水稻田间育秧精密播种机设计与试验

为提高田间育秧播种机的播种合格率和播种稳定均匀性,设计了一种适用于南方水稻田间育秧的精密播种机。在深入分析螺旋勺轮式播种器的播种原理,以及播种器行走控制系统的基础上,采用正交试验方法,研究了螺旋勺轮的凹槽深度、螺旋升角、播种器行走速度对播种合格率和空穴率的影响规律,得出杂交稻播种合格率和空穴率影响因素的最佳参数组合:凹槽深度h为3 mm、螺旋升角α为81.73°、播种器行走速度v为0.35 m/s。试验表明,采用闭环控制系统后的播种机播种杂交稻2~6粒/格合格率由87.14%提升到93.21%,常规稻3~8粒/格的播种合格率为92.14%,播种性能满足常规稻和杂交稻精密播种育秧的技术要求。     

双U型棉花精量播种机设计与试验

针对机采棉种植农艺要求,设计一种一次性可完成开沟、施肥、喷药、铺设滴灌带、仿形、铺膜、播种、镇压等作业的双U型棉花精量播种机。该机采用勺轮鸭嘴式精量排种器和提土覆土装置实现节水精量全膜播种;利用ANSYS软件对双U型棉花精量播种机的成穴机构进行静力学分析,对提土覆土装置的传动轴进行模态分析。田间试验表明:种子的空穴率为1.6%,种子机械破损率为0.1%,穴粒数合格率为96.2%,种子覆土厚度深度合格率为97.5%,采光面机械破损程度为16.8 mm/m~2,采光面宽度合格率为93.6%,试验指标均达到设计的相关要求和农业的相关标准。     

分置式药液喷施水稻铺膜播种机设计与试验

研制一种分置式药液喷施水稻铺膜播种机。该机集压土、开沟、喷药、铺膜、铺滴灌带、播种、覆土等功能于一体。机具试制后,在启海地区多次进行播种作业试验。播种作业结果,该水稻铺膜播种机平均行距215mm,株距100mm,每公顷穴数46.5万穴,每穴播量6~8粒,每公顷基本苗约255万株。试验表明:该播种机对膜下及膜间杂草有一定控制效果。农业部门测产结果,平均产量为8 818kg/hm2。     

2BM―12型旱作水稻铺膜铺管播种机的研制

为彻底打破"水稻水作"的种植模式,创造性的将膜下滴灌技术与水稻种植成功结合,提出水稻膜下滴灌技术;并根据其农艺要求,研制出一种水稻铺膜铺管播种机。将水稻旱作铺膜、铺管、种行覆土一体机械作业相结合,解决了水稻不易大规模机械化生产的难题。田间试验表明:播种密度(4.50~5.25)×105穴/hm2,播种深度2~3cm,穴粒数合格率≥90%,种行覆土率≥94%。该机能够适应西北干旱区水稻种植农艺要求,有助于推动西北干旱半干旱地区水稻膜下滴灌技术的快速发展。     

2BM-4型藜麦覆膜精量播种机设计与试验

针对目前国内缺乏藜麦专用播种机械的现状,设计了一种藜麦覆膜精量播种机。根据藜麦覆膜精量种植农艺要求,采用滴灌管浅埋开沟技术,使用滑刀式开沟器在两侧种行间开出宽45mm、深20mm的浅沟,用于埋设滴灌管;采用随动仿形覆膜装置将地膜铺设于整平装置整平后的地表上;设计了翼勺式取种器,确定了种勺结构和侧孔、容种腔的长度,以实现藜麦精量取种;采用滚筒式穴播器在地膜上打穴播种,采用覆土装置将土壤输送至种行进行覆盖,完成播种过程。以白藜品种“陇藜1号”为试验对象,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计方法,试验分析播种机的作业速度、侧孔长度、充种高度对播种性能的影响。结果表明,当播种机作业速度为1.0m/s、侧孔长度为10mm、充种高度140mm时,播种机性能指标最佳,此时合格指数为85.4%,空穴指数为1.7%,漏播指数为5.2%,重播指数为9.4%,播深合格指数为88.1%,各项性能指标均达到了设计要求和相关标准要求,满足藜麦种植的覆膜精量播种要求。     

直插式免耕穴播机的设计

针对舵轮式覆膜穴播机存在的问题,设计了垂直插入式免耕穴播机。运用四杆机构原理,设计了成穴器—鸭嘴直立接种、垂直入土和出土;采用地轮传动凸轮-连杆机构实现了鸭嘴插入土壤后的接近水平零位移运动;鸭嘴采用了定点强制开启投种。分析表明:该机成穴播种机构设计合理,穴粒数合格率较高,无空穴,成穴器不堵土,不挑膜,穴孔合理,易于覆土。     

铺膜点播机的维修与保养

1主要结构及工作原理1.1主要结构该机由机架、施肥装置、铺膜装置、膜上穴播和覆土装置组成。排肥装置由地轮驱动、链轮传动、肥箱、排肥器、排肥管等组成;铺膜装置由开沟器、挂膜架、膜辊组成;膜上穴播装置由播种滚筒、取种器、播种鸭嘴组成;覆土装置由圆盘覆土器和挡土板组成。     

U型腔道式水稻精量穴播排种器设计与试验

为适应常规水稻轻简化精量穴直播种植,通过简化排种装置,设计了一种U型腔道式水稻精量穴播排种器。基于稻种的物理机械特性与穴直播农艺要求,设计了一种充种口与投种口分开但相通的腔道式排种盘,构建了稻种充种、投种过程的力学模型,确定了排种盘的主要结构参数。以常规稻品种“黄华占”为试验稻种,借助高速摄像仪和JPS-12型排种器性能检测试验台,分别进行了型孔数、型孔长度、型孔宽度、型孔倾角和投种角对排种器精量排种性能和成穴播种性能影响的试验研究。高速摄像试验表明：当排种盘的型孔数为20、型孔长度为10.6mm、型孔宽度为7.6mm、型孔倾角为0°时,排种器精量排种性能较优,此时漏播率为0.40%,合格率为94.00%,重播率为5.60%,种子破损率为0.13%。排种器性能台架试验表明：投种角对穴径平均值和穴径合格率影响极显著,对穴距变异系数影响显著,适宜的投种角为28°~33°,此时穴径平均值不高于27.14mm,穴径合格率不低于96.67%,穴距平均值在理论穴距140mm左右,穴距变异系数不大于7.80%。田间试验表明：排种器的播种合格率为90.28%,漏播率为0.83%,重播率为8.89%,穴径平均值为46.71mm,穴径合格率为71.67%,穴距平均值为137.21mm,穴距变异系数为12.64%,满足常规稻大田精量穴直播的种植要求。     

浅谈小株距密植型地膜机穴播器的设计

目前，为配合农业的技术要求，各厂家都在研制各式小株距穴播器。但株距为７．５ｃｍ的小株距穴播器在生产中存在着打膜不透，播种深度浅等问题。为此研制高质量的小株距密植地膜机的穴播器已刻不容缓。１ 穴播器直径的选择 合理选择穴播器直径目的之一是为了精确若干鸭嘴的分度，使之满足７．５ｃｍ小株距的要求，另外根据固定鸭嘴与活动鸭嘴的外形结构尺寸，使他们的运动不发生干涉。目的之二是因为播种机在工作时，要求有一定的播种速度，一般要求在４ｋｍ／ｈ～６ｋｍ／ｈ。假定配套动力稳定在一定速度，即播种机各运动部件匀速运动，并…     

水稻膜下滴灌种植与播种机的研究开发

在优化滴灌水稻种植密度的基础上,提出了水稻膜下滴灌直播技术。同时,根据农艺与农机相结合的要求,研制出了水稻膜下滴灌播种机。通过大面积田间生产考核表明:旱作水稻膜上打孔直播技术,能够大幅减少人工消耗,出苗整齐。生产实践表明,研制的水稻膜下滴灌播种机空穴率≤3%;穴粒数合格率≥85%;膜孔覆土率≥95%;每公顷穴数达到465 000～495 000穴。该机能适应我国干旱区水稻高密度种植农艺技术要求,可为我国干旱区生产稻米提供技术支持。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。