Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

高粱种质资源抗高粱蚜鉴定与评价研究

１９９６－１９９９年在田间自然感虫和人工接虫相结合的条件下,对１２６６份高粱种质资源进行了高梁抗蚜性鉴定,筛选了９份高抗材料和２３份抗性材料,对这批材料同步进行了高粱黑穗病、高粱靶斑产现任玉米螟等抗性鉴定,筛选出了１３份抗高粱蚜瘘抗其它病虫害的双抗或多抗材料 。     

Carbohydrate composition of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

Carbohydrate make-up of different varieties (ie, Hamsa, Purna and Indof) of Finger millet(Eleusine coracana) and Foxtail millet(Setaria italica) has been studied. All the millets contain about 63 to 70% total carbohydrates of which, based on the whole grains, free sugars account for 0.46 to 0.69%, starch 56.0 to 61.0% cellulose 0.70 to 1.80%, pentosans 5.50 to 7.20%. 70% ethanol-extractable sugars were xylose (1.5 to 4.3%), fructose (8.6 to 15%), glucose (9.9 to 15%), sucrose (31 to 35%), maltose (9 to 11.0%), raffinose (8.6 to 12%), maltotriose (5 to 6.1%), unidentified components (3 to 10%) and higher oligosaccharides (5to 9%). The watersoluble gums of the millets contain arabinose and xylose as the major sugar components together with minor amounts of mannose and galactose, and varying amounts of glucose. Hemicellulose A was found to consist mainly of glucans containing arabinose and xylose in minor amounts. Hemicellulose B contained arabinose and xylose with smaller amounts of glucose and galactose.     

甜高粱的用途及其发展前景

甜高粱也叫芦粟、甜秫秸、甜秆和糖高粱,为粒用高粱的一个变种.甜高粱同普通高粱一样,能结出3 000～7 500 kg/hm2的籽粒,但它的精华不在于籽粒,而在于它能产60 000～75 000 kg/hm2的富含糖分的茎秆.优良的甜高粱品种,具有生物学产量高,茎秆多糖多汁,抗逆性强,适应性广等多种优势.甜高粱含糖量可与甘蔗相媲美,是近年来国内外一种新型的糖料作物、能源作物和优良的饲料作物.由于它栽培容易,用途广泛,因而受到许多国家的重视.其发展前景是十分可观的.     

高梁种质资源的多样性和评价

全世界已收集到的高粱种质资源168500份,其中国际热带半干旱地区作物研究所（ICRISAT）有36774份,占总数的21．8％,美国42221份,占25．1％,印度20812份,占12．4％,中国12836份,占7．6％,其他国家合计55857份,占33．1％。1CRISAT和主要国家对高梁种质资源的遗传多样性进行了鉴定和评价,从中筛选出许多具有优良农艺性状、品质性状、抗性性状的种质,满足了高梁遗传改良的需要,成为当代人类和未来人类有价值的资源。     

Nutritional quality of pearl millet flour and bread

Market samples of pearl millet flour and bread from Saudi Arabia were analysed for chemical composition and nutritional quality. Pearl millet flour contained, on a dry weight basis, 17.4% protein, 6.3% fat, 2.8% fiber and 2.2% ash. Lysine was the most limiting essential amino acid with a chemical score of 53 (FAO/WHO, 1973). Linoleic acid (44.8%), oleic acid (23.2%) and palmitic acid (22.3%) were the dominant fatty acids in millet oil followed by stearic acid (4.0%) and linolenic acid (2.9%). The invitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of millet flour was 75.6% and the calculated protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) was 1.38 in comparison to ANRC casein values of 90% and 2.50, respectively. Baking at 300°C for 15 min had only little effect on the proximate and fatty acid composition of the bread but decreased the arginine, cystine and lysine contents by 31.3%, 15.8% and 13.8%, respectively. The IVPD was not affected but the C-PER decreased by 18% on baking.     

关于高粱与苏丹草间杂交种命名问题商榷

通常所说的高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]是禾本科高粱属的栽培种.它的起源地,迄今尚无定论.多数学者认为原产非洲.我国各地均有栽培,但主要集中在东北和华北地区.高粱抗旱、耐涝、耐盐碱能力强,适应性广,分蘖力和再生能力较弱.     

Harnessing sorghum and millet biotechnology for food and health

This review highlights recombinant DNA technology as a powerful tool to enhance the gene pools of sorghum and pearl millet crops regarded as jewels of Africa. Although important advances in the improvement of these species have been made by classical breeding and modern marker assisted selection, genetic manipulation and in vitro culture allows the gene pool to be broadened beyond that normally available for improvement by allowing the transfer of genes which control well-defined traits between species. The current state of sorghum and millet transformation technology is summarised and applications in the improvement of nutritional quality and the resistance to pathogens and pests for crops grown in Africa and Asia is discussed. Regulatory aspects including gene flow and future prospects are also discussed.     

Harnessing sorghum and millet biotechnology for food and health

This review highlights recombinant DNA technology as a powerful tool to enhance the gene pools of sorghum and pearl millet crops regarded as jewels of Africa. Although important advances in the improvement of these species have been made by classical breeding and modern marker assisted selection, genetic manipulation and in vitro culture allows the gene pool to be broadened beyond that normally available for improvement by allowing the transfer of genes which control well-defined traits between species. The current state of sorghum and millet transformation technology is summarised and applications in the improvement of nutritional quality and the resistance to pathogens and pests for crops grown in Africa and Asia is discussed. Regulatory aspects including gene flow and future prospects are also discussed.     

Nutritive value of malted millet flours

The changes in proximate composition, phytate phosphorus, thiamine and ascorbic acid content of finger millet, pearl millet and foxtail millet during progressive germination were studied. Germination resulted in a slight decrease in total protein and minerals, a marked fall in phytate-phosphorus and a significant increase in the ascorbic acid content of the millets. An increase in lysine and tryptophan but no appreciable changes in threonine and sulfur amino acid content of the millets were observed as a result of germination. However, the protein efficiency ratio values of ungerminated control seeds, 48 h germinated green malt and kilned malt were not significantly different.     

高粱除草剂的筛选与评价

为了筛选既对高梁生长无明显影响又能有效防除高粱地杂草的除草剂,2007～2008年对阿特拉津＋乙草胺、2．4．D＋乙草胺、阿特拉津＋2．4-D、二甲戊灵4种除草剂进行了药剂试验,结果表明,二甲戊灵对高粱出苗及生长无任何副作用,对杂草有很好的抑制作用。     

Modeling responses of dryland spring triticale,proso millet and foxtail millet to initial soil water in the High Plains

Dryland farming strategies in the High Plains must make efficient use of limited and variable precipitation and stored water in the soil profile for stable and sustainable farm productivity. Current research efforts focus on replacing summer fallow in the region with more profitable and environmentally sustainable spring and summer crops. In the absence of reliable precipitation forecasts for the crop growing season, farmers rely mainly upon knowledge of plant available water (PAW) in the soil profile at planting for making crop choice decisions. To develop a decision support strategy for crop selection based on initial PAW, experiments were conducted with spring triticale (XTiticosecale Wittmack), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) under artificially controlled Low, Medium, and High initial PAW levels during 2004 and 2005 at Akron, Colorado, and Sidney, Nebraska. The objectives of this study were to adapt an existing cropping systems model for the simulation of triticale and millet and to evaluate simulations from the adapted model by comparing results with field data collected under varying initial PAW conditions. The Root Zone Water Quality Model with DSSAT v4.0 crop growth modules (RZWQM2) was used. Specifically, the Cropping System Model (CSM)–CERES–Wheat module was adapted for simulating triticale, and CSM–CERES–Sorghum (v4.0) module was adapted for simulating proso millet and foxtail millet. Soil water, leaf area index, grain yield, and biomass data for the highest PAW treatment from one crop season for each of the three crops were used to adapt and calibrate the crop modules. The models were then evaluated with data from the remaining PAW treatments. The proso millet module was further tested with four years of data from a crop rotation experiment at Akron from 2003 to 2006. Simulation results indicated that the adapted and calibrated crop modules have the potential to simulate these new crops under a range of varying water availability conditions. Consequently, these models can aid in the development of decision support tools for the season-to-season management of these summer fallow replacement crops under dryland conditions in semi-arid environments.     

高粱杂交种选育与种质创新

我国高粱杂种优势利用研究已走过了46年的历程。杂交种选育经历了从低产向高产、从劣质向优质、从高秆向矮秆、从不抗向多抗、从单用向多用的发展过程。高粱杂交种主要经济性状的选育提高，重要性状的改良和获得都与高粱种质资源的引进创新分不开的，包括高产杂种优势群种质材料的创新，中矮秆种质材料的创新、优良籽粒品质材料的创新、抗性种质材料的创新、不同细胞核、细胞质雄性不育性的创新等。     

高梁种质资源的创新和利用

高梁品种遗传改良取得的成果很大程度上取决于占有的高梁种质资源的数量,以及对其主要性状的鉴定、创新和利用。在高粱育种史上,品种改良的突破性进展,往往都是由于找到并利用了具有关键基因的种质。目前,已创造和选育出7种不同细胞质雄性不育系,其育性反应各不一样。除A．细胞质不育系组配的杂交种得到广泛应用外,A：细胞质不育系的杂交种在生产上应用,A,细胞质不育系在甜高粱杂交种上应用。籽粒优质、茎秆高糖、低氰氢酸、抗病虫、抗杂草、抗干旱等抗性种质资源也得到了创新利用。     

甜高粱的研究和利用

概述了国内外甜高粱的研究和利用情况,多方面论述了甜高粱的综合利用途径和经济效益,对我国发展甜高粱产业的优势和需要解决的问题提出了见解.     

甜高粱可发酵糖积累及其调控研究

通过高粱茎中可发酵糖的动态变化。探讨甜高粱与普通高粱可发酵糖积累规律及调控途径。研究结果表明,甜高粱茎秆中蔗糖积幕在抽穗至开花末期增长较快,灌浆期呈下降趋势,此后逐渐升高直至成熟前期达到最高值,成熟后期稍有下降。从抽穗至成熟阶段茎秆中蔗糖含量呈“N”型变化态势。普通高粱在抽穗至开花末期与甜高粱蔗糖积累速率差别不大,但此后蔗糖含量迅速下降,至成熟期甜高粱较普通高粱蔗糖含量高10％。叶面喷施脱落酸（ABA）和甜菜碱（GB）能够提高甜高粱茎中糖含量,与喷清水的对照相比茎中总糖含量分别提高3.8％和2.3％。     

能源作物甜高粱的综合开发与利用

甜高粱是一种新型的绿色能源作物,它具有生物学产量高,含糖量高,乙醇转化率高等特点,可用于制糖、畜禽饲料、生产生物燃料、造纸等,综合利用途径十分宽阔,利用价值大,经济、社会和生态效益十分显著。     

高粱CMS与核质基因组互作综述

高粱杂种优势得益于细胞质雄性不育系的发现和利用。高粱细胞质雄性不育(CMS)有7种类型,即A1~A6和9E。核质互作型不育系是由细胞质基因和细胞核基因共同决定的,核质互作,协同进化,从而达到核质基因组结构与功能上的相互适应。     

无公害高粱生产技术

1.1 产地环境条件 应符合NY／T391-2000的要求。     

Sorghum carbohydrates – A review

A review of literature on nonstructural and structural carbohydrate contents in sorghum is presented. This review describes the influence of temperature, maturity, genotype, culm section, spacing, and fertilization on nonstructural carbohydrate contents. The starch properties and the chief criteria of sorghum malt quality are discussed. Differences in structural carbohydrate contents in leaves and stems are reported.