新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP36的表达蛋白OMP2b基因的克隆与表达

以表达新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜抗原蛋白OMP36的表达蛋白OMP2b,探索其作为诊断抗原和分子疫苗的可能性。采用PCR扩增技术,从新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌基因组DNA中扩增出OMP2b基因片段,将该片段克隆于原核表达载体PE-28a(+),构建成重组质粒,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE检测有无蛋白的表达。结果表明,获得长约1 083bp的PCR片段,序列分析结果与已知绵羊种OMP2b同源性达89.72%;SDS-PAGE检测表达产物,在相对分子量39 ku获得了新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP36的表达蛋白OMP2b基因片段,并在大肠杆菌中实现了表达。     

新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白omp2b基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已报道的绵羊种布鲁氏茵外膜蛋白基因omp2b的核酸序列设计引物，从新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌基因组中扩增到了omp2b基因。将该片段克隆到PBS—T载体上，并对所得到的重组质粒进行酶切分析、PCR鉴定，证明所得到的片段为阳性重组子。与报道的绵羊种布鲁氏菌omp2b序列有89．72％的同源性，并在N端存在高度保守区。至此得到omp2b基因的全长克隆，通过对所克隆的基因和其他布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白omp2b的进化树分析，发现其和牛种布鲁氏茵的亲缘关系最近，同源性较高。     

布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP15.6表达及免疫反应原性测定

表达羊布鲁氏菌16M预测外膜蛋白OMP15.6,探索其作为诊断抗原的可能性。采用降落PCR方法,从羊布鲁氏菌16M基因组DNA中扩增出423bp的基因片段,将该片段克隆于原核表达载体PGEX-4T-2,构建重组表达载体。经IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE检测,结果表明,在大肠杆菌中成功表达了外膜蛋白OMP15.6。经West-ern-blotting检测,该蛋白能与豚鼠抗布鲁氏菌阳性血清发生特异性免疫反应,为其之后的抗原性以及免疫原性研究奠定了良好的基础。     

布鲁氏菌omp28基因的克隆、表达及反应原性分析

本研究克隆了羊种布鲁氏菌16M株、羊种布鲁氏菌M28株、犬种布鲁氏菌、绵羊附睾种布鲁氏菌、牛种布鲁氏菌A19株、猪种布鲁氏菌S2株的omp28基因并对以上不同种菌株的omp28基因序列及编码的氨基酸序列进行了比对,结果显示不同种布鲁氏菌omp28基因之间仅6个碱基不同,而且只有2个氨基酸不同,亲水性分析结果显示两处氨基酸的差异对蛋白亲水性不造成影响.将羊种布鲁氏菌16M的omp28基因亚克隆到pET32a中表达,OMP28在低温下诱导以可溶性形式高效表达.Westem-blot结果显示OMP28反应原性良好,是布鲁氏菌病诊断抗原的可能选择.     

流产布鲁氏菌omp25基因的克隆与原核表达

用设计的1对特异性引物对流产布鲁氏菌2型CVCC70502株总DNA进行外膜蛋白基因omp25的PCR扩增，得到了1条完整的基因，大小为642bp；测序分析证明，它与国外报道的流产布鲁氏菌omp25基因的核苷酸序列完全一致。将该基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中，经酶切、PCR扩增和测序分析，表明重组表达载体构建成功。将此重组质粒转化至宿主菌BL21（DE3）中，用IPTG进行诱导。结果证实，该基因可以在大肠杆菌中表达，表达产物为分子质量约50ku的融合蛋白，与理论推测的蛋白分子质量一致；Western—blotting试验证明，表达蛋白OMP25可被流产布鲁氏菌阳性血清所识别。     

家畜布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP31的原核表达及其应用

利用PCR技术从布鲁氏菌S2疫苗株中扩增获得外膜蛋白(OMP)31基因,构建了原核表达质粒p GEX-6P-1-OMP31,并转入大肠杆菌BL21中,IPTG诱导表达,应用Western blot方法鉴定表达产物,并以纯化的OMP31重组蛋白为诊断用抗原,通过反应条件优化,初步建立布鲁氏菌抗体ELISA检测方法。以羊布鲁氏菌病普查检测血清120份为样本,与试管凝集试验进行比较分析。结果:成功构建了p GEX-6P-1-OMP31原核表达载体,并在BL21中得以诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析表明,重组蛋白分子质量约为52 ku,优化试验确定抗原的最佳包被浓度为3μg/m L,血清最佳稀释度为1∶20。试管凝集试验血清样本的阳性率为83%,采用OMP31作为包被抗原的阳性检出率为79%,二者的符合率为95%。研究表明,OMP31作为间接ELISA包被抗原用于羊布鲁氏菌病血清学检测具有良好的反应性和特异性。     

新疆地区绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP31基因的克隆与表达载体构建

目的,克隆新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白Omp31基因片段。方法,以新疆地区绵羊种布鲁氏菌(80/019)菌株的基因组DNA为模板,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术扩增基因片段,通过T4DNA连接酶将扩增基因片段连接于PBS-T克隆载体上,酶切鉴定、测序、分析。结果,通过PCR技术扩增的Omp31基因片段为723bp,该片段与国际标准菌株绵羊种核苷酸序列相比同源性达98.76﹪,与国际标准菌株犬种核苷酸序列相比同源性达99.86﹪,与国际标准菌株猪种、海洋种核苷酸序列完全相同。结论,获得的目的基因与文献报的基因序列基本一致,但有一定差异。其同源性很高,为进一步研究布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白的免疫特性及开发基因工程疫苗奠定了基础。     

布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白2b基因的克隆、原核表达及蛋白生物信息学分析

本试验旨在克隆布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白2b（Omp2b）基因并进行原核表达和蛋白的生物信息学分析。根据布鲁氏菌M5-90株外膜蛋白Omp2b基因序列设计引物,以布鲁氏菌基因组为模板,通过PCR技术扩增得到Omp2b基因片段,回收纯化后,将此片段连接入pMD20-T质粒,将该重组质粒转化E.coli DH5α感受态细胞,挑取阳性克隆菌提取质粒后,送公司测序。将该片段亚克隆入pET28a载体,构建pET28a-Omp2b表达载体,转化E.coli BL21（DE3）菌株,IPTG诱导其表达,用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析鉴定此蛋白。运用DNAMAN、BioEdit等各种工具软件对Omp2b基因编码的氨基酸序列进行分析。结果显示,成功克隆了Omp2b基因,其开放阅读框为1041 bp,编码347个氨基酸;构建了pET28a-Omp2b原核表达载体,并在E.coli BL21（DE3）中成功表达了Omp2b基因,表达蛋白约38 ku;Omp2b蛋白二级结构中α-螺旋、伸展链、β-折叠和无规卷曲分别占20.17%、26.22%、5.76%和47.84%。     

牛布鲁氏菌OMP25的原核表达及表达产物的免疫学特性

目的研究布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP25的克隆、测序和表达,并对其进行免疫特性检测。方法采用PCR技术对牛布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白OMP25基因进行了扩增和克隆测序,并成功构建了原核表达质粒pGEX-OMP25。将其转入E.coliBL21,经IPTG诱导表达,用电洗脱纯化后获得了高纯度的目的蛋白。纯化后的蛋白与弗氏佐剂乳化后免疫家兔得到了较高效价的抗血清。结论通过ELISA、Western-blotting分析及特异性检测试验,证明目的蛋白不仅具有抗原性且有良好的免疫反性。     

新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌OMP25基因的分子克隆及核苷酸序列的测定

根据GeneBank库上国际标准菌株绵羊种布鲁氏菌（63／290）的OMP25的基因序列设计引物，用聚合酶链式反应（PcR）技术从新疆绵羊种布鲁氏菌（80／019）基因组DNA中扩增出OMP25基因片段，TtDNA连接酶将其连接于PBS-T克隆载体质粒上，将重组质粒转化到受体菌DH10B中，蓝白斑筛选阳性菌落，结果成功克隆OMP25基因片段，进行核苷酸序列测定，测序结果分析表明：新疆绵羊菌株与国际标准菌株有明显差异。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -