数量分布表现出明显的表聚性，但大型土壤动物的个体数量与生物量最大值出现在第二层；土壤动物多样性分析表明，中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从岛状冻土带到连续多年冻土带逐渐减小，而大型土壤动物的多样性指数在不同冻土带间的变化规律不明显。     

Seasonal and land-use induced variations of soil macrofauna composition in the Western Ghats, southern India

Soil macrofauna was surveyed in six sites characterised by different vegetation types on five occasions in the Western Ghats, India. Sampling sites included a primary forest, a weakly disturbed forest (slightly logged in the past), a highly disturbed forest (intensively logged), an Acacia auriculiformis plantation (8 years old), a pasture with high density of Phoenix humilis and a pasture without P. humilis. We showed that both land management and temporal variability induced significant changes in the soil macrofauna. Forest sites hosted larger densities of soil macroorganisms. The effect of seasons was apparent as some clear modifications in the fauna composition occurred. Some groups like earthworms mainly exhibited temporal variability whereas others like millipedes were chiefly affected by land management options. The seasonal rhythms of soil macrofauna were poorly expressed in the pasture plots and the Acacia plantation, but were particularly clear in the forest sites. This interaction between land management and temporal patterns may be explained by some changes in the species composition associated with certain land-uses. Our approach was based on a between-within classes PCA that proved particularly useful by providing statistical tests and a hierarchy of land management and temporal rhythm effects.     

豫东黄河故道大型土壤动物群落组成及多样性研究

为查明故道湿地大型土壤动物类群对不同湿地类型的响应,于2014年对豫东黄河故道的盐碱滩地、湿草地、芦苇湿地和林地4种类型湿地的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查。结果表明:豫东黄河故道不同湿地类型大型土壤动物群落的类群数和优势类群均存在显著差异,优势类群和主要类群的差异也反映出不同湿地类型环境的异质性。季节变化对大型土壤动物群落类群数、密度和多样性指数均有显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),且不同湿地类型大型土壤动物对季节变化的响应存在差异。湿地不同的土壤环境因子,尤其是土壤有机质、氮磷和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的含量与大型土壤动物类群数、密度和多样性间存在显著相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。     

Impact of faunal complexity on microbial biomass and N turnover in field mesocosms from a spruce forest soil

In a field study using soil mesocosms in an acid spruce forest soil we investigated the effects of mesofauna and macrofauna on microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, and N cycling. Intact soil monoliths were taken from the ground, defaunated by deep-freezing, and wrapped in nets of various mesh-sizes to control re-immigration of different faunal size-classes. The monoliths were then replanted in the field. Three treatments of mesocosms were prepared: (1) with only microbiota, (2) microbiota and mesofauna, and (3) microbiota, mesofauna, and macrofauna (= complex fauna). After 8 months of exposure the mesocosms and the unmanipulated control plots (treatment 4) were destructively sampled. We estimated microbial biomass by substrate-induced respiration and the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. N cycling was measured by monitoring microbial N mineralization, the NH _inf4 ^sup+ content, and selected amino acids and the activities of protease, urease, and deaminase. The results from the L/F layer showed that the pool of the microbial biomass was not changed by the activity of the mesofauna. However, the mesofauna and macrofauna together enhanced SIR. An increase in microbial N mineralization was only observed in treatment 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). Protease activity and NH _inf4 ^sup+ content increased in treatments 2 (microbiota + mesofauna) and 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). The complex fauna induced a soil pH increase in treatment 3 as opposed to treatment 1 and the control. This increase was presumably due to excretory NH _inf4 ^sup+ . Principal component analysis revealed that the complex fauna in treatment 3 caused a significantly higher N turnover per unit of microbial biomass.     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

左家自然保护区坡地土壤动物物种-多度分布格局研究

要根据对吉林省左家自然保护区坡地不同坡位土壤动物的调查，以物种多度为指标，运用对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型和分割线段模型综合研究了各坡位大型土壤动物群落和中小型土壤动物群落的物种-多度分布格局。结果表明，对数级数分布模型和对数正态分布模型能较好地拟合土壤动物群落物种-多度分布，形成富集种少，稀有种多的格局。但该区土壤动物物种-多度分布不符合分割线段模型。整体上来说，物种与多度呈正相关关系，对数级数分布模型是最优物种-多度模式。