近52年来磴口地区气候变化分析

本文分析了磴口52年(1954-2005)逐月平均气温和降水量。结果表明:年平均气温逐年代递增,低温年发生在50至70年代,暖温年发生在80年代后,体现为"前凉后暖"的特点;年平均气温及各季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,增长幅度依次为冬季>全年>春季>秋季>夏季。降水量年代际变化比较明显,60年代与90年代降水明显偏多,其它年代偏少,而且70年代是降水偏少的转折时期。年际间降水变化趋势不明显,丰水年与枯水年分别为36.5%和27.0%。降水的年际变幅夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最小。降水主要集中在夏季,而且年降水的波动形态与夏季基本一致。     

1961-2009年辽宁省气温、降水变化特征及突变分析

利用辽宁省28个均一化气象站点1961-2009年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及降水量资料,采用趋势分析和Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了辽宁省近49年的气温和降水变化特征及突变特征。结果表明:辽宁省年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈升高趋势,升温速率分别为0.32℃/10a、0.26℃/10a和0.46℃/10a,年平均最低气温的升温最为显著,增温速率是年平均最高气温增温速率的1倍多。四个季节的升温速率冬季最大,春季次之,秋季略低于春季,夏季最不明显。年平均气温1989年发生了突变,年平均最高气温1992年发生了突变,年平均最低气温1985年发生了突变。年降水量整体上有减少的趋势,但变化并不显著。四季降水量呈冬春季增加、夏秋季减少的趋势。年降水量发生了三次突变,1967年由偏多转为偏少,1983年降水量开始大幅度增加,1996再次由多变少。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地与周边地区降水及风沙环境对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站和周边北缘、南缘、东缘3个气象观测站2000-2014年的气象观测资料,分析沙漠腹地降水和风沙环境特征并与同期周边地区作对比分析。结果表明:沙漠腹地逐年平均降水量为26.0mm,整体年平均降水量比周边偏少了37.3%,夏季降水最多,为全年的69.3%,冬季最少,仅为全年的3.4%,各季节平均降水量均小于周边平均值,月降水比周边偏少51.9%;通过变差系数说明沙漠腹地夏季降水量和水汽压比周边地区更稳定;沙漠腹地主要以NNE、NE、ENE和E四个方向风为主,风向更集中;沙漠腹地平均风速为2.10m/s,比周边各站都偏大,和周边各站的风速分布呈现了较好的一致性;沙漠腹地大风日数和年沙尘暴日数较稳定,轮台地区大风日数年际波动最大,且末年沙尘暴发生日数变化最显著。     

我国西北近50年春季沙尘暴活动的变化与气候因子相关性研究

本文根据我国西北不同地区近50年来气象观测资料,研究了该区沙尘暴活动特点及其与气候变化的关系。结果表明:近五十年来我国西北沙尘暴发生总体呈波动减小趋势,这主要与新疆和内蒙古等沙源区向暖湿方向发展有关,而1999—2002年沙尘暴活动增强的主要原因是降水减少和气温升高。气候要素中的降水量变化与沙尘暴的发生有着极其密切的关系,二者呈明显的负相关;气温的高低也与沙尘暴的发生呈负相关,但没有与降水量的关系明显。在沙尘暴多发的60—70年代,沙尘暴日数减少与春季降水量的增加关系密切;而在80—90年代,冬干气候对沙尘暴日数增加作用明显。在沙尘暴多发的60—70年代,拉尼娜年对沙尘暴日数有明显的减少作用;相反,在沙尘暴较少的80—90年代,厄尔尼诺年对沙尘暴日数有明显的增加作用。     

对1958-2000年山西沙尘天气的分析

本文分析了山西省1958—2000年16个气象监测站记录的沙尘天气资料,分析表明:山西沙尘天气主要发生在西北地区,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘发生频率的最大值分别为:5.3天/年、27.6天/年和23.8天/年。近43年山西省沙尘天气呈减少趋势,1966年是山西沙尘天气最多的一年,16个站累计有94天沙尘暴天气、448天扬沙天气、626天浮尘天气。春季为沙尘天气的频发期,沙尘暴占到77.6%,扬沙占到61.5%,浮尘占到59.5%;4月是沙尘天气发生最多的月份,沙尘暴占到44%,扬沙占到26.6%,浮尘占到25.4%。对沙尘暴的分析还发现,在1958-2000只有五寨记录到4次特强沙尘暴,强沙尘暴也呈减少的趋势,1966年最多,1989-2000年没有强沙尘暴出现的记录。沙尘暴大多发生在13点至20点之间,占沙尘暴发生总次数的69.1%。     

新疆阿克苏河流域近40年来气温和降水变化

利用阿克苏河流域5个站1961-2000年的气温和降水资料,对近40年阿克苏河流域气候变化及趋势进行分析.结果表明:①阿克苏河流域近40年来气温逐渐上升,年平均气温的倾向率为0.2 ℃/10 a.②阿克苏河流域年降水量以10.8 mm/10 a趋势上升.③对降水量、气温进行相关分析,发现降水与年平均气温呈负相关.年平均气温与四季的相关性均比较显著,都通过了显著性水平检验.年降水与冬季降水的相关性不显著,春、夏、秋三季的降水与年降水均呈正相关,且通过了a=0.01显著性水平检验. ④年平均气温在1993年发生了由低向高的突变,降水在1987年发生由低向高的突变.     

近40年呼和浩特沙尘天气气候特征研究

利用呼和浩特地区近40年(1971~2010年)沙尘日数、气候因子等资料,采用相关分析等方法讨论了呼和浩特春季沙尘日数与气候因子、大气-海洋环流因子之间的关系。结果表明:风速、气温、降水量是影响呼和浩特春季沙尘天气的主要气候因子。风速偏大,气温偏低,降水量偏少的时期,呼和浩特春季沙尘天气偏多。北半球极涡面积扩大,强度增强,且副高面积收缩、强度减弱时,呼和浩特地区沙尘天气增多,反之,北半球极涡势力较弱,而副高势力较强时,呼和浩特地区沙尘天气减少。赤道东太平洋海温异常偏低时,呼和浩特沙尘天气增多;相反,赤道东太平洋海温异常偏高时,呼和浩特沙尘天气减少。前冬季的风速、气温对春季沙尘天气具有一定的预报意义。     

1958～2000年黄土高原沙尘天气基本特征分析

分析了黄土高原1958～2000年57个气象监测站记录的沙尘天气资料,分析显示:(1)黄土高原沙尘天气主要发生在西部地区,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘发生频率的最大值分别为19.2天/年、86.1天/年和45.7天/年;(2)春季为沙尘天气的频发期,62.7%沙尘暴、53.5%扬沙和56.3%浮尘发生在春季,4月是沙尘天气发生最多的月份,29.8%沙尘暴21.3%扬沙22.8%浮尘发生在4月;(3)近43年黄土高原沙尘天气呈减少趋势,1958年是沙尘暴天气最多的一年,1966年是扬沙和浮尘天气最多的一年;(4)强沙尘暴也呈减少的趋势,1966年是强沙尘暴最多的一年;(5)黄土高原57个站43年间只有23条特强沙尘暴记录,其中11条在宁夏;(6)沙尘暴大多开始于10时至17时之间约占71%;(7)持续时间大于t的沙尘暴次数N满足:lg(N)=a-bt,b值为0.1662 hr-1。     

环北京沙尘暴沙尘源区的地表特征分析

利用多年环北京地区280个站的气象观测资料和卫星遥感资料,分析了环北京沙尘暴沙尘源区的地表特征。结果表明环北京地区干土层和植被指数的分布与沙尘暴易发生路径有较好的对应关系;春季干土层厚、植被覆盖差,夏秋好,这是造成春秋冷空气活动同样频繁,而沙尘暴主要发生在春季,秋季少的主要原因;干土层、植被覆盖有明显的年变化,沙尘暴发生的次数与前者成正比,与后者成反比;华北北部沙漠面积近几年逆转率增加,有利于沙尘暴减少。     

Analysis on the Change Trend of Temperature and Precipitation in Xi＇an during the Period of 1961-2009

利用西安市1961-2009年的月平均气温与降水资料,对西安市气候特征及动态变化进行分析。结果显示：年平均气温及春、秋、冬季气温呈上升趋势,增温率分别为0.3℃/10 a,0.54℃/10 a,0.23℃/10 a和0.42℃/10 a,春、冬季升温明显。1月平均气温总趋势上升,升温率为0.23℃/10 a,20世纪80年代开始7月升温明显。年降水量有减少倾向,春、秋季降水明显减少,其中春季减少率为-14.8 mm/10 a,而夏季降水明显增加,增长率为21.8 mm/10 a,冬季降水小幅度增加。80年代及2001-2009年汛期年均降水较多。春、夏、秋季气温与降水有较好的相关性,而全年及冬季气温与降水相关规律不明显。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.