基于压电薄膜的免耕播种机播种深度控制系统

为使免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时自动保证播种深度的一致性和稳定性,设计了一种主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统。采用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidence fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器将免耕播种机限深轮的胎面形变量转换为电压信号,信号处理电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种单体对地表的压力,控制信号形成电路在压力不足时发出控制信号,控制安装在播种机机架与播种单体四连杆间的空气弹簧产生推力,使播种单体能够产生对地表的压力,从而保证播种深度的一致性。试验结果表明,所设计的主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统能够精确控制开沟深度,仿形性能可靠,作业速度为5~8 km/h时,播深合格率达到90%,作业速度大于8 km/h时,播深合格率明显高于被动作用式播种深度控制装置。     

基于自适应模糊PID的小麦播深控制系统研究

针对目前小麦播种机在复杂的田间作业过程中存在的播深一致性和稳定性难以控制等问题,从调节覆土量确定小麦播深的控制角度出发,提出了一种基于播深反馈的模糊PID控制方法,设计了小麦播种机高精度播深控制系统,实现了播深的自动调控,保证了小麦播深的均匀一致性。该系统主要由车载终端、播深检测模块、播前镇压辊检测模块以及播前镇压辊调节机构等4部分组成,能够实现小麦播种机播深的实时检测及调整。通过播深检测模块获取实时播深并作为反馈输入,结合播深预设值,根据专家模糊规则和Mamdani推理法对PID参数进行在线整定得到控制输出量,控制驱动器调整播前镇压辊位置,不断调整作业过程中的覆土量,从而实现对播深的实时精确控制,确保播深的一致性。田间试验结果表明：播种作业过程中,播深存在小范围波动。当设定播深为30mm、车速为3~5km/h时,播深平均值为30.13mm,播深标准差为0.18mm,播深合格率均值为93%,播深变异系数均值为2.93%。该系统实现了小麦播种机播深均匀一致的实时自适应调控。     

电液混合调控式大蒜播种机设计与试验

针对传统大蒜播种装备自动化程度低而导致的播种合格率和作业效率低等问题,设计了一种电液混合调控式大蒜播种机。该机主要由电控播种装置、播深调节装置、参数检测装置和人机交互界面等组成。以单片机为核心控制器,利用速度传感器和旋转编码器,实现了株距与作业速度的匹配;分析开沟入土阻力与入土深度关系,确定了播深调节液压装置关键部件;结合光电传感器和显示屏,完成了作业参数实时显示与播种异常报警功能。以杂交蒜为试验对象,分别进行了播深一致性试验、播量检测试验和播种质量试验,结果显示,播深调节平均误差为4.7%,播深变异系数平均值为5.3%;播量检测平均误差为4.0%;播种合格率为83.7%,漏播率为6.2%,满足大蒜播种农艺要求,且较同种条件下以汽油机为动力源的大蒜播种机漏播率降低3.1个百分点。     

仿形限深V形覆土镇压器:精密播种机、穴播机覆土镇压器的创新设计

<正>国内现有的各种垄作和平播用途的精密播种机、穴播机的覆土镇压器大都只能实现简单的覆土和镇压功能,不能实现对播种深度的精确控制,使我国大部分地区农业作业水平达不到农艺上"苗齐、苗壮、苗全"的要求,大大影响了我国农业作物的产量和农民收入的提高。个别能实现播种深度控制的都是用镇压轮作为仿形限深轮,由于镇压轮与播种开     

小麦宽苗带等深播种装置设计与试验研究

针对当前播种机仿形效果差、播种深度稳定性差影响播种质量等问题,采用机械执行部件优化与电气控制相互配合的方法,设计了小麦宽苗带等深播种装置。设计出等高位宽幅播种开沟器和刮土整备器,优化了开沟器与覆土器;通过PLC系统对地表的镇压轮垂直反力的监测,采用闭环控制实现播种深度的实时控制。并对装置进行试验,试验结果表明:理论播种深度为25、30、35mm时,实际播种深度均值为25.7、29.4、35.7mm,播深稳定性系数为92.6%、93.2%、90.8%,播种深度一致,满足了播深稳定性要求。     

玉米深松全层施肥种行旋耕播种机关键部件的设计

针对目前国内玉米播种机存在播种深度不一致的问题,为了提高玉米播种播深一致性及播种质量,设计了一种旋耕种行玉米播种机。该机可以实现深松、分层施肥、旋耕种行、开沟、播种及覆土镇压等功能,一次性完成的播种作业,适用于大田作业。该机结构简单,使用时调整方便。田间试验表明:整机结构设计合理,可以达到精量播种,符合农民种植要求。     

玉米播种单体下压力控制系统设计与试验

针对机械式仿形压力调节机构的不足,开展了基于力反馈的播种深度一致性控制方法研究,研制了播种单体下压力控制系统。本系统由安装在播种单体平行四连杆仿形机构上的下压液压缸、电液减压阀、下压力感知传感器,以及控制器、车载计算机组成。在播种作业过程中,控制器实时采集力传感器信息,与设定的下压力阈值相比较,计算并输出控制量到液压阀组驱动液压缸实时调整平行四连杆仿形机构,使限深轮与地表的压力值在设定的阈值区间内,从而保证播种深度的一致性。田间试验结果表明,在播种深度判定标准为(5.0±1.0)cm时,下压力机械调节方式和下压力电控调节方式下的播种深度合格率均值分别为77.04%和90.37%,下压力电控调节方式下的播种深度合格率均值比机械调节方式高13.33个百分点。将播种深度判定标准提高至(5.0±0.5)cm后,对应播种深度合格率分别为31.11%和56.30%,下压力控制装置的播种深度合格率比机械调节方式高25.19个百分点。可见,下压力电控系统能保持种子播种深度的稳定性,提高了种子深度一致性。     

补偿式玉米精密播种机的研究

为了提高玉米精密播种的工作质量,把窝眼式玉米播种机与自动检验补偿控制系统相结合,设计了一台补偿式精密播种机。该播种机采用窝眼式排种器,镇压轮驱动排种机构,利用光电传感器对排种情况进行监测,采用可编程并行接口8155与AT89C52相连的键盘接口电路实现播种作业质量的监测,并驱动步进电机对检测漏播的情况进行补播。最后镇压轮完成覆土与镇压过程,实现了玉米精密播种。     

主动仿形技术研究现状与展望

播深一致性是促进作物增收增产的关键因素。主动仿形技术可以根据播种机作业地形调节播种单体播种深度从而提高播深一致性,因此该技术成为当前播种技术研究的重点。目前,我国播种技术水平较低,特别是主动仿形技术一直远远落后于发达国家的研究水平,制约着我国播种精准化的发展。为此,本文介绍了仿形机构的分类及其优缺点,总结了国内外主动仿形技术发展现状,并针对目前主动仿形技术存在的问题,提出了一种可调节的高精度液压仿形系统,采用滑动调节机构固定液压缸、先导式电磁溢流阀配合高精度角度传感器的解决方案,为后期播种单体主动仿形技术的研究提供参考。     

2BYCF-3型玉米免耕精量播种机

产品介绍：该机采用单体与整体仿形结构，并采用了单体联动机构，传动地轮又可起到镇压的效果及限深作用，排种排肥系统有手轮调节装置，调节更加方便。适用于播种玉米、大豆、花生等多种作物，能一次完成侧深施肥、覆土镇压等多道工序。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。