Antimicrobial peptides keep insect endosymbionts under control

Vertically transmitted endosymbionts persist for millions of years in invertebrates and play an important role in animal evolution. However, the functional basis underlying the maintenance of these long-term resident bacteria is unknown. We report that the weevil coleoptericin-A (ColA) antimicrobial peptide selectively targets endosymbionts within the bacteriocytes and regulates their growth through the inhibition of cell division. Silencing the colA gene with RNA interference resulted in a decrease in size of the giant filamentous endosymbionts, which escaped from the bacteriocytes and spread into insect tissues. Although this family of peptides is commonly linked with microbe clearance, this work shows that endosymbiosis benefits from ColA, suggesting that long-term host-symbiont coevolution might have shaped immune effectors for symbiont maintenance.     

CRISPR-based genetic control strategies for insect pests

Genetic control strategies such as the sterile insect technique have successfully fought insect pests worldwide. The CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology, together with high-quality genomic resources obtained in more and more species, greatly facilitates the development of novel genetic control insect strains that can be used in area-wide and species-specific pest control programs. Here, we review the research progress towards state-of-art CRISPR-based gen...     

Genetic control of an insect neuronal network

Motor activity responsible for the calling song of crickets is generated by a small neuronal network whose output is genetically determined. Genes controlling certain output features are located on the X chromosome. The genetic system involved is polygenic and multichromosomal. In some patterns, genetically derived information is adequate to specify the difference of a single impulse in the output of homologous neurons from different genotypes.     

农业害虫的持续控制

把农业害虫防治的工作划分为４个发展阶段,即原始防治阶段、化学防治阶段、综合治理阶段、持续控制阶段．从昆虫的多样性及害虫与植物、天敌、环境之间的相互关系出发,探讨利用抗虫品种、自然天敌、昆虫激素、不育技术、栽培措施等安全有效的方法实施害虫持续控制的可行性．根据社会—经济—自然复合农业生态系统的结构和功能,提出研究农田生物群落结构及其多样性在我国农村现行经济体制和现代农业技术条件下的时空动态,将可望从系统和群落的水平深入理解植物—害虫—天敌三者之间的相互关系,揭示害虫发生及其天敌繁衍的生态机制,并为制订以利用品种抗性、生境调节和自然天敌为基础的农业害虫可持续控制策略和措施提供理论依据．     

Weed and insect control affected by mixing insecticides with glyphosate in cotton

Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate weed and insect control efficacy with glyphosate at 1 230 g ai(active ingredient) ha~(-1) and the insecticides acephate(728 g ai ha~(-1)),carbosulfan(135 g ai ha~(-1)),endosulfan(683 g ai ha~(-1)),imidacloprid(32 g ai ha~(-1)),or lambda-cyhalothrin(23 g ai ha~(-1)),as well as glyphosate tank-mixed with these insecticides.Four of the most common weeds in cotton,common purslane,false daisy,goosegrass,and lambsquarters,were manually sown in the cotton field and treated with glyphosate alone or in combination with insecticides.Glyphosate efficacy,based on visual estimates of control and weed fresh weight at 21 d after treatment(DAT),was unaffected by the addition of insecticides.Four weeds were controlled by 93-97%and 86-100%(visual rating) and reduced weed fresh biomass by98-99%and 96-100%with glyphosate alone and its combination with insecticides,respectively.Addition of glyphosate to acephate improved cotton aphid control compared with acephate alone.However,addition of glyphosate to carbosulfan,endosulfan,imidacloprid,or lambda-cyhalothrin did not affect the aphid control when compared with the insecticide alone treatments.These results indicate that cotton producers could potentially integrate weed and insect management strategies by choosing suitable insecticide mixing partners with glyphosate,thereby reducing the application costs without sacrificing the efficacy of the glyphosate or the insecticides.     

环境保护与害虫持续控制

当前 ,全球面临的主要环境问题是 :(1)温室效应和空气污染 ;(2 )水资源严重匮乏 ;(3)水土流失和土地沙漠化 ;(4 )森林破坏和退化 .科学研究逐步证明 ,环境恶化可能对昆虫产生多方面的影响 .环境条件的变化可直接或间接地影响昆虫的种群数量变动、发育速率、发育历期、为害世代、繁殖力等生物学特性 ,植物 -害虫 -天敌之间的相互关系 ,昆虫的分布区域以及昆虫的生物多样性 .研究和实施害虫的持续控制 ,必须以生态系统为基础 ,揭示害虫发生发展的规律 ,保护生物多样性 ,最大限度地依靠系统的自我调控能力 ,把害虫的种群数量及危害程度控制在对人类造成经济损失的水平之下 ,谋求人类与自然的协调共存     

枇杷害虫与无公害综合防治技术

阐述了枇杷主要害虫种类（枇杷瘤蛾、苹掌舟蛾、枇杷燕灰蝶、梨小食心虫、桑天牛、螨类、桔蚜、花蓟马等）的特点及发生规律,提出以农业、物理防治为主、适当药剂防治为辅的综合防治措施.     

设施蔬菜无公害病虫防治技术

近年来棚室栽培已成为蔬菜生产的重要方式,随着棚室蔬菜种植面积的迅速增加,栽培向多品种、多茬次周年生产方向发展.棚室内低温、高湿,光照不足,通风不良,长期连作等,不仅为各种病虫害提供了优越的越冬场所,而且为其发生、蔓延和传播创造了有利的条件,使蔬菜病虫危害日益突出.因此,应正确认识棚室蔬菜存在的问题及隐患,贯彻“预防为主,综合防治”的植保方针,以农业技术措施为主,创造一个有利于蔬菜生产的环境条件,选用非药剂防治病虫,配合科学合理的农药防治,将有害生物控制在最低水平.     

On the ethics of biological control of insect pests

Of the four types of biological control, (1) natural, (2) conservation, (3) augmentation, and (4) importation), ethical concerns have been raised almost exclusively about only one type: importation. These concerns rest largely on fears of extinction of animal species. Importation biological control is a cost-effective alternative to chemical control for basic food crops of resource-poor farmers. Regarding the other types of biological control, natural biological control is not consciously manipulated by humans. Augmentation has some technical concerns, but is generally an environmentally-sound, viable alternative to chemicals and offers local employment. Conservation can help empower farmers to preserve native species, while saving labor and money and reducing chemical insecticides.     

蔬菜病虫害综合防治技术

文章系统介绍了当前蔬菜生产中应用的农业防治、物理防治和生物防治技术,以便最大限度降低化学农药的使用量,发挥综合效益,提高蔬菜生产的安全水平.     

‘安康紫仁核桃’病虫害调查及防治

为了有效防治核桃病虫害的为害,提高农户种植核桃的效益和积极性,本文针对以地方优良品种‘安康紫仁核桃’为主要栽植品种的核桃示范园区和基地进行定点不定期的调查,调查结果表明：‘安康紫仁核桃’生产中的虫害共有9种,病害6种。同时对该示范园发生最为严重的“三虫一病”问题进行阐述分析并提出相关防治措施,旨在明确‘安康紫仁核桃’发生的病虫害情况、为该品种在本区域快速大面积的推广和发展提供技术支撑和参考,同时也为核桃产业在安康健康可持续发展提供有益指导。     

仓储害虫的为害及化学防治现状

概述了仓储害虫发生及为害的御，详细介绍了仓储害虫的化学防治及中国目前登记使用的仓储害虫防护性杀虫剂和熏蒸剂。     

3.00%辛硫磷GR防治玉米田地下害虫试验总结报告

探索适用于A级绿色食品玉米生产的低毒、低残留地下害虫防治药剂,为A级绿色食品玉米生产大面积应用提供科学依据。     

植物次生化合物在害虫防治中的作用

在化学生态学领域，植物的研究一直是十分活跃的．在植物与昆虫的关系中，植物次生化合物起着重要的作用，文章对植物次生化合物与植食性昆虫的关系、植物次生化合物在害虫防治中的作用、植物次生化合物在害虫防治中的研究方法以及不同作用的评价指标进行了综述，并对植物次生化合物在害虫防治中的主要应用进行了讨论。     

3种荔枝新害虫的发生与防治

对近年来我国荔枝上局部性发生的3种新害虫的分布危害情况,形态特征、生活习性和发牛规律等方面进行了介绍和描述,并分别提出了防控措施.