超声波协同微波提取黑米原花青素的工艺研究

【目的】优化原花青素提取的工艺条件,为其在黑米原花青素提取工艺方面提供参考依据。【方法】采用超声波协同微波技术提取,以黑米原花青素提取率为参考指标,并分别考察了溶剂百分数、料液比、提取温度、超声时间、微波功率等5个方面加以讨论、验证,并利用单因素试验分别验证各因素的显著性。【结果】黑米原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件为丙酮体积分数82%、超声时间54min、微波功率480W,在此种情况下,黑米原花青素的提取率达到2.411%。【结论】黑米原花青素对提取溶剂、溶剂百分数、料液比、超声时间、微波功率等方面显著性不同,其中溶剂百分数、超声时间、微波功率对黑米原花青素的提取率影响较大。     

苹果渣多酚提取工艺的优化

为优化苹果渣中多酚提取工艺,并得到提取工艺和多酚组成之间的关系,利用微波辅助提取法设计了由物料颗粒、液料比、乙醇浓度、微波功率和微波提取时间5个因素构成的多酚提取优化试验流程,构建了涵盖黄酮、原花青素2种典型多酚物质和抗氧化能力的提取工艺评价指标体系。采用证据理论对不同工艺在评价指标下的焦元进行识别,并基于信度函数和似真函数得到了不同提取工艺的效用区间和优化方案。优化结果为：物料颗粒60目,液料比30?mL/g,乙醇体积分数60%,微波功率600?W,提取时间70?s,此条件下苹果渣多酚的提取量为213.83?mg/100g,黄酮提取量为83.21?mg/100g,原花青素提取量为52.79?mg/100g,抗氧化的EC50值为3.71?mg/100mL,验证了采用证据理论进行苹果渣多酚提取工艺优化的有效性。     

交替双频逆流超声辅助提取条斑紫菜蛋白和多糖

为了高值化利用条斑紫菜资源,该文采用交替双频逆流超声辅助提取技术生产条斑紫菜蛋白和多糖混合产品。研究了复合双频和交替双频2种超声模式对条斑紫菜蛋白和多糖提取效果的影响,采用中心组合设计响应面优化试验进行工艺优化。结果显示,交替双频超声模式显著优于复合双频超声模式。料液比、提取时间和温度均对提取效果影响显著。确定的交替双频逆流超声辅助提取的最优条件为:料液比14mg/mL、时间88min、温度41℃、pH值9.0、15和20kHz交替双频超声、超声交替工作时间3s、超声功率200W/L。在此最优条件下,条斑紫菜蛋白和多糖混合产品的生产能力最高,单位质量原料生产出的产品得率为(48.180.08)%,其中蛋白得率为(24.350.07)%,纯度为(45.610.33)%,多糖得率为(23.830.02)%,纯度为(44.640.37)%,比传统提取方法,得率提高了168%,时间缩短了64%;比单频逆流超声辅助提取方法,得率提高了50%,时间缩短了18%。从生产成本分析,交替双频逆流超声辅助提取方法具有明显技术优势和工业推广价值。     

超声波辅助盐析提取猪小肠中肝素的工艺

为研究超声波处理对肝素提取效果的影响,并找出最佳的处理技术参数。采用商业屠宰猪的小肠,用超声波辅助盐析法提取肝素,在超声功率、超声时间、超声温度和液料比4个单因素试验的基础上,采用四因素二次正交旋转组合设计来优化工艺参数。试验结果表明,在超声功率300 W,超声温度40℃,超声时间40 min,液料比为15 mL/mg条件下肝素得率最高,达到0.0184%,比盐析法的得率提高了10%以上,节省提取时间2 h左右。试验结果表明,超声波技术在肝素提取工艺中具有较高的应用价值,可作为一种新型工艺技术进行推广。     

超声波辅助酶法提取甘薯渣膳食纤维的研究

为了高效提取薯渣膳食纤维,本文以甘薯渣为原料,采用超声波技术辅助酶法提取甘薯膳食纤维,探讨料水比、超声功率、超声时间、酶用量和酶解温度对甘薯膳食纤维得率和可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响,并采取正交法对提取工艺进行优化。确定甘薯渣膳食纤维的提取条件为:料液比1∶50,超声功率400W,超声时间10min,纤维素酶用量3μL·g-1,酶解温度65℃;该工艺条件下膳食纤维得率为39.17%,可溶性膳食纤维含量高达13.49%。本研究为甘薯的精深加工提供了理论依据,并为进一步研究甘薯膳食纤维的构效关系奠定了基础。     

萝卜缨叶绿素超声辅助提取工艺优化

为优化超声波辅助提取萝卜缨叶绿素的工艺条件,在单因素试验的基础上,以提取温度、超声波功率、液料比、提取时间为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken试验设计进行了工艺参数优化。结果表明,各因素对萝卜缨叶绿素得率的影响由大到小依次为：液料比、提取温度、超声波功率、提取时间;其较佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度73℃、超声波功率 175 W、液料比13 mL/g、提取时间为46 min。在此条件下,萝卜缨叶绿素的平均得率为0.413%,回归得出的模型预测效果较好。试验结果可为萝卜缨叶绿素的提取提供技术参考。     

超声波辅助高氯酸法提取牛肝中左旋肉碱工艺优化

为探索超声波处理对左旋肉碱提取效果的影响,找出最佳的处理技术参数,以牛肝脏为原料,用超声波辅助酸提法提取左旋肉碱,在超声功率、超声时间和料液比3个单因素试验的基础上,采用二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计对左旋肉碱超声波辅助提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,试验中所选参试因子对左旋肉碱提取得率的影响大小顺序为超声波功率、料液比、超声时间。最优工艺条件为:原料用量为100g,在超声功率437W,超声时间15min,料液比1∶5g/mL时,左旋肉碱提取得率达38.37mg/kg。该研究表明超声波技术在左旋肉碱提取工艺中具有较高的应用价值和指导作用。     

超声辅助双水相集成提取芒果核多酚工艺优化（英）

为了获得超声辅助双水相集成提取芒果核多酚的最佳条件,该文提出一种超声提取与丙醇-硫酸铵双水相分离体系集成提取芒果核多酚的新方法,利用5水平4因素的星点设计响应面方法研究提取条件对芒果核总多酚提取率的影响。当超声功率为400W、初始温度为45℃,获得的最佳条件是59.7%丙醇浓度,23.4%硫酸铵用量,27.3min超声提取时间和23.0mL/g的液固比,在该条件下,芒果核多酚提取率为6.67%,试验值与最佳预测值(6.82%)相符,超声辅助双水相集成法获得的提取物多酚含量高于常规超声提取法。试验结果说明利用超声辅助双水相集成的方法改善多酚提取是可行性。该研究可为芒果核的利用和植物多酚的提取技术提供参考。     

黑莓原花青素超声波辅助提取优化及抗氧化性研究

论文采用响应曲面法研究了超声波辅助提取时温度、时间、料液比、超声波功率及其交互作用对黑莓原花青素提取效果的影响,同时研究了黑莓原花青素对二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH)、·OH及·O2-的清除效果.用SAS软件确定了黑莓原花青素超声波提取的工艺参数为:提取温度为70.9℃,料液比为1∶9.14,时间为30.5 min,超声波功率为526.9 W.黑莓原花青素对DPPH、·O2-及·OH 3种自由基具有显著的清除效果,且明显优于茶多酚,当浓度为3.0 μg/mL时,对DPPH、·O2-及·OH 3种自由基的最大清除率分别可达到82.54%、79.90%和65.90%,且黑莓原花青素对3种自由基的清除效果与其浓度之间存在明显的量效关系.     

条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取

该文探讨条斑紫菜藻红蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取方法，优化得到的最佳工艺参数为：超声脉冲的工作时间2 s，间隙时间3 s，超声功率800 W，提取时间60 min，提取温度20℃，料液比30 mg/mL，料液循环泵转速5 r/s。在最优工艺参数下，藻红蛋白的得率为3.249%、纯度(OD₅₆₁/OD₂₈₀)为0.365。与传统提取方法相比，该方法提取时间大大缩短。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.