南极磷虾桁杆拖网网型结构与作业性能之间的关系

桁杆拖网是南极磷虾连续泵吸桁杆拖网捕捞系统重要组成部分之一,为深入了解该系统中桁杆拖网的作业性能特征,促进网具作业性能优化,本研究通过模型试验开展了网型结构和沉子重量对网具作业性能影响的探索,网型结构包括6种(3种腹网宽度,每种宽度采用2种缝合方式),分别以A、B、C、AA、BB和CC表示,沉子重量3种。综合比较表明,不同试验网型作业性能优劣排序为BB>CC>C>A>B>AA,但差异不显著。缩小腹网宽度和斜目缝合均能有效提高网口垂直扩张、降低能耗系数,提高网具作业性能,尤其适用于较高拖速的作业场景。沉子重量与网具阻力、网口垂直扩张均呈显著正相关,但与能耗系数相关性不明显;为促进网口垂直扩张,合适的沉子重量配备随拖速增加而递增,拖速1.5 m/s的条件下,各试验网型其沉子配重应不低于3.05 t。试验条件下,各网型的网具阻力、能耗系数变化趋势较平稳,递变斜率变化较小,网具阻力与拖速呈幂函数关系,指数介于1.49～1.64。以上结论可为南极磷虾桁杆拖网属具配备以及优化设计提供参考。     

Development of a low-energy midwater trawl with different combinations of trawl nets and trawl doors through model experiments

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fisheries are of primary concern because of their effects on the environment. GHG emissions from fisheries are mainly related to their fuel consumption. Furthermore, the fuel consumption of fisheries also influences their economics. Therefore, many studies have been conducted to find ways of reducing fuel consumption in fishing operations that use fishing gear. The fuel consumption of fishing gear is generally related to its hydrodynamic resistance and the distance traveled. It mostly depends on the drag created, which is affected by towing speed. Based on model experiments, this study proposes new designs of trawl net and trawl doors to reduce fuel consumption in fisheries. The low-energy midwater trawl developed here can reduce the resistance force on the gear by 37.5%. It can also save 17% of the fuel consumption per voyage. Furthermore, this study investigates the efficiency of a low-energy trawl from an economic point of view. The findings of this study will be useful in reducing GHG emissions in fishing operations and thus contribute to a reduction in fishing costs through fuel savings.     

应用微电脑设计制作对拖网具试验报告

本文根据1992年5—12月及1993年1月进行的捕捞生产及渔获效果的对比试验资料,分析了应用微电脑设计的网具与用手工设计的同规格的原生产网具,在同级渔船、同一渔场进行的生产对比验证。结果表明,应用微电脑设计的网具比用手工设计的网具具有良好的渔获效果。     

Efficiency of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

The aim of the work presented in this paper was to assess the relative efficiency of the GOC 73 sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) compared with that of a typical Italian commercial trawl. The latter was chosen because it is commonly used by fishermen in the central Adriatic, where the experiment was conducted, and therefore appeared as the best possible sampler of the commercial species present in those areas. Moreover, this trawl is similar to the various trawls used for the Italian national survey programme (GRUND). Four fishing trips were conducted between 1996 and 1997 in different areas and seasons to sample different species. Each trip was conducted in the same fishing area. A codend cover mounted on the commercial trawl ensured that the codends of the two nets had the same mesh opening. The two trawls were alternated daily. Net geometry (horizontal and vertical net opening) was measured during all tows. Catch data were converted into abundance per swept area before comparing the trawls. Efficiency comparisons were performed on ten fish species, one crustacean and four molluscs belonging to the MEDITS list of main reference species. The MEDITS trawl was significantly less efficient in terms of both weight and numbers of individuals fished for hake (Merluccius merluccius), common sole (Solea vulgaris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). A highly significant difference in favour of the commercial trawl was found in the weight, but not the numbers, of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Efficiency differences were negligible for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), while the MEDITS trawl was significantly more efficient for the numbers of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). For all the other main reference species differences were not significant. The commercial trawl was more efficient for large individuals of some species. The relative efficiency of the MEDITS trawl was especially low for small-size classes of N. norvegicus. The results confirm the lower efficiency of the MEDITS compared with the commercial Italian trawl for benthic species, and its greater efficiency for some others released from the bottom as well as for the pelagic ones. These data allow the results of the MEDITS surveys to be compared with those of the GRUND programme and with commercial-fleet catches in areas where the commercial trawls used are similar to the one studied here.     

变水层拖网捕捞小型中上层鱼类的试验

报道了专门设计的用于捕劳中上层鱼类的变水层拖网在1997－1998年期间海上的试验结果。结果：该网的结构合理，网具性能优良，网口高度达25－30m，拖网阻力比原生产网减少14．3％，平均网次产量是原生产网的1．46倍。     

闽南渔场桁杆虾拖网作业渔获种类组成

2010年1～5月和8～11月在闽南海区桁杆虾拖网作业渔船上每月采样一次,分析样品9批,样品数量15833个,累计重量79．66kg。对渔获物进行种类鉴定、组成分析,结果表明：闽南渔场桁杆虾拖网作业渔获种类共有62种,其中鱼类35种、虾类17种、蟹类4种、头足类4种、口足类2种;渔获物以虾类为主,占总渔获重量的69．8...     

单船中层拖网网具操作参数变化的研究

以上海远洋渔业公司960.00m×226.28 m(107.80 m)中层拖网为母型网,按田内网渔具模型试验准则,进行水池模型试验.结果表明,在其他条件相同时,大型单船中层拖网的手纲和叉纲长度至少在240 m和130 m以内增长,有利于提高网口垂直扩张和降低能耗系数.当拖曳速度小于4.0 kn时,下手纲应比上手纲长2 m,当拖曳速度大于4.0 kn时,下手纲应比上手纲长4.0 m.对于多个燕尾的网具,连接上、下纲的2根叉纲应比中间的叉纲长2～3 m.在不影响操作的条件下,浮、沉力配备越大,越有利于提高网具性能.     

Escapement from the main body of the bottom trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey (MEDITS)

Escapement through the body or under the footrope of the sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) was assessed i) by means of visual observations performed with a towed operating vehicle equipped with a high-sensitivity video camera, and ii) by attaching small bags to the outside of the trawl body and under the footrope. Due to the small size of most of the individuals present in the study area and to the towing speed, fish behaviour in front of the trawl could not be frequently observed. In contrast, their behaviour was easily observed inside the net, especially upstream and inside the codend. Some species, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.), showed greater swimming endurance compared with others such as annular seabream (Diplodus annularis). In three fishing trips conducted in different seasons in 1996 and 1997 to obtain data on several species in different areas of the Adriatic, six small net bags were mounted outside the body of the MEDITS trawl to quantify escapement through the trawl belly and under the footrope. Significant escapement of many species occurred in the near-bottom part of the side panels. Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) had the highest rate (64 %), mainly represented by small-size individuals. The escapement of greater forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) was also high (53 %). For hake (Merluccius merluccius), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) and poor cod (Trisopterus minutus capelanus), rates ranged from 10 to 16 %. The escapement of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was very low despite their great abundance. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) escaped mainly through the mid-height part of the side panel. This great variability of escapement values could affect the proportion rates of the species sampled during a standard survey. Different escape behaviours among size classes were observed for M. poutassou, T. minutus capelanus and P. erythrinus, with smaller individuals tending to escape towards the bottom and larger ones towards the higher parts of the trawl body. In the species where the escape rate was size-dependent, therefore, the size-frequency distributions obtained from the codend catch may not reflect actual size-frequency distributions.     

黄河口海域弓子网渔获物组成及其季节变化

2007年5和7月,利用弓子网开展了东营黄河口海域底层渔业资源调查,分析了该海域底层渔业资源结构,分别计算了春、夏两季渔业生物群落的种类丰度指数（R）、Shannon—Wiener多样性指数（HJ）、均匀度指数（J＇）和生物量指数（b）。春、夏季平均网获量分别为0．927和2．12kg／h。R、H’和J’指数分别为12．08、2．277、0．64和10．91、2．743、0．76。分析结果表明,夏季底层生物资源较春季丰富,渔业生物群落的多样性指数也较春季高。优势种为纵肋织纹螺、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼和口虾蛄等。     

Size selection by diamond- and square-mesh codends in multi-species Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries

Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries traditionally operate using small diamond-shape meshes in the codend, which tend to retain almost all animals. We investigated the effect of mesh configuration on the size selectivity of nine species (the scaldfish Arnoglossus laterna, the broad-tail shortfin squid Illex coindettii, the European hake Merluccius merluccius, the red mullet Mullus barbatus, the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus, the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus, the deepwater rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris, the Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus and the poor-cod Trisopterus minutus capelanus) commonly captured in the Mediterranean demersal trawls. Two codends having meshes with the same opening (ca. 38 mm) but different mesh configuration (DM38: diamond-mesh and SM38: square-mesh configuration) were fished daily and alternately on the same trawl. They demonstrated a substantial improvement in selectivity with square-mesh. Selectivity was measured using the covered codend technique, the cover being supported by circular hoops.The results were analysed taking into account the between-haul variation in selectivity. Two other important external variables were identified: the trawling depth and the codend catch, which for some species influenced between-haul variation, but there was no evidence of a coherent effect on selectivity parameters.The selectivity of 40 mm diamond-mesh codend has been reported to be rather poor because a large proportion of the codend catch is immature and smaller than the minimum landing size (MLS) or first maturity size. With the exception of the flatfish (A. laterna), the effect of a change of mesh configuration from diamond- to square-mesh on size selectivity positively affected the retention length at 50% (L₅₀). However, square-meshes were found to be unsuitable for flat and/or deep-bodied fish as these escape more readily from diamond-meshes.The Council Regulation (EC) No. 1967/2006, concerning management measures for the sustainable exploitation of fishery resources in the Mediterranean, establishes the MLS of marine organisms. However, the increase in L₅₀ with square-mesh would not avoid some of the existing contradictions in allowing the use of codend mesh which leads to lower L₅₀ than the MLS.     

双船底拖网渔具设计参数的研究

本文通过多次拖网系列模型试验，分析比较了我国双船底拖网渔具设计参数对网具性能的影响，并指出选择设计参数的最佳范围。     

舟山市单拖资源利用现状分析

根据2008-2010年的单拖渔业监测资料及2001-2006年舟山市渔业调查数据,从单拖渔业的发展状况、经济效益、渔获组成及资源密度变化等几方面进行研究.并针对舟山市单拖作业存在问题,提出了几点建议供管理部门参考.     

渤海湾天津近岸游泳动物初步调查报告

天津浅海位于渤海三大渔场之一的渤海湾渔场的中心部位,是渤海湾产卵场主体水域,既适于洄游性鱼、虾产卵繁殖,又适于幼鱼、稚虾等索饵、育肥、生长,地方性的鱼、虾、蟹、贝常年栖息,潮间带蕴藏着丰富的贝类资源,渤海湾对虾产卵场面积为渤海对虾产卵场面积的42%,为渤海三湾之首.天津浅海生物资源的兴衰对整个渤海渔业资源的变化影响很大.近十几年来,由于海洋污染加剧,尤其是陆源的污染导致了近海海水有机物、石油、氮磷含量的急剧增加,赤潮频繁发生,尤其是近年来,渤海每年接纳的陆源污水量达28亿t,各类污染物质70万t,入海污染物大幅度增加,致使渤海几乎成了一个巨大的纳污池;同时由于海洋捕捞强度增加,使得渤海湾渔业资源急剧下降,尤其是享誉海外的对虾资源已形不成虾汛.全面地了解天津沿岸海域经济海洋水产生物资源和生态环境状况是国家和地方都关注的.     

拖网的网袖结构对其性能的影响

文章以国内较典型的单船底拖网 (72 ◇×18 m) 为研究对象,基于L₉(3⁴) 正交试验表,设计了网具总长度与网口周长之比 (L/C)、浮沉子纲长度之比 (S₁/S₂)、网身长度与网具总长度之比 (L_b/L)“三因素三水平”的正交试验,并利用平均值和极差分析方法检测3种主要结构参数对网具阻力、网口垂直扩张和能耗系数的影响趋势,旨在对大网目底拖网结构进行优化设计。结果表明,不同水平扩张下,3种因素对网具阻力的影响由主到次均为L/C> S₁/S₂>L_b/L,对网口垂直扩张的影响由主到次均为S₁/S₂>L/C>L_b/L,对能耗系数的影响由主到次均为L/C>S₁/S₂>L_b/L。拖网L/C相对于小网目拖网应偏小,且比值越小阻力越小,但L/C=0.2是网口垂直扩张和能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;S₁/S₂相对于小网目应更大,且比值越大网口垂直扩张越好;S₁/S₂在试验范围 (0.83~0.99) 内对阻力影响不显著,而S₁/S₂=0.99是能耗系数作为指标时的最佳水平;L_b/L随着网目尺寸增大而减小,但减小幅度随之逐渐降低,L_b/L=0.65应更适应于中低速拖网,L_b/L=0.75更适应于高速快拖。     

高强度聚乙烯拖网网具性能的研究

对４顶单船中层拖网和双船底拖网的前部以高强度聚乙烯网线替代常规聚乙烯网线,依田内渔具模型试验准则制成模型网,进行水池对比试验。结果表明,在其它条件不变的前提下,应用高强度聚乙烯网线的拖网与原生产网相比,在２．５～４．５ｋｎ拖速下,网具阻力可平均下降６．５％～１６．２％,网口垂直扩张可提高０．９％～２５．７％,能耗系数下降１４．５％～３３．５％。     

Personal computer simulations of two New England trawl fisheries

This paper outlines the basic components of two personal-computer-based bioeconomic simulators for New England otter trawlers and presents selective results illustrating their use for policy analysis. It has proved difficult to monitor the economic status of commercial fisheries because of technical, bureaucratic and cost considerations associated with survey procedures, and the difficulty of timely acquisition of biological and harvest data. The author has developed an alternative approach which combines information from various data bases, including periodic surveys, and integrates them in a budgeting or “economic engineering” approach. The result of these adaptations is a tool useful for extension education as well as for research policy evaluation.     

南海北部底拖网渔业资源的数量变动

利用1961～1999年期间南海水产研究所5次渔业资源调查的底拖网渔获率数据,分析了南海北部底拖网渔业资源的数量变动。结果表明,20世纪60年代初至90年代末的30多年间,南海北部大陆架和北部湾底拖网渔获密度的下降非常显著,分别下降72%和81%,其中北部大陆架沿岸、近海和外海分别下降71%、74%和70%。南海北部海域底拖网渔业资源均处于过度开发状态,沿岸和近海过度开发较严重,外海过度开发的强度相对较轻。     

Examining the importance of consistency in multi-vessel trawl survey design based on the U.S. west coast groundfish bottom trawl survey

Generalized linear mixed-effects models can be used to combine bottom trawl data from multiple vessels, each with a different fishing power, into a single time series of relative abundance. However, how important might it be to have a consistent set of vessels and vessel characteristics from year to year given we can model differences in fishing power among vessels? We demonstrate how changes in the suite of fishing vessels performing the survey can affect the results of the data analysis using sablefish catches in the U.S. west coast groundfish bottom trawl survey from 1998 to 2000. The results do not indicate that one must have a consistent set of vessels over time to provide useful data, but rather that there is benefit to consistency even when the survey data are analyzed using advanced statistical models. Further research should be undertaken to quantify these benefits specifically to aid in contracting and bidding of survey vessels.     

六片式拖网性能的研究

利用１／７比例的网具模型，在拖曳水槽中对六片式拖网进行水槽试验。得出网口高度公式为：Ｈ＝０．１２１ＣＶ＾－０．８１１。网具阻力公式为：Ｒ＝０．０６９ｄ／ａＬＣＶ＾１．５５９。同时得出力纲上装配浮子能提高网口高度３．６％，上中纲与上纲长度之比不能大于０．１４０，上边纲长度可大于相对应的力纲３．３％等设计网具数据。