基于高光谱成像技术的面条中马铃薯全粉含量检测

为了快速检测面条中马铃薯全粉含量,研究近红外高光谱成像技术定量检测面条中马铃薯全粉含量的可能性,自制了马铃薯全粉质量分数在0~35%内随机均匀分布的120个面条样品,在900~2500nm范围采集高光谱图像,随机选取80个样品作为校正集,分别采用原始光谱和经过6种预处理方法预处理后的光谱建立了偏最小二乘回归、主成分回归、支持向量机回归模型。结果表明经标准化预处理后用偏最小二乘回归建模效果最好,校正集决定系数（R2C）为0.8653,交叉验证集决定系数（R2CV）为0.6914。用回归系数法在经过标准化预处理后的光谱数据中提取了与全粉含量相关的特征波长,建立了马铃薯全粉含量偏最小二乘回归简化模型, 校正集决定系数（R2C）为0.8685,交叉验证集决定系数（R2CV）为0.8021,基于特征波长建立的模型效果优于全波段模型,模型效果得到了一定的提高。以剩余40个未参与校正模型建立的样品作为预测集,基于特征波长建立了标准化-偏最小二乘回归简化预测模型,预测集决定系数（R2P）为0.8546,模型具有较好的预测能力。结果表明利用近红外高光谱成像技术可检测面条中马铃薯全粉含量,可为马铃薯全粉面条的快速无损检测建立新的方法。     

基于变量选择的堆肥胡敏酸含量近红外光谱分析

为探讨基于选择的近红外光谱变量定量判别堆肥腐熟度的可能性,为堆肥发酵终点判定及开发相应的近红外漫反射光谱控制设备提供理论基础,采集了100份堆肥样本,用湿化学方法分析了堆肥样本中的胡敏酸含量,采集范围为4 000~9 000 cm~(-1)波段的光谱,进而利用该近红外光谱进行预处理方法的优化研究及堆肥胡敏酸感变量的优选研究,以偏最小二乘的方法建立了基于近红外光谱分析的堆肥胡敏酸定量模型。结果表明:小波变换充分提取了近红外光谱的信息;利用C_4小波系数对58个堆肥样本进行建模,对42个预测集样本进行预测,预测集均方根误差和R2分别为0.113 8%和0.926 6,优于原始光谱直接建模的0.167 2%和0.834 8。对近红外光谱数据进行小波变换,利用处理后的小波系数,采用偏最小二乘法预测了堆肥中胡敏酸的含量,建立了小波变换与近红外光谱技术结合用于测定堆肥样品中胡敏酸测定的模型。基于小波系数的模型优于传统的近红外光谱全谱模型,对于堆肥胡敏酸的测定取得了较为准确的预测结果。     

苹果可溶性固形物近红外在线光谱变量优选

为简化近红外光谱模型,提高对苹果可溶性固形物含量的预测精度,将移动窗口偏最小二乘法(MWPLS)与遗传算法、连续投影算法相结合优选特征变量,建立偏最小二乘回归校正模型。其中移动窗口偏最小二乘法和遗传算法相结合优选的36个光谱变量建立的校正模型预测结果最好,可以有效筛选近红外光谱特征波长,模型预测相关系数为0.90,模型的预测均方根误差为0.70°Brix。     

基于高光谱成像的生鲜鸡肉糜中大豆蛋白含量检测

为快速无损检测生鲜鸡肉糜中超量添加的大豆蛋白含量,采集了鸡肉糜中掺杂的3种典型大豆蛋白的高光谱图像。在鸡肉糜中分别掺入质量分数0~30%的大豆蛋白粉（SPF）、大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）和大豆分离蛋白（SPI）,并于可见-近红外（400~1000nm）光谱范围采集样品的高光谱图像,基于波段运算提取感兴趣区域的平均光谱,建立了原始及预处理光谱的偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）定量模型,发现模型对SPC预测效果最优（R2p=0.9984）、SPF次之、SPI最差。进一步利用二维相关光谱（2DCOS）自相关峰提取特征波长,建立的多光谱模型对于3种大豆蛋白的检测限分别可达0.53%、0.58%和1.02%。将以上多光谱模型应用到原始光谱图像,实现了不同大豆蛋白及其掺假梯度的可视化表征。     

近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的脐橙叶片含水率无损检测

为了快速检测赣南脐橙果树叶片含水率,提出近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的快速检测方法。采用积分球漫反射方式采集叶片的近红外光谱,通过间隔偏最小二乘法从2 074个光谱变量中优选出345个变量作为建模的输入向量,分别建立最小二乘支持向量机和偏最小二乘校正模型。经比较,以径向基函数为核函数的最小二乘支持向量机模型预测结果最优,预测相关系数为0.942,预测均方根误差为2.7%,模型建立及预测时间为0.176s。实验结果表明近红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机的脐橙叶片含水率无损检测方法是可行的。     

LS-SVM和BP-ANN在草莓糖度NIR检测中的应用

为了提高草莓糖度近红外光谱定量模型的性能,采用偏最小二乘法提取的潜在变量作为最小二乘-支持向量机和反向传播人工神经网络的输入变量,建立了草莓糖度的近红外定量模型,并与偏最小二乘模型结果进行了比较,建模所使用的光谱范围为6 000～9 000 cm-1.结果表明,所建立的最小二乘-支持向量机和反向传播人工神经网络定量模型的校正性能、预测性能和稳定性均优于偏最小二乘定量模型,最优模型为前10个潜在变量得分作为输入变量的最小二乘-支持向量机模型,其校正和预测相关系数分别为0.957和0.951,校正和预测均方根误差分别为0.279％和0.272％,剩余预测偏差为3.23,与以往研究文献相比,获得了较为理想的预测精度和稳定性能.     

基于高光谱的酿酒葡萄果皮花色苷含量多元回归分析

以酿酒葡萄赤霞珠果实为研究对象,利用高光谱成像技术检测葡萄果皮中的花色苷含量。采集60组样本的900~1700nm近红外波段高光谱图像,并用pH示差法测量样本果皮中花色苷含量。选取高光谱图像中葡萄果实区域作为感兴趣区域（ROI）,计算其平均光谱,并采用SG平滑、归一化、多元散射校正等预处理方法提高光谱的信噪比。然后采用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、支持向量回归（SVR）和BP神经网络算法建立花色苷含量预测模型。研究表明：基于PLSR模型推荐的13个隐含变量建立的BP神经网络模型的预测决定系数和预测均方根误差分别为0.9102和0.3795。     

芝麻油掺伪的近红外透射光谱检测技术

采用近红外光谱技术结合间隔偏最小二乘法分别建立芝麻油中掺入大豆油、玉米油和花生油的定量检测模型。实验配制不同比例的掺假芝麻油混合样品,采集样品在4 000～12 000 cm-1范围内的近红外透射光谱,把数据分为校正集与预测集。将4 420～12 000 cm-1波段的光谱进行各种预处理,最佳方法为平滑预处理,并利用间隔偏最小二乘波长筛选法(iPLS)选取光谱特征波段,最后采用偏最小二乘法建立掺假芝麻油的定标模型。结果显示:3种掺假芝麻油的PLS模型预测相关系数分别达到0.998、0.999、0.999,预测均方根误差分别为0.24%、0.24%和0.19%,具有较高的预测精度。实验证明近红外光谱技术对芝麻油掺假的快速检测具有可行性。     

基于模拟退火波长优化的草莓坚实度近红外光谱检测

为提高近红外光谱技术检测草莓坚实度模型的精度和鲁棒性,研究了一种基于模拟退火算法的波长优选方法,并找到一种与该算法配套的光谱预处理方法.利用光谱仪和物性仪分别采集草莓样品近红外漫反射光谱和坚实度数据,并采用标准正交变换、多元散射校正、一阶导数、二阶导数等方法对原始光谱进行预处理;最后,利用模拟退火算法优选与草莓坚实度高度相关的波数点变量,结合偏最小二乘法建立草莓坚实度预测模型.结果表明:经过标准正交变换预处理后,采用模拟退火算法优选出24个波数点,在主成分数为5时,建立的偏最小二乘模型具有最佳预测效果,模型校正集样本相关系数rc为0.934 2,校正均方根误差为0.665 N/cm2;预测样本相关系数rp为0.919 7,预测均方根误差为0.673 N/cm2.研究表明:模拟退火算法可以提高近红外模型预测草莓坚实度的精度和鲁棒性,并降低预测模型复杂度.     

基于模拟退火波长优化的草莓坚实度近红外光谱检测

为提高近红外光谱技术检测草莓坚实度模型的精度和鲁棒性,研究了一种基于模拟退火算法的波长优选方法,并找到一种与该算法配套的光谱预处理方法。利用光谱仪和物性仪分别采集草莓样品近红外漫反射光谱和坚实度数据,并采用标准正交变换、多元散射校正、一阶导数、二阶导数等方法对原始光谱进行预处理;最后,利用模拟退火算法优选与草莓坚实度高度相关的波数点变量,结合偏最小二乘法建立草莓坚实度预测模型。结果表明：经过标准正交变换预处理后,采用模拟退火算法优选出24个波数点,在主成分数为5时,建立的偏最小二乘模型具有最佳预测效果,模型校正集样本相关系数rc为0.9342,校正均方根误差为0.665N/cm2;预测样本相关系数rp为0.9197,预测均方根误差为0.673N/cm2。研究表明：模拟退火算法可以提高近红外模型预测草莓坚实度的精度和鲁棒性,并降低预测模型复杂度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。