Wood fracture, acoustic emission, and the drying process Part 2. Acoustic emission pattern recognition analysis

Summary Signal features were extracted from AE signals collected during mixed mode fracture tests of ponderosa pine and California black oak conducted at 12 and 18 percent moisture content and temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 °C. Five features in the time domain and three in the frequency domain were selected for further analysis. Signal features were found to be significantly affected by both temperature and moisture content. Cluster analysis showed that while signals could be successfully classified, the resulting patterns showed little relationship to wood fracture. Only load levels well beyond maximum load could be consistently distinguished from lower load levels. It was concluded that pattern recognition analysis would have only limited application to control the wood drying process.This study was supported in part by USDA Grant No. 90-37291-5762     

Mode I fracture and acoustic emission of softwood and hardwood

 The Mode I fracture behaviour of two softwoods (spruce and pine) and three hardwoods (alder, oak and ash) was studied in the RL crack propagation system using the splitting test in combination with monitoring acoustic emission (AE) activity. Test parameters measured included notch tensile strength, specific fracture energy, characteristic length and AE cumulative counts, AE amplitudes as well as parameters characterizing the frequency spectra of the emitted acoustic emission events. The notch tensile strength was found to correlate with density. The specific fracture energy and characteristic length showed the different crack propagation process between the softwoods and hardwoods. The softwoods fractured in a more ductile way and the hardwoods showed a more linear elastic behaviour. This finding was supported by the AE measurements showing much less cumulative counts for the hardwoods indicating that less microcracks were formed and that processes like fiber bridging were not so effective. Differences in the frequency domain of the AE signals between softwoods and hardwoods could not be detected. Received 13 January 1999     

Microscopic processes of shearing fracture of old wood, examined using the acoustic emission technique

We examined the process of microscopic fracturing peculiar to old wood, based on the generation characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) events and fracture surface analysis. The shearing tests of old wood obtained from construction-derived lumber and new wood within 3 years after lumbering were performed in accordance with the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS Z 2101-1994). The species of wood used in this study was Japanese red pine. The old wood had been used as a beam in a building for 270 years. The number of the occurrences of AEs at low load levels was larger in the old wood than in the new wood. As a result of analyzing the AE amplitude distributions, we found that the period in which AEs with small amplitudes were frequently generated was longer in the old wood than in the new wood. Also, the fracture surfaces after the final rupture under scanning electron microscope showed more uneven and complicated surfaces in the old wood. Based on the above findings, we presume that during the shearing test the old wood underwent a relatively long and stable progress of microcracking before the final fracture.     

Relationship between fracture toughness and acoustic emission during cleavage failure in adhesive joints

Summary Fracture toughness in mode I was determined for wood bonded with various adhesive systems. Tapered double-cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens were used, with attached transducer connected to instrumentation for monitoring acoustic emission. Adhesives used fro bonding the TDCB specimens included urea-formaldehyde resin, phenol-resorcinol resin, and emulsion polymer isocyanate, among others. Test parameters measured included critical load for cleavage fracture and number of events (stress waves) emitted, from which fracture toughness and cumulative count of acoustic emission were computed. It was found that there was a well defined, linear relation between fracture toughness and cumulative counts of acoustic emission per fracture area. The fracture toughness values of systems containing polyvinyl acetate and of epoxy resin were larger than those of thermosetting resins such as urea-or phenol formaldehyde. The high fracture toughness imparted by polyvinyl acetate was attributed to viscous movement of linear molecular chain segments, as compared with the more brittle behavior of the crosslinked molecular structure of such resins as ureaformaldehyde.     

The identification of fracture in dried wood based on theoretical modelling and acoustic emission

Physical interpretation of the three characteristic groups of acoustic signals emitted during convective drying of wood is the main subject of this paper. The acoustic emission (AE) was to evidence the fracture intensity during drying of a birch wood sample of cylindrical shape. To explain the three characteristic groups of acoustic signals, and particularly the last one, a mechanistic model of drying was applied to analyse the drying induced stresses in the tested sample. One can conclude from this analysis that the third group of acoustic signals arises when the surface stop to shrink and the wet core (initially in compression) begins to dry. The shrinkage of the core causes compression of the boundary layer and tension of the core. Thus, the reverse of the stress signs in the cylinder cross-section takes place and this possibly involves the destruction of wood structure in the tensed core.     

木竹材声学振动特性研究进展

木材声学振动特性科学机理与评价方法的研究正逐渐兴起,而针对竹材声学振动特性的相关研究则少有报道.文中重点围绕木竹材声学振动特性,从声振动效率、音色和发音效果稳定性3个方面介绍了木竹材声学振动特性的定量评价方法;从不同尺度(宏观—微观)、不同层次(化学组分—物理性质)和不同方式(选材—加工)系统阐述其主要影响因素;在此基...     

A model of the anisotropic swelling and shrinking process of wood. Part 1. Generalization of Barber's wood fiber model

Summary The anisotropic mechanism of wood swelling and shrinkage was investigated theoretically. The reinforced-matrix hypothesis offered by Barber and Meylan (1964) was reformulated by using a multi-layered wood fiber model, and the formula describing the dynamical behavior of swelling and shrinking wood fiber was derived. For modelling, the moisture content changes were taken into consideration as an explicit parameter. It is expected to predict the anisotropic swelling and shrinking process of wood dynamically and quantitatively, as well as to initiate elucidating the interaction between the moisture and cell wall components on the basis of the present model. Some concrete calculations will be demonstrated in the following report, and the results will be compared with the experimental ones. Received 2 September 1997     

Correlation between acoustic emission, water status and xylem embolism in pine wilt disease

The occurrence of cavitation events and embolism during the latent, early stage and the late developmental stages of pine wilt disease was monitored nondestructively by acoustic emission (AE) and high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy, respectively, and the results were compared with changes in leaf water potential and stem thickness. In the latent stage of the disease, when no embolisms were observed, cavitation events were detected by AE during the daytime in water-stressed Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) seedlings, indicating that cavitation occurred at the individual tracheid level. In the early stage of the disease, an increase in the frequency of AE events occurred coincidentally with the occurrence of patchy embolisms at the mass tracheid level. The threshold water potential for such mass cavitation was higher than that causing cavitation of individual tracheids during the latent stage of the disease. In the advanced stage of the disease, explosive AE events were observed coincidentally with drastic enlargement of embolized areas and decreases in water potential. The AE events in the latent stage occurred only during the daytime, whereas, in the early and advanced stages of the disease, they also occurred at night. The explosive occurrence of cavitation in the advanced stage was thought to be a case of "runaway embolism."     

马尾松材改性作木模材的研究

采用充胀法以ＰＣ树脂浸渍处理马尾松材，可使其吸水率由３３％降为３．３％，体积膨胀率由３．９３％降至０．２％，大大提高其尺寸稳定性，并具有较好的胶合和加工住能，可代替传统木模材作２—３级木模使用．经有关生产单位投入实际应用，具有较好的使用性能和经济效益，为马尾松材的改性利用，找到了一条新的途径１．     

Isoprene emission, photosynthesis, and growth in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) seedlings exposed to short- and long-term drying cycles

Isoprene emissions were studied in one-year old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings during nine drying-rewatering cycles extending over five months. Each drying cycle lasted to the point of leaf wilting. Growth was essentially stopped in response to the first drying cycle, though seedling survival and capacity to recover turgor on rewatering remained high throughout the entire nine cycles. Photosynthetic rates of leaves were inhibited by the drying treatments. Under severe drought, isoprene emission rates of leaves were also inhibited, though isoprene emission was generally less sensitive to drought than photosynthesis. The lower drought sensitivity of isoprene emission compared with photosynthesis resulted in a higher percentage of fixed carbon lost as isoprene as seedlings became more stressed. During the recovery phase of the drying-rewatering cycles, isoprene emission rates in several seedlings were higher than in well-watered control seedlings. Following the ninth drying-rewatering cycle, sustained daily watering resulted in recovery of isoprene emission rates to control values within four days. Photosynthetic rates only recovered to 50% of control values after seven days. We conclude that the mechanisms regulating photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission rate are differentially influenced by limited water supplies. The results are consistent with past studies that predict a protective role for isoprene emission during stress, particularly protection from excessive leaf temperatures during drought.     

DS-1、DS-2水性环保木材漆的研制与应用

２１世纪被称为面向环境的新世纪，环境保护倍受全球关注，并已成为人类最迫切的研究课题。涂料工业也是向着无毒、无味、无污染，无损害人体健康绿色产品发展。在环境法规严格的欧美各国，汽车涂装较早地开始了低ＶＯＣ（挥发性有机化合物）的涂料水性化，而后日本也开始了对涂料的水性化，粉末化技术进行研究和开发。 欧美等国家已颁布了日益严格的有机溶剂排放法规，如德国的ＴＡ－Ｌｕｆｔ，欧洲共同体的ＣＥＰＥ推荐标准和美国的ＶＯＣ法规，为适应这些法规的要求，高固体分涂料，无溶剂涂料，和水性涂料取得了重要发展。 近年来，我国…     

天山中部林区主要树种理化性质及燃烧性分析

对天山中部林区9种主要树种的含水率、热值、灰分及抽提物进行测定,利用多元统计方法和可燃性指数综合评价体系,对天山中部主要树种的变化特征进行综合评价.树种燃烧性大小依次为:方枝柏＞天山云杉＞黑果小檗＞山楂＞忍冬＞欧洲山杨＞山柳＞天山花楸＞宽刺蔷薇.这些研究可为新疆天山森林林火发生预报、林火行为预报、灭火指挥、营林用火、生物防火等方面提供重要依据.     

人工林的发展和人工林材性与培育及利用关系学

本文概述了我国人工林的发展概况;提出了人工林材性与培育及利用关系学这一新概念;系统地阐述了人工林材性与培育及利用关系学的理论基础、研究内容和思路,以及今后的展望。     

Monitoring of xylem embolism and dysfunction by the acoustic emission technique in Pinus thunbergii inoculated with the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Xylem dysfunction progresses rapidly in Pinus thunbergii infected with pine wilt disease. The present report deals with the timing and process of the extensive dehydration of tracheids by embolism and the subsequent desiccation of the xylem with disease development. An ultrasonic acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to detect embolisms in the xylem of pine trunks. In most of the P. thunbergii saplings inoculated with the pathogen Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the AE frequency suddenly increased in the second week after inoculation. The high-frequency AE continued for about 3 days and into the nights. Harvesting of specimens at this time revealed that white air-filled patches, representing the dehydrated and dysfunctional areas, had just emerged in the sapwood. The AE events in the night must be due to something other than embolisms in healthy trees. Frequent embolism of tracheids, which was suggested by the elevation of the AE frequency, might occur due to the decrease in the tensile strength of xylem sap. This hypothesis is supported by previously reported data. Host cells that had reacted to infection with B. xylophilus produce and release chemicals which can lower the surface tension of xylem sap. During the second increase of AEs, most of which occurred in the third week, xylem desiccation and needle yellowing progressed. Needle fading then became distinct, and the tree was close to death when the AE frequency dropped during the fourth week. By monitoring the AE, the first physiological abnormality that took place very early after infection was detected.     

Effects of grain angle on the amplitudes of acoustic emission and surface roughness in wood machining

The orientation of wood fibers and the resulting surface roughness of radiata pine are studied during a peripheral milling with acoustic emission control. Studies were undertaken in machining process for radiata pine, where a surface quality problem appears when cutting is not well controlled. It is known that acoustic emission signals are a good monitoring element of the surface roughness with different cutting conditions. Previous studies have shown that changing cutting conditions affects acoustic emission signals; these variations are related to surface roughness and chip formation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and quantify the surface quality and the consumption of cutting energy in radiata pine with differing grain angles, and to determine the relationships of grain angle with acoustic emission signals in order to better optimize cutting conditions.     

DSC法研究苯基异氰酸酯与木素、纤维素、木粉的反应特性

用差式扫描量热法(DSC)对苯基异氰酸酯与木素、纤维素、木粉的反应进行探究.在不同升温速率下,试验对比苯基异氰酸酯分别与木素、木粉在绝干含水率和平衡含水率(木素为3%,木粉为5%)条件下的反应特征;同时研究木素存在下苯基异氰酸酯与纤维素的反应特性.基于对DSC图的讨论分析和Ozawa方程,求解苯基异氰酸酯分别与木素、木粉反应的活化能,初步揭示异氰酸酯分别与木素、纤维素、木材的胶接反应特性.研究表明:苯基异氰酸酯与木素反应温度和活化能相对于苯基异氰酸酯与木粉反应的温度和活化能要低;木素与纤维素混合时,异氰酸酯主要与木素反应,当纤维素的含量较大时,纤维素与异氰酸酯反应程度加大;当木材含水率为5%时,水分导致含水木材与异氰酸酯反应活化能降低了34%.     

Cylindrocladium spp. associated with various diseases of Eucalyptus in Kerala1

During an extensive survey of nurseries and plantations spread throughout the state, six species of Cylindrocladium were found to be associated with various diseases of Eucalyptus spp. C. quinque-septatum was the dominant species followed by C. ilicicola, C. floridanum, C. parvum, C. curvatum and C. scoparium. C. quinqueseptatum was isolated from the specimens collected throughout Kerala irrespective of host species or geographical location. However, other species had discernible spatial distribution with a narrow host range. C. floridanum and its perfect stage, Calonectria floridana, and C. curvatum are reported for the first time on Eucalyptus in India.     

阻燃剂WFRJ1改性木材的体积稳定性和涂饰性能

用阻燃剂ＷＦＲＪ１处理大青杨木材并对处理材的阻燃性能、涂饰性能和体积稳定性进行测定。结果表明：ＷＦＲＪ１可用于木制品的阻燃处理。当ＷＦＲＪ１浓度为１０％时,氧指数可达到５０％以上,与水溶性ＲＦ树脂复配,可大幅度提高处理材的抗胀缩率和阻湿率,增加体积稳定性。经ＷＦＲＪ１处理后杨木单板的涂饰性能未受影响。