动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂流行病学临界值的建立

【目的】建立动物源肠球菌对抗菌促生长剂的流行病学临界值,并基于此了解2019-2021年动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂的耐药情况。【方法】测定2019-2021年从北京、河北、四川、山西、陕西和内蒙古养殖场动物样本中分离得到的肠球菌对7种抗菌促生长剂（吉他霉素、黄霉素、恩拉霉素、那西肽、阿维拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和杆菌肽）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）值。根据CLSI-VET中规定的方法,利用统计软件ECOFFinder对MIC分布数据进行非线性回归模拟,以95%置信区间下的流行病学临界值计算动物源肠球菌对7种抗菌促生长剂的耐药率。【结果】确定了动物源肠球菌对吉他霉素、黄霉素、恩拉霉素、那西肽、阿维拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和杆菌肽的流行病学临界值分别为8、8、8、0.25、8、8和32 μg/mL。由此计算的药物耐药率为64.38%、34.48%、80.06%、14.69%、19.06%、50.69%和24.96%,其中动物源肠球菌对恩拉霉素、吉他霉素和维吉尼亚霉素的耐药情况最为严重,而对那西肽最敏感。在2019-2021年的耐药率变化情况统计中,黄霉素和杆菌肽的耐药率下降趋势较为明显。【结论】本研究制定了动物源肠球菌对7种养殖业常用抗菌促生长剂的流行病学临界值,可作为动物源肠球菌对饲用抗菌促生长剂敏感和耐药的初步判定标准,为进一步制定耐药折点,监测动物源肠球菌对抗菌促生长剂的耐药情况变化提供数据基础和科学依据。     

猪产气荚膜梭菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

四川南充某养殖场发生了一种以仔猪下痢为主的疾病,采集病死仔猪肝和肠道进行细菌分离培养,涂片、染色和镜检观察,并对其形态特征、培养特性和生化特性进行研究,结果表明:该菌为产气荚膜梭菌。采用那西肽等药物对分离的产气荚膜梭菌进行药敏试验,那西肽对该菌的抑制作用最强,最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为0.002 5μg/mL;其次为恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素和吉他霉素;林可霉素对该菌几乎没有抑制作用。     

饲用不同抗生素对肉鸡生长性能的影响

研究旨在比较研究恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、那西肽和杆菌肽锌对肉鸡生长性能的影响。试验选用600只1日龄健康商品AA肉仔鸡,随机分为6个处理组,每处理组5个重复,每重复20只鸡,分别饲喂6种日粮:日粮1(基础日粮),阴性对照组;日粮2(基础日粮+50.0 mg/kg土霉素钙),阳性对照组;日粮3(基础日粮+50.0 mg/kg土霉素钙+6.0 mg/kg恩拉霉素),恩拉霉素组;日粮4(基础日粮+50.0 mg/kg土霉素钙+10.0 mg/kg维吉尼亚霉素),维吉尼亚霉素组;日粮5(基础日粮+50.0 mg/kg土霉素钙+2.5 mg/kg那西肽),那西肽组;日粮6(基础日粮+50.0 mg/kg土霉素钙+45.0 mg/kg杆菌肽锌),杆菌肽锌组;抗生素含量均以有效成分计,试验期42 d。试验结果表明:肉鸡日粮中添加恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、那西肽和杆菌肽锌后,平均日增质量(ADG)试验组显著高于阴性对照组(P0.05),恩拉霉素组最高,较阴性对照组提高8.05%,较阳性对照组提高6.51%。维吉尼亚霉素组和杆菌肽锌组较阴性对照组分别提高6.51%和5.49%,较阳性对照组分别提高4.99%和3.99%。那西肽组较阴性对照组提高4.99%,较阳性对照组有提高趋势(P0.05)。平均日采食量,以阴性对照组最低,显著低于除杆菌肽锌组外的其他4个试验组(P0.05)。料肉比(F/G)以恩拉霉素组最低。恩拉霉素组、维吉尼亚霉素组和杆菌肽锌组显著低于阴性对照组和阳性对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,作为抗菌促生长剂,恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、杆菌肽锌和那西肽等均具有显著促生长效果,并且恩拉霉素效果最好。     

不同抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌效果研究

本文旨在研究不同抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验,筛选出对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌敏感性强的药物,帮助饲料、养殖企业选择抗生素控制产气荚膜梭菌提供理论依据。试验选择恩拉霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、杆菌肽锌、金霉素、阿维拉霉素、那西肽、林可霉素等7种生产中较常用的抗生素,采用试管稀释法对鸡源产气荚膜梭菌CVCC52标准株和猪源产气荚膜梭菌CVCC2038标准株进行抑菌试验。试验结果表明：（1）除金霉素外,其他药物对鸡源和猪源产气荚膜梭菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。（2）恩拉霉素的抑制作用最强,对CVCC52的MIC为0.6μg/mL,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.2μg/mL;（3）其次为阿维拉霉素,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.25μg/mL;（4）维吉尼亚霉素次之,对CVCC52的MIC为0.8μg/mL,对CVCC2038的MIC为0.8μg/mL。通过对以上7中抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验结果表明,恩拉霉素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌效果最佳。     

当前养好商品肉鸡的关键技术措施（下）

在绿色商品肉鸡饲料中允许使用的抗菌药中：杆菌肽锌、金霉素、土霉素钙、阿美拉霉素、硫酸粘杆菌素、恩拉霉素、吉他霉素、那西肽、黄霉素等；允许使用的抗球虫药有：盐酸氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯、盐酸氨丙啉 乙氧酰胺苯甲酯 磺胺喹恶啉、氯羟吡啶、地克珠利、马杜霉素铵、莫能菌素、甲基盐霉素、     

抗生素对肉鸡生长、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

试验研究饲粮中添加维吉尼亚霉素、恩拉霉素或黄霉素对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肌肉品质的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将216只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每重复6只鸡(公、母各半)。基础饲粮为无抗生素对照组,其余处理在基础饲粮中分别添加维吉尼亚霉素(5、10、20mg/kg)、恩拉霉素(1~21日龄5mg/kg,22~42日龄3mg/kg)或黄霉素(5mg/kg)。与无抗生素对照组相比,添加维吉尼亚霉素和恩拉霉素显著提高11~21日龄平均日增重(ADG)及22~42日龄平均日采食量(ADFI)和ADG(P0.10)。添加黄霉素可显著提高22~42日龄ADG(P0.10)。黄霉素组胸肌滴水损失显著降于维吉尼亚霉素组(P0.10)。维吉尼亚霉素、恩拉霉素对屠宰性能和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P0.10)。结果表明:饲粮中添加维吉尼亚霉素、黄霉素和恩拉霉素均可改善肉仔鸡的生长性能,对其屠宰性能均无影响;维吉尼亚霉素和恩拉霉素对肉鸡肌肉品质无显著影响,而黄霉素可降低鸡胸肌滴水损失。     

饲料药物添加剂的种类及使用

抗生素。目前,国内外抗菌促生长的抗生素主要有：金霉素、土霉素、维吉尼亚霉素、杆菌肽锌、黄霉素、泰乐霉素、恩拉菌素、安普霉素等。     

多种饲料添加剂类抗生素对猪源产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌效果研究

本试验目的在于研究多种不同饲料添加剂类抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验,筛选出对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌效果强的药物,为饲料、养殖业临床上控制产气荚膜梭菌提供理论依据。试验选用喹乙醇、4%恩拉霉素、盐霉素、硫酸黏霉素、15%杆菌肽锌、黄霉素、吉他霉素和盐酸金霉素八种饲料常用抗生素添加剂,采用试管稀释法对猪源产气荚膜梭菌野毒株进行抑菌试验。试验结果表明:(1)恩拉霉素抑菌作用最强,其MIC为1.6μg/m L;(2)喹乙醇和15%杆菌肽锌抑菌作用较强,它们的MIC分别为4μg/m L和6μg/m L;(3)黄霉素、硫酸黏霉素、吉他霉素抑菌作用较弱,它们的MIC分别为40μg/m L、200μg/m L、300μg/m L;(4)盐霉素及盐酸金霉素对该产气荚膜梭菌野毒株几乎没有抑菌作用。由以上八种抗生素对产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌试验结果得出,八种抗生素对该产气荚膜梭菌野毒株均有不同程度的抑菌作用,而恩拉霉素对产气荚膜梭菌抑菌效果最强。     

2017-2021年上海市动物源粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌耐药性情况变迁分析

为了解上海地区动物源粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药及其最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)变迁情况,采用微量肉汤稀释法对近五年采集的粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌进行10种常见抗菌药物敏感性测试。结果表明,458株粪肠球菌及283株屎肠球菌对头孢西丁、头孢噻呋及氧氟沙星耐药率较高(均高于60%),对青霉素、阿莫西林/克拉维酸及万古霉素的耐药率较低(均低于11%),粪肠球菌耐药率整体高于屎肠球菌,两者对氧氟沙星、头孢噻呋、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素、利奈唑胺、恩诺沙星的耐药率存在较大差异(耐药率差异为15%～44%)。五年间,粪肠球菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氧氟沙星的MIC₅₀及MIC₉₀均呈下降趋势;屎肠球菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢西丁及氟苯尼考的MIC₅₀及MIC₉₀均呈下降趋势。研究表明,近年来上海地区动物源粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌的耐药情况有好转趋势,仍需继续加强肠球菌耐药性监测。     

常年供应行业巨头优质产品饲料级磷酸氢钙、二氢钙

本经营部专业经营国内前三甲饲料企业生产的饲料级磷酸氢钙、二氢钙,生产企业为四川龙蟒集团、新希望云南新龙公司和云南金地集团。同时还经营广西桂林万康生物化工有限公司生产的高效防霉剂;山东胜利生物工程有限公司生产的黄霉素、那西肽和恩拉霉素等系列产品;四川广汉隆达公司生产的系列微量元素。以上产品品质     

Susceptibility to vancomycin and other antibiotics of 165 Enterococcus strains isolated from dogs in Italy

The prevalence of antibiotic resistance, with special attention to vancomycin, in 165 Enterococcus strains isolated from dogs subjected or not to previous antibiotics treatment(s) was determined. For each strain, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to 9 antibiotics was assessed. All strains were sensible to vancomycin. High frequencies of resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, and enrofloxacin were detected. E. faecium strains isolated from dogs subjected to antibiotic treatment were more resistant to tetracycline with respect to control dogs. Although enterococci from dog show a high degree of antibiotic resistance, they are sensitive to vancomycin. Therefore, the risk of transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains from dogs to man is close to zero.     

我国18个省份猪源肠球菌耐药调查及分析

为研究我国猪源肠球菌的耐药情况,本研究采集18个省市猪养殖场的粪便样品836份进行了肠球菌的分离鉴定,并通过琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度.结果 显示:从836份样品中共分离出225株肠球菌,其中屎肠球菌106株,粪肠球菌56株,小肠肠球菌34株,鹑鸡肠球菌17株,铅黄肠球菌7株,坚忍肠球菌4株,Enter...     

The importance of pets as reservoirs of resistant Enterococcus strains,with special reference to vancomycin

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, with special attention to vancomycin, in 104 strains of Enterococcus, which is the sentinel bacterium isolated from dog and cat faeces samples. The phenotypic characterization of the isolates classified them as E. faecium (58%), E. avium (41%) and E. faecalis (1%). Sensitivity testing used the diffusion method according to the recommendations of CASFM (Comite de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Fran?aise de Microbiogie), to oxacillin, amoxycillin, amoxycilin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, piperacillin, cefoperazone, imipenem, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, lincomycin, erythromicin and vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by E test revealed a MIC to vancomycin of between 0.5 microg/ml and 3 microg/ml. All the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, erythromycin, cefoperazone and oxacillin. We detected resistance to amoxycillin + clavulanic acid in 1.9% of isolates, to amoxycillin in 4.8%, to piperacillin in 13.5%, and to ampicillin in 21.2% of strains. A high prevalence of antibiotic resistance to lincomycin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was found in 98.1%, 95.2%, 76.9%, 73.1% and 64.4% of strains, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was not found, which indicates that there is no transmission risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains to man or transfer of their resistance genes to other bacteria belonging to the endogenous flora of humans.     

河南鸡源沙门菌的分离鉴定及其耐药性分析

对来自河南郑州、许昌、周口等20个地市101个鸡场的161份疑似沙门菌感染的病料进行病原菌分离鉴定和耐药性试验。通过细菌分离培养、形态染色、生化试验、血清学试验、致病性试验,结果分离鉴定出33株沙门菌,且均具有明显的致病性。药敏试验发现,33株分离株除对头孢曲松较为敏感(51.5%)外,对其他13种药物均呈不同程度耐药性,对复方新诺明的耐药率最高,为81.8%(27/33),其次为喹诺酮类药物,且表现为交叉耐药现象。对环丙沙星产生耐药性的菌株占分离株总数的75.7%(25/33),对诺氟沙星耐药的菌株占69.7%(23/33),对氧氟沙星耐药的菌株占63.6%(21/33)。结果表明:不同地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性不同,同一地区的分离菌株对各种药物的耐药性也存在显著差异。     

The Importance of Pets as Reservoirs of Resistant Enterococcus Strains,with Special Reference to Vancomycin

The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, with special attention to vancomycin, in 104 strains of Enterococcus, which is the sentinel bacterium isolated from dog and cat faeces samples. The phenotypic characterization of the isolates classified them as E. faecium (58%), E. avium (41%) and E. faecalis (1%). Sensitivity testing used the diffusion method according to the recommendations of CASFM (Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiogie), to oxacillin, amoxycillin, amoxycilin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, piperacillin, cefoperazone, imipenem, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, οfloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, lincomycin, erythromicin and vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination by E test revealed a MIC to vancomycin of between 0.5 μg/ml and 3 μg/ml. All the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid, erythromycin, cefoperazone and oxacillin. We detected resistance to amoxycillin + clavulanic acid in 1.9% of isolates, to amoxycillin in 4.8%, to piperacillin in 13.5%, and to ampicillin in 21.2% of strains. A high prevalence of antibiotic resistance to lincomycin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin was found in 98.1%, 95.2%, 76.9%, 73.1% and 64.4% of strains, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin was not found, which indicates that there is no transmission risk of vancomycin‐resistant enterococcal strains to man or transfer of their resistance genes to other bacteria belonging to the endogenous flora of humans.     

某肉鸡场鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性跟踪检测与分析

2012~2014年从辽宁某肉鸡养殖场采集300份鸡泄殖腔拭子,分离获得152株鸡源大肠杆菌。采用微量稀释法对152株鸡源大肠杆菌进行了14种兽用和16种人用抗菌药的药物敏感性测定,并参照CLSI肠杆菌判定标准进行判定。结果显示,鸡源大肠杆菌对兽用阿莫西林、氨苄西林、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、磺胺异噁唑、四环素和人用哌拉西林、替卡西林、环丙沙星均产生明显耐药性,耐药率较高。对所分离的鸡源大肠杆菌耐药性检测结果与EUCAST发布的野生型菌株MIC值分布进行比较分析,耐药结果基本一致,但通过MIC值分布比较,结果显示出分离菌株的大观霉素、氨苄西林、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、头孢噻吩、头孢呋辛、环丙沙星和妥布霉素药物的MIC值发生了明显右移,表明该肉鸡场大肠杆菌对上述抗菌药的耐药强度呈现逐渐增强的趋势。在养殖过程中应采取科学饲养和严格的生物安全措施防控疾病,科学合理使用抗菌药物,控制肉鸡场细菌耐药性的产生和传播。     

2019年湖南省部分地区鸡、鸭、猪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

旨在调查2019年湖南省部分地区不同来源的大肠杆菌对抗生素的耐药水平,为养殖合理用药提供参考.从4个市畜禽养殖场采集猪、鸡和鸭粪便285份,使用麦康凯琼脂培养基和伊红美蓝培养基对大肠杆菌筛选,利用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱进行鉴定,采用微量肉汤稀释法检测16种抗生素对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).共分离出20...     

In vitro sensitivity of Hungarian Actinobaculum suis strains to selected antimicrobials

In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity of 12 Hungarian isolates and the type strain ATCC 33144 of Actinobaculum suis to different antimicrobial compounds was determined both by the agar dilution and by the disc diffusion method. By agar dilution, MIC50 values in the range of 0.05-3.125 micrograms/ml were determined for penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, tylosin, pleuromutilins, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, enrofloxacin and lincomycin. The MIC50 value of oxytetracycline and spectinomycin was 6.25 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. For ofloxacin, flumequine, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim MIC50 values were in the range of 25-100 micrograms/ml. With the disc diffusion method, all strains were sensitive to penicillin, cephalosporins examined, chloramphenicol and florfenicol, tetracyclines examined, pleuromutilins, lincomycin and tylosin. Variable sensitivity was observed for fluoroquinolones (flumequine, enrofloxacin, ofloxacin), most of the strains were susceptible to marbofloxacin. Almost all strains were resistant to aminoglycosides but most of them were sensitive to spectinomycin. A strong correlation was determined for disc diffusion and MIC results (Spearman's rho 0.789, p < 0001). MIC values of the type strain and MIC50 values of other tested strains did not differ significantly. Few strains showed a partially distinct resistance pattern for erythromycin, lincomycin and ampicillin in both methods.     

硫酸铜溶液诱导对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌药物抗性效应的初步研究

旨在探究硫酸铜溶液连续诱导对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus，MRSA）抗菌药物抗性及相关基因表达的影响。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定经硫酸铜诱导前后MRSA菌株（MR-YB1224、MR-YS3和MR-P318）对硫酸铜溶液及β-内酰胺类（氨苄西林、苯唑西林和头孢西丁）、氟喹诺酮类（氧氟沙星）、大环内酯类（罗红霉素）和氨基糖苷类（链霉素）等抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration，MIC）；采用荧光定量PCR方法测定硫酸铜诱导对菌株抗重金属基因（copA和arsB）和耐药基因（mecA，norA，ermB和aac6'/aph2″）表达的影响。连续诱导7 d后，MRSA菌株对硫酸铜溶液的MIC值均增加；特别是对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的MIC值增加显著（P<0.05）；MRSA菌株对6种抗菌药物MIC值变化大小依次为苯唑西林 > 氨苄西林 > 头孢西丁 > 氧氟沙星 > 链霉素 > 罗红霉素。另外，连续诱导后，MRSA菌株的抗重金属基因和相关耐药基因的表达均显著上调（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，硫酸铜溶液诱导对MRSA菌株抗菌药物抗性效应具有较强的协同效应。