甜菜单粒型雄性不育杂交种新甜九号的选育

新甜九号系以自育单粒雄性不育系石单ｍ２０２Ａ为母本，多粒二倍体自交系Ｚ—２为父本配制的甜菜单粒型二倍体雄性不育杂交种，经小区试验、区域化试验和生产试验，结果表明，该品种具有丰产性好，含糖率高、抗（耐）甜菜褐斑病、白粉病及丛根病等特点，属标准偏丰产类型的甜菜新品种。     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种新甜（单）8号的选育

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种──新甜（单）８号系以二倍体遗传单粒雄性不育系ＴＤＭ１０２为母本，以多粒四倍体品系Ｔ４１２和多粒二倍体品系Ｔ２１７的４：１机混群体为父本，按母父本３：１自然杂交，母系收获利用。该品种在新疆甜菜品种区域试验中（１９９１～１９９３年），１８，点次根产量平均超过对照新甜６号１１．４９％，含糖率超过对照０．５８度；生产示范中（１９９２～１９９３年）８点次平均根产超过对照１５．２６％，含糖率超过对照０．７７度。该品种抗褐斑病，适于机械精量点播和应用纸筒育苗技术，适宜在新疆全区种植。     

高糖抗病稳产甜菜新品种甜研七号的选育

甜研七号系采用选择育种法育成的标准偏高糖型多粒二倍体新品种。１９９１～１９９４年经黑龙江省第丸届甜菜品种区域试验和生产示范试验鉴定，表现抗褐斑病、耐根腐病、根产量稳定，含糖率和产糖士两个目标性状同时接近成达到高糖型和丰产型甜菜新品种标准，明显优于统一对照（甜研３０１）品种和当地推广品种。     

水稻偏籼型广亲和恢复系T2070的选育

通过人工杂交 ,将广亲和基因和胞质雄性不育恢复基因重组 ,选育出偏籼型广亲和强恢复系 T2 0 70。经与籼型三系不育系配组鉴定 ,其组合表现为杂种优势强、穗大粒多、耐肥抗倒、丰产性好。配制的 优 2 0 70组合已于 1 999年 3月通过浙江省品种审定。     

甜菜丰产优势新品种新甜七号的选育与推广

新甜七号以自育多粒二倍体雄性不育系石Ｍ２０１Ａ为母本，多粒二倍体自交系Ｚ－２为父本配制的二倍体雄不育杂交种。经所内品比试验，自治区品种区域化试验和大面积引种示范推广，表现出具有良好的丰产，高糖特性，其块根产量，含糖率稳定，工艺早熟     

甜菜新品种甘糖七号高产栽培技木

甜菜新品种甘糖七号是由武威三农种业科技有限公司选育的,其母本为二倍体多粒雄性不育系MS2007—2A,父本为二倍体多粒授粉系P2007抗,母、父本按3：1比例配制而成二倍体多粒雄性不育杂交种。2009-2011年参加甘肃甜菜品种区域试验及生产试验,其表现为优质、高产、抗病等优点,达到甘肃省甜菜新品种标准。2012年1月在兰州召开的甘肃省农作物品种审定委员会第27次会议审（认）定通过,认定编号：甘认甜菜2012003。     

甜菜二倍体雄性不育系杂交种合育201的选育

合育２０１系利用杂种优势育成的二倍体多粒型雄性不育杂交种，其母本为雄性不育系工农Ｍ２０３Ａ，父本为二倍体自文系ＧＷ２６７－１８－１－５。合育２０１属标准型甜菜品种，１９９２年生产示范结果，平均校对照品种块根增产２９．４％，含糖率提高１．４４％，产糖量提高４１．８％。该品种有较强的杂种优势，生长势强，适于丘陵、山区种植。     

甜菜丰产优质新品种新甜七号的选育与推广

新甜七号以自育多粒二倍体雄性不育系石M201A为母本 ,多粒二倍体自交系Z -2为父本配制的二倍体雄不育杂交种。经所内品比试验、自治区品种区域化试验和大面积引种示范推广 ,表现出具有良好的丰产、高糖特性 ,其块根产量、含糖率稳定 ,工艺早熟     

斯卑尔脱（T.spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（Lmacha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复和几个重要性状的影响

为了明确斯卑尔脱（T．spelta）小麦和莫迦小麦（T．macha）1BS染色体对K型小麦不育系育性恢复等的影响,利用1B／1R小麦K型不育系K3314A、YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系YS3314和YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系YM3314进行秋播、春播试验,考察3种类型不育系育性对温度的反应,并分别与普通小麦品种（系）90（13）21、L783、温6、陕354和邯6172杂交,测定和比较其F1的恢复性、单倍体发生频率和几个重要农艺性状。结果表明,Y$3314和YM3314秋播完全雄性不育,春播则自交结实,K3314秋播、春播皆雄性不育,说明T．spelta和T．macha的1BS染色体导入使K3314A获得温敏特性。YM型小麦温敏雄性不育系比YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系和1B／1R类型不育系更易恢复;YS型小麦温敏雄性不育系其杂交F1产生极少或不产生单倍体,且在单株有效穗数和有效小穗数等性状上具有明显的优势,YM型小麦温敏不育系则在穗粒数上具有明显的优势。     

甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种九甜单一号的选育

九甜单一号系采用单粒二倍体雄不育系九三ＭＳＡ－１为母本，多粒四倍体授粉系ＧＷ６５－３为父本配制而成的遗传单位型多倍体杂交种。经生产试验鉴定，其稚产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１６．５％、０．６８度、２１．４５％。该品种丰产性突出、含糖率稳定、抗病性强，适宜大面积机械化精量点播和纸筒有苗移栽，属丰产型甜菜品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.