投喂频率对青鱼幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

为研究不同投喂频率对青鱼生长和体成分的影响,采用自制的配合饲料,在日投喂量相同的情况下,分别以每天1、2、3、4、5次的投喂频率饲养5组青鱼幼鱼(平均初始体质量为0.61 g)45 d。试验结果:随着投喂频率由每天1次增至3次,青鱼幼鱼的终末体质量、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率及蛋白质贮积率均显著提高(P0.05)。但当投喂频率由每天3次增至5次,这些指标在不同投喂组间无显著差异(P0.05)。对全鱼营养成分的分析表明,水分含量在不同投喂组间无显著差异(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗脂肪及灰分含量在不同投喂组间有显著差异(P0.05),其中随着投喂频率的增加,粗脂肪含量呈下降趋势,而灰分含量则呈上升趋势。试验结果表明,青鱼幼鱼适宜的日投喂频率为3次。     

饥饿和补偿生长对红鲫幼鱼生长和体组分的影响

分析了饥饿和冉投喂处理后红鲫（Carassius auratus red variety）幼鱼的生长和体组分变化。饥饿状态下,红鲫幼鱼体重、比肝重、肥满度和肝体指数下降,各饥饿组体重均与同期对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,其中饥饿15d组体重与初始体重存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,肝糖原、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量下降,水分和灰分含量上升;再投喂后,除饥饿15d组肝糖原与对照组仍有极显著差异外,其他各项指标均恢复到与对照组无显著差异。实验过程中,各饥饿组食物转化率均明显高于对照组,且与对照组存在极显著差异（P〈0．01）,其中饥饿10d组最高,达到了24．38％。结果表明,红鲫幼鱼存在完全补偿生长能力,其完全补偿生长是通过提高食物转化率（FCE）来实现的,短期饥饿时将糖原和粗脂肪作为主要能源物质。     

黄霉素对丰产鲫的生长性能与体成分的影响

通过在丰产鲫饲料中添加50×10~(-6)黄霉素的对照试验,探讨黄霉素对丰产鲫生长性能及体成分的影响。经45天的养殖试验,相对增重率提高15．96%;对鱼体成分检测,结果显示,饲料中添加黄霉素,可以使鱼体中的蛋白质和粗灰份的含量增加,粗脂肪及水分的含量降低,这说明鱼的品质已变得更好,营养价值更高。     

饲料糖水平对眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼生长性能和体成分的影响

为确定眼斑双锯鱼(Amphiprion ocellaris)幼鱼人工配合饲料的适宜糖水平,研究了糖水平为4.4%、8.4%、12.2%、16.1%、20.5%、24.5%和28.4%的人工饲料对眼斑双锯鱼幼鱼生长、饲料转化率和体成分的影响。结果显示,随着糖水平的升高,幼鱼增重率(WG)和特定生长率(SGR)呈先增加后降低趋势。回归分析表明,糖水平16.49%时WG最大;糖水平16.73%时SGR最大。饲料系数(FCR)随糖水平增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势,而蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PRR)和脂肪沉积率(LRR)的变化则相反。回归分析显示,糖水平9.20%时FCR最小;糖水平8.57%时PER最大;糖水平10.97%时PRR最大;糖水平14.12%时LRR最大。全鱼粗脂肪质量分数随糖水平升高而增加,糖水平20.5%时达到最高水平后略有下降。综合生长参数与糖水平的回归分析结果,眼斑双锯鱼生长最快的糖添加量为16.49%~16.73%;综合饲料效率参数与糖水平的回归分析结果,饲料效率最高的糖添加量为8.57%~14.12%。     

饲料碳水化合物水平对鳡幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

以白鱼粉、酪蛋白、鱼油和α-淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物原料,配制等蛋白质（45%）、等脂肪（8%）、碳水化合物水平分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的6组饲料。饲养鳡幼鱼8周后测定其生长、体成分及肝糖原含量,初步探讨鳡对碳水化合物的利用能力。结果表明,20%组鱼体的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率最高（P〈0.05）。高碳水化合物组表现较高的摄食率、脏体比、肝体比和肠脂比（P〈0.05）。饲料碳水化合物水平的升高,增加了全鱼体干物质和粗脂肪的累积（P〈0.05）。随着饲料碳水化合物水     

饲料碳水化合物水平对鳡幼鱼生长和体成分的影响

以白鱼粉、酪蛋白、鱼油和α-淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物原料,配制等蛋白质(45%)、等脂肪(8%)、碳水化合物水平分别为0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的6组饲料。饲养鳡幼鱼8周后测定其生长、体成分及肝糖原含量,初步探讨鳡对碳水化合物的利用能力。结果表明,20%组鱼体的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率最高(P<0.05)。高碳水化合物组表现较高的摄食率、脏体比、肝体比和肠脂比(P<0.05)。饲料碳水化合物水平的升高,增加了全鱼体干物质和粗脂肪的累积(P<0.05)。随着饲料碳水化合物水平的增加,鱼体的肝糖原储存量先增加、后降低,20%组达到最高(P<0.05)。综合试验结果分析,鳡可以在一定程度上利用淀粉类碳水化合物,但在饲料中添加量不宜超过20%,否则不利于鱼的健康生长。     

饲料糖水平对点篮子鱼生长性能的影响

以鱼粉为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,配制等蛋白质(含量为35%)、等能量糖水平分别为5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,35%(标号分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6)的6组配合饲料,对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)投喂56d,研究了饲料中糖水平变化对体重为34.45±10.61 g点篮子鱼生长、体成分和生物学指标的影响。结果显示,随着饲料糖水平的增加,点篮子鱼的摄食率和生长率呈先增加后降低的趋势,特定生长率(SGR)与饲料糖水平之间适宜的二次方程:y=0.455 1+0.012 5x-0.000 3x2(R2=0.913 7),点篮子鱼饲料中糖的最适添加水平为20.83%;饲料系数(FCR)和肌肉中粗脂肪含量与饲料中糖水平变化成正相关;高糖组(T6)鱼的肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于低糖组(P<0.05)。综合实验结果认为:点篮子鱼饲料糖适宜添加量为15%～25%。     

饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长和体成分的影响

通过添加鱼油和豆油(1∶1)等比例混合油,配制6组脂肪水平分别为4.16%、7.42%、10.68%、14.20%、16.56%、19.62%的等氮饲料,标号依次为L1、L2、L3、L4、L5、L6。以初始体重28.09±0.60g的点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)为实验对象,经过八周的饲养,研究饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长及体成分的影响。结果表明:增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR),L3和L4组显著高于其它四组(P<0.05),且两指标均随饲料中脂肪含量的增加表现出先升后降的趋势。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料脂肪水平的升高而升高。全鱼粗蛋白含量L1与L6组最低,显著低于其它四组(P<0.05);肌肉蛋白、水分及灰分与饲料脂肪水平没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。肝脏水分含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而降低。综合点篮子鱼生长及鱼体成分分析,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪适宜添加量为10.68%～14.20%,以增重率为指标,通过二次回归分析得出,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪的最适添加量为13.94%。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成D1（0.0%钙,0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙,0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙,0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙,0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙,0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙,0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼,经过室内网箱60天生长试验,探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈;钙;磷     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile giant croaker Nibea japonica

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition of giant croaker, Nibea japonica. The six diets were designated as carbohydrate level from 0% to 30%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 18 giant croaker (initially weighing, 7.40 ± 0.15 g fish^?1) in flow‐through sea water system. The weight gain (WG) and special growth ratio (SGR) had tendency to increase with carbohydrate level from 0% to 12% after that decreased, and significantly lower in fish fed diet with 30% carbohydrate level than in other groups. Moreover, fish fed diet with 30% dietary carbohydrate has significantly higher feed conversion ratio (1.48 ± 0.18) and lower protein efficiency ratio (1.69 ± 0.21) than other groups (P < 0.05). The intraperitoneal fat ratio and condition factor had no significant difference in different groups (P > 0.05), hepatosomatic index value increased with dietary carbohydrate increased (P < 0.05). The result of this study also suggested that excess carbohydrate level (30%) led to lower lipid content in whole body. Based on the second‐order polynomial regression analysis of WG and SGR, 12.2–12.7% dietary carbohydrate provided maximum growth of N. japonica.     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫鱼种生长、消化率及体成分的影响

为了探讨不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长、消化率和体成分的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加4%的鱼油、豆油、猪油、花生油和混合油(鱼油∶豆油∶猪油=3∶4∶3)制成5种等氮试验饲料,饲喂均重为(6.04±0.05)g的异育银鲫60d。结果表明,混合油组的增重率、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05),但与其他组无显著差异(P>0.05);蛋白质效率(PER)、饲料系数(FCR)各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);豆油组的肠体比显著高于鱼油组和猪油组(P<0.05);猪油组的肝体指数(HSI)显著高于鱼油组(P<0.05),猪油组的内脏指数显著高于混合油组(P<0.05);不同脂肪源对肥满度的影响不显著(P>0.05);鱼体肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分和磷各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);猪油组肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于鱼油组和花生油组(P<0.05);肝脏中粗蛋白鱼油组和豆油组显著高于猪油组和花生油组(P<0.05);猪油组粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。研究结果显示,当豆油和花生油单独添加时,与添加鱼油组表现出相似的生长性能、表观消化率和体成分,而单独添加猪油,鱼体对...     

饥饿后再投喂对异育银鲫生长和体成分的影响

在(25±2)℃条件下,对体重(15.6±0.84)g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)进行了不同时间的饥饿处理和再投喂的恢复生长实验。实验把异育银鲫分为4组,为Ⅰ组(持续投喂48 d)、Ⅱ组(饥饿8 d后再投喂40 d)、Ⅲ组(饥饿16 d后再投喂32 d)和Ⅳ组(饥饿24 d后再投喂24 d),每组20尾鱼,研究再投喂后体重和体成分(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分)的变化。结果显示:与持续投喂组相比,饥饿8 d后异育银鲫体重下降了13.28%,饥饿16 d和24 d后体重分别下降了22.36%和33.03%。短期饥饿(Ⅱ)组,再恢复投喂8 d后能实现完全补偿生长,而中长期饥饿组(Ⅲ和Ⅳ)分别在投喂16 d和24 d后表现为部分补偿生长。在饥饿和恢复投喂过程中其体成分呈现规律性变化:各试验组饥饿后,粗蛋白和粗脂肪显著下降,而水分和灰分含量上升,而再投喂后,各营养成分逐渐恢复。Ⅱ组再投喂8 d后,粗脂肪和粗灰份恢复到对照组水平,蛋白质显著低于对照组水平,水分显著高于对照组;再投喂40 d后,粗蛋白和水分亦恢复到对照水平,Ⅲ组恢复投喂16 d后,粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分不能恢复到对照水平,恢复投喂32 d后,除灰分外,其余成分皆不能恢复到对照水平。Ⅳ组再投喂24 d后,除水分外,其余各营养成分皆不能恢复到对照水平。结果表明,实现异育银鲫完全补偿生长,其饥饿时间以短时间饥饿8 d为宜。     

青鱼ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化研究

以赣江野生青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)基因组DNA为试验材料,研究Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和模板浓度4个参数对ISSR-PCR反应的影响,建立一套适合青鱼ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系。结果表明,在25μL的反应体系中,Mg2+、dNTP、引物和模板4个参数的最适宜浓度分别为:3.0mmol/L、0.25mmol/L、0.4umol/L和30ng。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性5min,94℃30s,52℃45s,72℃2min,共38个循环,最后72℃继续延伸10min。     

Comparative study on the effect of high dietary carbohydrate on the growth performance,body composition,serum physiological responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus Richardson, 1846)

A 90‐day trial investigated the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on growth performance, body composition, serum physiological responses and hepatic antioxidant abilities of a herbivorous fish, Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) and a carnivorous fish, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus Richardson, 1846). For each species, two isonitrogenous and isolipidic semi‐purified diets (28.6% crude protein and 5.3% crude lipid for Wuchang bream) were formulated to contain 30.4% and 52.9% carbohydrate (WB‐NCHO and WB‐HCHO); Two isonitrogenous and isolipidic semi‐purified diets (32.6% crude protein and 5.3% crude lipid for black carp) were formulated to contain 20.5% and 40.5% carbohydrate (BC‐NCHO and BC‐HCHO). It was shown that, compared to Group WB‐NCHO, Wuchang bream in Group WB‐HCHO had lower weight gain rate, specific growth rate, serum total protein, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidative capacity, while higher feed conversion ratio, serum triglyceride and cortisol levels (P < 0.05). Compared to Group BC‐NCHO, black carp in Group BC‐HCHO had lower final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, serum alkaline alkaline phosphatase activity, serum total protein, hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidative capacity, while higher feed conversion ratio, whole body crude lipid, serum triglyceride, cholesterol, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase activity and cortisol levels (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggested that Wuchang bream had better capacity of utilizing dietary carbohydrate than that of black carp, while high levels of dietary carbohydrate might not only be detrimental to growth performance and feed utilization but also the immune response and health for both species.     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance,whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, whole body composition and fatty acid composition of juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). Triplicate groups of 120 juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio (average weight: 2.05 g) were fed four isonitrogenic diets formulated with lipid levels of 1.4% (low), 6.1% (control), 11.6% (medium) and 21.1% (high) for 60 days. Weight gain in the 11.6% lipid group was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio decreased and protein efficiency ratio increased (P > 0.05) as dietary lipid levels increased. N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were not detected in faeces. The whole body lipid contents of 11.6% and 21.1% lipid level groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.4% and 6.1% lipid level groups (P < 0.05). The content of whole body n‐3 PUFA in the 21.1% lipid level group enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). The whole body contents of eicosapntemacnioc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the 21.1% lipid level group were the highest (P < 0.05). These results indicated that high dietary lipid levels (21.1%) inhibit weight gain and promoted fat and n‐3 PUFA deposition in juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio, which led to liver damage. A dietary lipid level of 11.6% was determined to be optimal for growth performance of juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长性能、机体成分、血清生化指标、体组织脂肪酸组成及脂质代谢的影响

试验以异育银鲫为研究对象,分别以日粮中添加5.4%鱼油、5.4%豆油、5.4%菜籽油、5.4%亚麻油为脂肪源,选择健康、规格、体质量基本一致的异育银鲫336尾,随机分为4组,每组3个重复、在可控温循环流水圆形蓄养槽内进行为期64 d的投喂试验,探讨不同脂肪源对异育银鲫生长、体成分及血清生化指标的影响。试验结果表明:豆油组及菜籽油组增重率、特定生长率显著高于鱼油组,豆油组肥满度显著低于鱼油组及亚麻油组,各试验组末均体质量、饲料系数、肝体比及脏体比均没有显著差异(P>0.05);各组间肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白及粗灰分均无显著差异(P>0.05);不同饲料脂肪源对鱼体肌肉脂肪酸组成有显著影响,并且鱼体脂肪酸的组成与饲料脂肪酸的组成有很大相关性,其中鱼油组与菜籽油组有极显著相关性(P<0.01),豆油组显著相关(P<0.05);鱼油组的血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶及碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其它组(P<0.05);各试验组间胰岛素、皮质醇、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、白球比、血糖、胆固醇及甘油三酯均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅰ(CPT-Ⅰ)、肉碱软脂酰基转移酶-Ⅱ(CPT-Ⅱ)、脂肪酶、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)及脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,日粮中添加一定量的豆油、菜籽油或亚麻油同样能取得良好的生长效果,为以后生产中以菜籽油或亚麻油替代豆油或鱼油提供了理论依据,节约了生产成本。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile and grower rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli

Two feeding trials were conducted to determine the optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratio for juvenile and grower rockfish. Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial mean weight 3.6 g) and duplicate groups of grower (initial mean weight 166 g) were fed the five isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets with the different CHO:L ratios (0.4–5.6 g:g) for 8 weeks respectively. The survival of juvenile and grower was above 93% and was not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratios. Weight gain of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 was significantly higher than that of the fish fed diets with CHO:L ratios of 2.8 and 5.6 (P<0.05). The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of juvenile fed the diet with CHO:L ratio of 5.6 were the lowest among all groups (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of juvenile fed the diet with a CHO:L ratio of 5.6 was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05). The condition factors of juvenile fed the diets with CHO:L ratios of 0.8 and 1.6 were significantly higher than that of 5.6 (P<0.05). The crude lipid content of whole body, liver and viscera of juvenile decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, and the opposite was found for the moisture content. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of grower were not affected by the dietary CHO:L ratio. Hepatosomatic and viscerasomatic indexes of grower were significantly influenced by dietary CHO:L ratio (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the lipid content of whole body and viscera of grower. Dietary CHO:L ratios significantly affected the major fatty acid composition of whole body in both juvenile and grower. The contents of 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 linearly decreased as the dietary CHO:L ratio increased, whereas the 20:4n‐6, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 contents increased. Based on growth, feed efficiency and body composition, the optimal dietary CHO:L ratio was 1.6 for juvenile rockfish fed isonitrogenous (51% CP) and isoenergetic (4.0 kcal g^?1) diets, and starch could partially replace lipids in the diets with CHO:L ratios ranging from 0.4 to 5.6 for grower.     

丁酸钠对鲫鱼生长和肠细胞增殖的影响

以初始体质量(6.02±0.16) g的鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)为研究对象, 在鲫鱼基础饲料中分别添加0.0 g/kg、1.0 g/kg、2.5 g/kg、5.0 g/kg、7.5 g/kg的包膜丁酸钠, 配制5种等氮等能的实验饲料, 研究不同浓度包膜丁酸钠通过促进鲫鱼肠细胞增殖对其生长作用的影响。实验在室内养殖系统中进行, 每水族缸饲喂30尾, 每处理组3个重复, 以鱼体质量3%~5%投喂量, 日投喂3次, 试验持续7周。实验结果表明: 在饲料中添加丁酸钠对鲫鱼有明显的促生长作用, 显著提高了鲫鱼前肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值以及肠道细胞增殖因子CREB和CDX2基因的表达。当丁酸钠添加量为2.5 g/kg时, 鲫鱼增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率和肥满度最高, 显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 比对照组分别提高了25.76%、16.46%、28.91%和8.37%; 与对照组相比, 丁酸钠添加量达到2.5 g/kg时, 鲫鱼干物质与蛋白质表观消化率、前肠绒毛高度、肠道CREB基因和CDX2基因的相对表达量显著升高, 分别比对照组提高8.36%、6.21%、34.22%、51.11%和42.13%(P<0.05)。上述研究表明饲料中添加适量的丁酸钠可能通过显著提高鲫鱼肠绒毛高度和肠道细胞增殖因子CREB和CDX2基因的表达量, 从而促进其生长, 适宜添加量为2.5 g/kg。