芦笋秸秆预处理与厌氧发酵制取沼气试验

为了促进芦笋秸秆原料沼气发酵系统的产气效果,利用NaOH在无流动水的条件下对芦笋秸秆进行了碱性化学预处理,并在小型沼气发酵装置上以不同预处理时间、粒径和NaOH溶液质量分数对芦笋秸秆木质纤维素的变化及产沼效果的影响进行了试验研究.结果表明,预处理时间15～20 d比不经预处理的试验组启动时间提早10 d;芦笋秸秆粉碎和切割后,不经筛分的试验组比经过筛分后的试验组启动时间提早5～15 d,发酵周期缩短23 d;5% NaOH处理的试验组比NaOH 10%处理和不使用NaOH处理的试验组总产气量分别高453.82%和84.58%.综合比较,预处理时间15～20 d、不经筛分和5%NaOH处理的条件下是较优的工艺条件,沼气发酵后其甲烷体积分数最高达70%,pH值大于7.5,均在正常范围内.     

芦笋秸秆预处理与厌氧发酵制取沼气试验

为了促进芦笋秸秆原料沼气发酵系统的产气效果,利用NaOH在无流动水的条件下对芦笋秸秆进行了碱性化学预处理,并在小型沼气发酵装置上以不同预处理时间、粒径和NaOH溶液质量分数对芦笋秸秆木质纤维素的变化及产沼效果的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,预处理时间15~20d比不经预处理的试验组启动时间提早10d;芦笋秸秆粉碎和切割后,不经筛分的试验组比经过筛分后的试验组启动时间提早5~15d,发酵周期缩短23d;5% NaOH处理的试验组比NaOH 10%处理和不使用NaOH处理的试验组总产气量分别高453.82%和84.58%。综合比较,预处理时间15~20d、不经筛分和5% NaOH处理的条件下是较优的工艺条件,沼气发酵后其甲烷体积分数最高达70%,pH值大于7.5,均在正常范围内。     

生物强化技术在车库式干发酵中的应用效果中试

为阐释微生物强化菌剂对厌氧干发酵的影响,该文以水稻秸秆和猪粪为发酵原料,采用新型柔性顶膜车库式干发酵装置,在环境温度为26℃~35℃及发酵底物TS为20%的条件下,研究微生物强化作用下水稻秸秆和猪粪混合厌氧干发酵产气特性。结果表明:微生物强化菌剂可以明显缩短厌氧干发酵的启动时间,产气中甲烷含量达到30%和50%的时间比对照组分别提前了7 d和8 d。发酵周期内,试验库累积产气量达1340 m3,比对照组提高了20.5%,累积甲烷产量亦比对照组提高了45%,增产效益显著,适合推广使用。     

复合菌系预处理和强化对玉米秸秆沼气发酵效率的影响

为探讨复合菌系预处理和强化对提升玉米秸秆沼气发酵效率的影响,文章分别从纤维素酶活、纤维素降解率、表面结构特征、沼气发酵效率等方面系统分析了人工构建的好氧复合菌系AMC对玉米秸秆的预处理效果;同时研究了基于厌氧复合菌系ANMC的生物强化对玉米秸秆沼气发酵效率的影响。研究结果表明:AMC处理组和ANMC处理组的累积甲烷产量为233. 09 mL·g~(-1)VS和242. 56 mL·g~(-1)VS,相比对照分别提高了6. 89%和11. 23%;其中,ANMC处理对秸秆厌氧发酵过程中甲烷含量具有明显的提升作用。     

绿色木霉预处理协同外源氢对秸秆厌氧发酵产气性能提升的影响

以提高玉米秸秆预处理后还原糖含量和厌氧发酵产甲烷性能为目的，采用绿色木霉进行玉米秸秆预处理，通入外源氢气加强厌氧发酵产甲烷性能。实验结果表明，当预处理温度为36℃,时间为2 d,初始料液比为1∶1的绿色木霉处理条件时，还原糖含量最高，为27.66 mg·g^-1,预处理后累计产甲烷量比未经预处理实验组提高了39.0%,绿色木霉加氢组累计产甲烷量为木霉预处理组的2.6倍。表明绿色木霉预处理对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵有促进作用，外源加氢可有效提升厌氧发酵甲烷产量。     

膨化预处理玉米秸秆提高还原糖酶解产率的效果

为了提高玉米秸秆的可发酵还原糖转化率,采用膨化技术对玉米秸秆木质纤维素进行预处理。扫描电镜观察,玉米秸秆的纤维束受到破坏,木质素包裹作用减弱,纤维素酶的空间作用面积提高。红外光谱分析表明有部分半纤维素和少量木质素水解;X射线衍射测定纤维素结晶度降低了12.68%。通过进一步纤维素酶解试验,与未处理的相比膨化处理后原料酶解时间可缩短16 h,未经膨化处理原料还原糖的酶解产率为13.48%,膨化处理后原料还原糖的酶解产率可达24.91%。结果表明,膨化预处理技术可明显提高玉米秸秆木质纤维素的能源化利用效率。该     

小麦、玉米秸秆不同预处理产沼气试验研究

为探讨秸秆不同预处理产气量及甲烷含量的变化规律,本试验在实验室分别用沼液、绿秸灵预处理玉米及小麦秸秆,共设置六个处理进行秸秆沼气发酵试验。结果表明:在常温并保持相同浓度和C/N比的发酵条件下,单位质量干物质产气率(TS产气率)及甲烷含量的大小顺序均为:玉米秸秆+绿秸灵>玉米秸秆+沼液>小麦秸秆+绿秸灵>小麦秸秆+沼液>玉米秸秆CK>小麦秸秆CK,各处理间的差异达到显著水平,其中采用绿秸灵预处理秸秆的产气效果优于用沼液预处理的效果。在采用相同的预处理前提下,玉米秸秆的干物质产气率(TS产气率)及甲烷产气率(TSCH4产气率)均大于小麦秸秆的干物质产气率(TS产气率),表明玉米秸秆比小麦秸秆更适宜于沼气发酵。     

纤维降解菌系对沼气干发酵底物转化与产气的影响

该研究选育的纤维素降解茵系,在30℃酶活达到118.56 U· mL-1,水稻秸秆发酵10天的失重率可达到53.51％.试验以干牛粪与碎秸秆为底物接种该纤维素降解菌系,在TS为30％,25℃恒温条件下,发酵第15天纤维素、半纤维素降解率较对照组提高54.55％,52.83％;发酵第2天挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)为13.05 g·L-1,最终底物pH稳定在7.5左右;第7天日产气量为1440 mL,甲烷含量为66.3％.与对照组相比,处理组有效加快了干发酵中纤维类物质降解,加速VFA的生成和转化,缩短产气启动期,并且提高干发酵日产气量和甲烷含量.     

不同预处理条件对水稻秸秆厌氧消化产气性能的影响

为探索合理的预处理方法以实现水稻秸秆的高效厌氧消化,笔者研究了NaOH,H_2SO_4与纤维素酶处理3种预处理方法对水稻秸秆厌氧消化产气性能的影响。将经预处理的60 g干物质的水稻秸秆放入发酵瓶中,在恒温(35℃±1℃)下进行沼气发酵试验。比较不同质量分数的NaOH,H_2SO_4,不同投加量纤维素酶预处理水稻秸秆的厌氧发酵效果,综合原料分解程度、总产气量、气体组分含量变化等指标,得出6%NaOH,2%H_2SO_4,纤维素酶添加量为40 U·g-1TS的预处理效果要分别优于同一组中其余质量分数的NaOH,H_2SO_4和不同添加量的纤维素酶;对比不同处理方法预处理水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的效果,经过纤维素酶预处理的单位固体发酵产气量、底物分解率、甲烷体积百分数总体表现优于对照组、NaOH以及H_2SO_4预处理组。因此,生物预处理可能成为今后水稻秸秆沼气工程较理想的预处理方法。     

菌种添加量对生物预处理小麦秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

对小麦秸秆进行了氨-生物联合预处理,在实验室自制的小型厌氧发酵装置上,对预处理后的小麦秸秆进行了厌氧发酵制取沼气试验,探讨了氨-生物联合预处理中,菌种的添加量对小麦秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响.结果表明,在氨预处理尿素溶液质量浓度为35 g/L,生物预处理pH值为4,黄孢原毛平革菌和里氏木霉的添加比例为1∶1(数量级为109)的条件下,小麦秸秆厌氧发酵过程中沼气总产气量最大,为7 968 mL,较空白组提高了23.11％.发酵过程终了pH值、VFA和甲烷的变化均在正常的范围内,甲烷最高体积分数为51.33％,较空白组提高了6.01％,整个发酵过程历时23 d.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。