Growth and yield models for Dahurian larch plantations

IntroductionDahurianlarch(L8risgmeliniiRupr.)isoneofthemostimportanttimberspeciesinChina.AsaresuItofovercuttingforseveraIdecades,thenaturaIDahurianIarchforestresourcesaredecliningrapidly.PIantationsofdahurianIarchhavebecomeanimportantpartofforestpreserveresourcesinDaxing'anMountains.ConsequentIystudyingthegroWthofDahurianlarchandformingtheforesttabfesareofsignrficancetofor-estproduction.ThispaperpresentsinformationongroWthandyieIdmodeIsofDahurianlarchpIantations.MethodsDataof4O5stema…     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOME FORESTRY TABLES FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Plantationsofdahurianlarch(LarixgmeIini(Rupr)Rupr.)haveestablishbdandhavebecomeanimportanttimberspeciesintheforestreserveresourcesinthenortheastofChina.Soformingtheforesttableswhichhavehighprecisionformakinglogicalmanagementdecisionsha$beenimportantproblemstobesolvedquicklyinforestrypractice.Uptonow,thereisalackofsystematicforestrytablesfordahurianlarchplantations.Themainpurposeofthispaperistotrytoconstructaseriesofsomeforestrytablesfordahurianlarchplantations.MATERIALSANDMETHODSData…     

基于非线性混合模型的东北兴安落叶松树高和直径生长模拟

以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场80株人工兴安落叶松解析木数据为例,采用Richards生长模型作为基础模型,利用S-PLUS软件中的NLME过程,分别拟合非线性树高和直径生长模型。采用AIC、BIC、对数似然值和似然比检验等模型评价统计指标对不同模型的精度进行比较分析。结果表明:当对树高-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好;当对直径-年龄关系进行拟合时,b1、b3同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。把相关性结构包括一阶自回归结构AR(1)、一阶移动平均结构MA(1)及一阶自回归与移动平均结构[ARMA(1,1)]加入到树高和直径最优混合模型中,一阶自回归结构AR(1)显著提高了树高混合模型的拟合精度,一阶移动平均结构MA(1)显著提高了直径混合模型的拟合精度。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。因此,混合模型在应用上不但能反映树高和直径的平均预测趋势,还能用方差协方差结构和误差相关性结构校正随机参数来反映个体之间的差异。     

Comparative analysis on the litter in Korean pine Mongolian scots pine and dahurian larch plantations (I) Amount and fluctuation of litter fall

Investigations were made in korean pine, mongolian scots pine and dahurian larch plantations in Laoshan Plantation Experiment Station of Maoershan Experiment Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University. Data are tabulated on the amount and seasonal and annual fluctuations of fractional composition of the litter (conifer needles, branches, cones, bark scales, broad leaves) in the three plantations. The accounts of conifer needle branch and bark scale litter are as follows: korean pine: 71.16%, 6.23% and 7.32%; mongolian scots pine: 43.65%, 18.52 % and 32.12%; dahurian larch: 90.30%, 7.83% and 1.85%. There are certain broadleaf litter in dahurian larch and mongolian scots pine plantations (account for 7.61% and 8.92% respectively). The litter wither and fall concent ratively in autumn in dahurian larch plantation and scattered all year long in korean pine and mongolian scots pine plantations. Along with the increase of stand age, the absolute amount of litter tend to increase, the relative amount of main fractional compositions (conifer needle, branch and bark scale) in korean pine and mongolian Scots pine plantations maintain stead, whereas in dahurian larch plantation, the relative amount of conifer needle is decreased gradually and the relative amount of other fractional compositions are increased gradually.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE LITTER IN KOREAN PINE MONGOLIAN SCOTS PINE AND DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS(Ⅰ) AMOUNT AND FLUCTUATION OF LITTER FALL

Koreanpine(Pinuskoraiensis)(KP),mongolianscotspine(Pinussylvestrisvarmongolica)(MSP)anddahurianlarch(LarisgmeIinii)(DL)arethemainconiferousspeciesforforestationinnortheastregionofChina-LargeareplantationsofKP,MSPandDLhavebeenplantedintheregionsincel95o's.Whetherthestandstabilityandecolo-gicalequilibriumcanbemaintainedandtheforestfloorproductivitycanincreaseintheplantati0nsismainlydeterminedbytheamount,fracti0nalandchemicalcomp0sitionanddecomp0sitionrateof1itters,exceptforinfluenceofl0ca…     

STUDIES ON BIOMASS AND PRODUCTIVITY FOR DAHUIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Dahurianlarch(LarixgmeliniRupr.)isoneofthemostimportanttimberspeciesinthenortheastofChina.Becauseofovercuttingforseveraldecades-naturalfOrestresourceshavebeendeclinedrapidly.Plantationsofdahurianlarchhavebecomeanimportantpartofforestreserveresourcesinthisarea.Butthereisalackofsystematicstudiesonthebiomassandthenetproductivityfordahurianlarchplanta-tions.Inthispaper,wepresentsomeusefuldataofthebiomassandtheproductivityoflburstructuretypes'fordahurianlarchplantations.Itwillprovidesomeinformati…     

COMPARISON OF FOUR COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TYPES FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Throughovercuttingforseveraldecades,naturalf0restresourceshavebeendeclinedraPidly.PlantationshavebeenestablishedandhavebecomeanimPOrtantpartofforestreserveresourcesinChina.C0nsequentlystudyingthecommunitystructurecharacteristicsofplantationsandfindingthebestcommunitystructureformakinglogicalmanagementdecisionshavebeenimportantproblemstobesolvedquicklyforforestproduction.Inthispaper,wepresantsomecomparisonsoffourstructuretyPesfordahurianlarch(LarixgmeIiniRupr.)plantationsandprovideusefulinfo…     

兴安落叶松树干去皮直径预测模型

利用兴安落叶松解析木数据,比较了树干去皮直径预测的3种类型模型:Grosenbaugh的比率方程式、回归模型和削度方程。Grosenbaugh的比率方程式有很大的灵活性,没有参数不需要模型拟合。总体评价和模型分段比较表明,回归模型有较小的预测误差,尤其是Cao and Pepper提出的含有带皮直径、树高、相对树高、胸径处的带皮直径和去皮直径变量的模型。由于削度模型不含有带皮直径变量,因此产生较大的去皮直径预测误差。不同类型的模型在森林经营过程中都有一定的适应性。     

基于非线性混合模型的落叶松树干削度模型

以黑龙江省带岭林业局大青川林场84株人工落叶松解析木数据为例,采用Max和Burkhart分段削度模型作为基础模型,利用SAS软件中的似乎不相关回归过程得到该分段削度模型的4个参数和2个拐点参数同时估计。参数估计显著性检验(P<0.000 1)以及模型检验(F=31 392.30,P<0.000 1)都证明该分段模型能较好地描述落叶松树干干形变化。然后以该分段模型为基础模型,采用非线性混合模型的方法,建立落叶松人工林树干削度混合效应模型。结果表明:当考虑样地效应影响时,b1,b2同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好;当考虑树木效应影响时,b2,b4同时作为混合参数时模型拟合最好。无论考虑样地效应影响还是考虑树木效应影响,混合模型的拟合精度都比基本模型的拟合精度高,并且考虑树木效应影响要比考虑样地效应影响的精度更高。模型检验结果表明:混合模型通过校正随机参数值能提高模型的预测精度。     

Relationships between larch growth and forest site factors

Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) Rupr is one of the dominant species in both natural and man-made forests in northeast China. Effects of site factors, including topography, soil properties and nutrient elements (P, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co and Ni) on the growth of larch were analyzed in detail, qualitatively and quantitatively. The ordination technique was used to group the site factors and to classify sites for larch. Analysis indicated that height growth, diameter (DBH) and volume of the larch varied among site types and this will be of theoretical and practical significance in developing larch plantations.     

树种各疏密度条件下密度与直径的关系

本文以杉木人工林和落叶松天然林标准地数据为材料,应用D=aN~bP~cS~dH~e数学模型进行计算分析,并从理论上证明,当同一树种的树高一定时,疏密度和株数相同,各地位指数(级)林分平均直径一致。为森林的抚育间伐,林分直径生长的预测、预报,确定林分工艺成熟龄及森林调查设计等提供了理论依据和重要参数。     

Growth and structure development of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir (Larix olgensis–Picea jezoensis–Abies nephrolepis) forests in northeast China: 12-year results after thinning

Analyzing and understanding the structure and growth dynamics of semi-natural plantations is useful for their management. Since 1987, 16 plots with 4 treatments (CT: control; LT: light thinning; MT: medium thinning; and HT: heavy thinning) by 0, 20, 30 and 40% of basal area removal, respectively, and four replications were established in semi-natural larch-spruce-fir forests in northeast China. The structure and growth dynamics of semi-natural larch-spruce-fir stands and the effects of thinning on the growth, structure and diversity were examined. A mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance (RMANOVA) was used to test the effects of treatment and time.

Results showed that differences in periodic annual increment (PAI) of stand basal area and volume and the individual diameter and volume among treatments changed over time in a complex statistical interaction. Thinning, however, had a significant effect on growth at tree and stand levels 12 years after thinning while the PAI of the diameter, basal area and volume was positively correlated with thinning intensity. No significant differences were found in the total stand yield among treatments. Composition of tree species group (larch, other conifers and deciduous trees) during monitoring years did not change significantly. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in tree species and size diversity among treatments in the years following thinning. Both thinning and control plots had similar understory plant diversity after the 12 year period. Univariate point pattern analysis revealed that clumped and random distributions were dominant for tree species groups in this study. The current species composition and regeneration dynamics within these semi-natural plantations suggested a development towards mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. Management implications for the transformation from larch plantations towards mixed broad-leaved Korean forests with a more diverse structure, the climax vegetation in this region, were discussed.     

The growth and production modeling of individual trees of Eucalyptus urophylla plantations

Individual tree models(ITMs) are classified as growth and production models for projecting current and future forest stands. ITMs are more complex than other growth and production models, show a higher level of detail and, consequently, produce a better modeling resolution. However, the accuracy and efficiency of ITMs have not been properly assessed to date. In this study, we estimated the growth in height, diameter, and individual tree volume of a Eucalyptus urophylla plantation by applying an ITM. We used a continuing forest inventory dataset in which 1554 individual trees within 29 permanent plots were measured in the field over a 6-year period(24 to 72 months). Each individual tree volume was estimated for future tree age. To achieve this, we adjusted the model to predict the height and diameter growth, and the probability of mortality as a function of the competition index. The ITM accuracy was assessed based on the analysis of variance results and, subsequently, the multiple mean comparison test at the 5% significance level. The tree volumes predicted by the ITM for the forest stand aged 72 months,beginning at ages 24, 36, 48, and 60 months, were compared to the field measured tree volume acquired from the 72-month forest inventory that was used as the reference age. Estimated and observed tree volumes were similar when the estimation was based on the 48-month forest plots. These results might help to reduce financial costs of forest inventory because the ITM produces accurate future predictions of forest stand stocks. Our estimated ITM for Eucalyptus plantations using measurement intervals up to 2 years is recommended because it significantly reduced the projected volume discrepancy compared to the field measurements.     

THE CHARACTERS AND EFFECTS OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN DAHURIAN LARCH-MANCHURICA ASH MIXED SEEDLING STAND

Dahurianlarch(Larixgmelinii)isamaintreesPeciesinartificialstandsandManchuriaash(Fnainusma:dehurica)isavaluabIehardwoodsPeciesinti1eforestareaofnortheastChina.SomestUdiesrevealedthatthemixedstandbythetwospecieshadpositivemixedeffectSandnutritionrelationshipwasoneofthemaincausesforthepositiveeffects.lnsomeresearches,itwasfoundthatinline-belttwoflarch-ashmixedstand,theconcentra-tionofavailablephosphorusofsoilinlarchbeltwas2ntimesoftl1atinashbelt.Itisdeducedthatinsuchmixedstandtheashcanabsorbmo…     

桂西南马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应

[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。     

孟家岗落叶松人工林标准树高模型的研究

利用理查德方程构建落叶松树高生长模型.以黑龙江省佳木斯市孟家岗实验林场落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于78块落叶松人工林标准地中100株样木作为解析木.根据地位级指数的定义对理查德方程进行推导,确定落叶松树高生长模型.在MATLAB技术的支持下,根据林分实际数据使用模型参数估计算法求得模型参数k和c的最优值.经过模型误差的检验,结果表明误差E ＜0.05,该树高生长模型可以用来模拟落叶松树高生长过程.     

Nonlinear mixed-effects height to crown base and crown length dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch( Larix olgensis ) plantations in northeast China

Korean larch(Larix olgensis) is one of the main tree species for afforestation and timber production in northeast China. However, its timber quality and growth ability are largely infl uenced by crown size, structure and shape. The majority of crown models are static models based on tree size and stand characteristics from temporary sample plots, but crown dynamic models has seldom been constructed. Therefore, this study aimed to develop height to crown base( HCB) and crown length( CL) dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch plantation. The nonlinear mixed-effects model with random effects, variance functions and correlation structures, was used to build HCB and CL dynamic models. The data were obtained from 95 sample trees of 19 plots in Meng JiaGang forest farm in Northeast China. The results showed that HCB progressively increases as tree age, tree height growth(HT growth) and diameter at breast height growth( DBH growth).The CL was increased with tree age in 20 years ago, and subsequently stabilized. HT growth, DBH growth stand basal area( BAS) and crown competition factor( CCF) signifi cantly infl uenced HCB and CL. The HCB was positively correlated with BAS, HT growth and D BH growth, but negatively correlated with CCF. The CL was positively correlated with BAS and CCF, but negatively correlated with D BH growth. Model fi tting and validation confi rmed that the mixed-effects model considering the stand and tree level random effects was accurate and reliable for predicting the HCB and CL dynamics. However, the models involving adding variance functions and time series correlation structure could not completely remove heterogeneity and autocorrelation, and the fi tting precision of the models was reduced. Therefore, from the point of view of application, we should take care to avoid setting up over-complex models. The HCB and CL dynamic models in our study may also be incorporated into stand growth and yield model systems in China.     

厚朴生长规律的研究

本文对厚朴人工林的生长规律进行了系统研究,建立了其栽培群体的各种生长模型。并运用灰色系统理论,对厚朴生长与气候条件的相关规律进行了探讨。结果表明,其树叶生长符合自然对数方程,树高和胸径年生长符合二次抛物线方程,模型参数与树龄相关;树高、胸径和材积生长规律均可用Logistic方程模拟,各自的速生期分别为4～11年、5～14年和10～17年;气温与降水、日照时数与气温是分别影响厚朴树高、胸径生长的主要气候因子,其影响程度随年龄的增长而减弱。决定厚朴生长和“厚朴”产量的结构因子主要是林分密度。     

安徽亳县泡桐立地质量评定

本文在分析林木直径和树高的相关性的基础上,结合平原农区地形地貌特征,以林分内最大径阶木的平均胸高直径代替优势木的平均树高作因变量,以林分平均林龄和土壤种类、土层厚度、地下水位、株距等定性因子作为自变量,分别编制出安徽省亳县泡桐人工林地位指数表和数量化地位指数表,并在此基础上将泡桐人工林划分为14个立地类型。该项研究对于探讨平原农区主要树种有关经营数表的编制方法、立地类型划分和林木生长预估等具有普遍意义。     

塞罕坝林区低密度经营对华北落叶松林分生长的影响

为了给坝上塞罕坝林区低密度经营提供依据,以华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对不同林分密度条件下(150株/hm~2、225株/hm~2、300株/hm~2和375株/hm~2)华北落叶松林分的生长情况进行分析,研究低密度经营对华北落叶松生长的影响,提出培育华北落叶松大径级用材林的技术体系。结果表明:林分密度对胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量都有一定程度的影响,影响程度按照胸径、单株材积、树高顺序递减;林分密度过大或过小均影响华北落叶松林分的生长,林分密度控制在225~300株/hm~2时,华北落叶松胸径、树高和单株材积总生长量、平均生长量、连年生长量最大。