基于地面力学的筛网轮牵引通过性研究

筛网轮具有质量轻、转向阻力小等优点,但其在松软干沙路面上的牵引通过性研究比较少。本文设计了轻型轮壤土槽测试系统,以车轮沉陷量、驱动扭矩、挂钩牵引力和牵引系数为指标,在土壤松散和自然状态下进行筛网轮和圆柱轮牵引通过性对比试验,基于轮辙非接触测量获取筛网轮表观沉陷量。结果表明：试验条件下,筛网轮实际沉陷量范围分别为13.1~26.3mm（松散状态）和8.1~18.7mm（自然状态）,较圆柱轮平均分别增加了26.4%（松散状态）和22.7%（自然状态）;随着滑转率的增加,筛网轮表观沉陷量呈现减小趋势,圆柱轮则呈现先增加后减小趋势。车轮驱动扭矩、挂钩牵引力随着滑转率的增加而增加,牵引系数呈现先增加后减小趋势;筛网轮驱动扭矩最大值分别为3.18N·m（松散状态）和3.76N〖DK〗·m（自然状态）,筛网轮挂钩牵引力最大值分别为8.46N（松散状态）和9.9N（自然状态）,自然状态土壤较松散状态时挂钩牵引力平均提高了16.7%;与筛网轮相比,圆柱轮驱动扭矩较筛网轮平均提高了45.2%,挂钩牵引力则平均提高了30.9%（松散状态）和33.6%（自然状态）;筛网轮牵引系数明显较圆柱轮大,自然状态下筛网轮牵引系数最大值为0.29,较松散状态下提高了17.9%。综合考虑车轮沉陷量、牵引系数的影响,筛网轮在干沙路面上比圆柱轮具有更好的牵引通过性。     

火星巡视器鼓形车轮仿生设计与性能分析

以善于沙地奔跑的鸵鸟的二趾足为仿生原型,利用工程仿生学原理,设计一种高通过性的仿生越沙鼓形轮面车轮。以与火星壤近似的松软沙土为试验材料,利用车轮-土壤土槽测试系统,以轮辙、挂钩牵引力和沉陷量为试验指标,对仿生鼓形轮面车轮和普通轮面车轮的通过性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,当滑转率超过0.85时,普通鼓形轮面比仿生鼓形轮面轮辙的堆积现象明显,并且出现明显打滑空转现象。在相同试验条件下,当滑转率小于0.42时,普通鼓形轮面车轮的挂钩牵引力稍大于仿生鼓形轮面车轮,当滑转率大于0.42时,仿生鼓形轮面车轮的挂钩牵引力明显大于普通鼓形轮面车轮。仿生鼓形轮面车轮和普通鼓形轮面车轮的最大挂钩牵引力分别为11.6N和2.6 N。滑转率对于普通鼓形轮面车轮的沉陷量影响较小,沉陷量基本保持在约35 mm,而随着滑转率的增大,仿生鼓形轮面车轮沉陷量呈现缓慢增大趋势。     

基于松软路面的滑转率对拖拉机性能的影响

松软路面上拖拉机车轮滑转比较突出,对拖拉机使用性能有很大影响。滑转率对拖拉机性能的影响主要表现在对牵引力、牵引效率等方面。为此,就车轮滑转对拖拉机牵引力和牵引效率的影响进行了分析,推出了含有负荷系数和滑转率两个变量的拖拉机牵引效率的计算公式,为松软路面上拖拉机滑转率的控制提供了一些理论原则。     

基于相似理论的月球车坡面通过性能试验

基于相似理论开展月球车轮壤相互作用系统参数量纲分析,分别以模拟月壤内聚力和密度参数不变为约束条件,推导了轮壤系统参数比例尺。采用轻质量模型样车法当量月面低重力环境影响,设计1/2比例月球模型样车;以速度和坡度为试验因素,开展月球车坡面通过性试验;分析了试验因素对各车轮滑转率和沉陷量的影响规律;讨论了不同坡度条件下驱动扭矩、挂钩牵引力和牵引系数随滑转率的变化规律。结果表明,坡度对通过性的影响明显较速度的大;随着滑转率的增加,驱动扭矩和挂钩牵引力呈现增加趋势,最大值分别为3.6 N·m和10.5 N;牵引系数呈现先增加后减小趋势,在滑转率为21.6%时达到最大值0.18。为保障月球车安全可靠的通过性能,其巡视坡度在20°以内合理。     

月球车轮与月壤相互作用动力学模拟

在分析月球车轮与月壤相互作用的基础上.应用离散元软件PFC2D对月球车轮在月壤上的牵引通过性能进行了模拟研究.通过双轴试验调整离散元力学模型的细观参数.得到月壤离散元接触力学模型:其内摩擦角为42°,凝聚力为1.554 kPa,泊松比为0.41,弹性模量为77.5 MPa;通过颗粒与月球车轮接触的平均刚度.确定了车轮前进时的水平速度与沉降速度增量;在相同试验条件下,模拟试验与土槽试验的对比结果表明,两者趋势一致;有轮刺轮与光滑轮的牵引通过性能对比结果表明,在没有牵引阻力情况下.有轮刺轮滑转率为零.光滑轮滑转率为1.8%;当滑转率为10%时,光滑轮挂钩牵引力为7.71 N,有轮刺轮挂钩牵引力为121.6 N.     

自适应低振动步行轮仿生设计与性能分析

为提高具有高通过性的步行轮平顺性,基于鸵鸟足运动姿态与跖趾关节储能减振机理,运用工程仿生学原理与技术,设计了一种仿生自适应低振动步行轮。有限元数值模拟结果表明,轮上载荷30 N,角速度10(°)/s情况下,相比于传统步行轮,仿生步行轮轮心波动范围在软路面和硬路面分别降低了85.71%和93.33%。采用轻载荷月壤/车轮土槽测试系统验证了仿生步行轮的减振性能。当滑转率小于40%时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力均大于传统步行轮;当滑转率大于40%,且仅在角速度为20(°)/s时,仿生步行轮的挂钩牵引力才小于传统步行轮,表明仿生步行轮在松软地面具有较好的牵引通过性。同时,相比于传统步行轮,当角速度为30(°)/s时,仿生步行轮在软路面和硬路面的加速度分别减少了6.3%和15.8%,振幅分别减小了14.6%和9.6%。在保证松软地面优越牵引通过性能前提下,仿生步行轮比传统步行轮的轮心波动更小,振动明显降低,有效解决了步行轮多边形效应引起的振动问题。     

车辆转向时牵引力控制系统前轮滑转率算法

车辆转向时.用后轮轮速作为参考车速计算驱动轮滑转率会造成计算偏差,造成牵引力控制系统的误干涉.为此利用前轮参考轮速计算转弯时的前驱动轮滑转率.并提出了利用横摆角速度信号的直接开方法以及利用前轮转角信号的前轮转角补偿法进行滑转率计算.试验表明2种算法都有效,前者运算时间为0.8 ms,后者运算时间为0.3 ms,因而选用后者.利用该算法修正后牵引力控制系统没有出现误干涉.     

与沉陷相关联的星球车挂钩牵引力模型研究

通过轮壤作用关系的线性化推导,建立简洁的挂钩牵引力模型用于星球车在轨沉陷预估。以玉兔号月球车为例,利用其车轮土槽试验进行了模型修正和验证,从而建立了用于星球车在轨沉陷预估的模型,验算得到修正后的挂钩牵引力模型的拟合值与土槽实测值的误差小于9%。提出的模型可以为星球车在沉陷前进行预警评估,也可为发生沉陷后的地面模拟脱困试验提供沉陷状态数据。该研究方法还可用于轮式机械在沙漠、滩涂等松软地面执行各种操作的快速沉陷预估。     

遥控喷杆喷雾机设计与试验

针对大田蔬菜种植病虫害防治需求,利用高地隙四轮转向液压底盘,设计一种遥控喷杆喷雾机。采用PID控制算法设计液压驱动系统和变量施药系统。液压驱动系统通过对比实时采集的实际车速和轮速计算各轮滑转率,以理想滑转率为控制目标进行实时动力分配;变量施药系统根据实时采集的实际车速和预设的目标单位面积施药量换算目标流量,以目标流量为控制目标进行实时喷雾流量调节。在韭菜田进行不同车速下的性能考核试验,结果表明：滑转率最大的车轮为左前轮,滑转率均值为6.14%,能稳定在理想滑转率范围内;滑转率最小的左后轮是轮上载荷最大的车轮,滑转率均值为0.76%,显著小于其他车轮;喷雾作业雾滴沉积率均值为93.4%,变异系数为21.6%,变量施药系统随速调节功能良好,但作业质量随着车速增加而略有下降。该喷雾机可为大田蔬菜种植智能化植保机械的研制提供参考。     

基于粒子群优化算法的拖拉机动力匹配优化

带悬挂系统的拖拉机在工作时,要充分考虑拖拉机牵引力能否满足液压悬挂加载装置、牵引装置等作用下产生的耕作阻力要求.本文建立了驱动牵引力数学模型,参考耕作阻力模型,主要考察了驱动轮滑转率、耕作速度、耕作深度等主要因素的影响,利用约束优化问题粒子群优化算法,得出了满足特定使用条件的驱动牵引力,同时确定了耕深、速度、滑转率等参数的对应值,为带悬挂系统拖拉机的动力匹配提供了重要的方法依据.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。