Different Packaging Conditions to Improve Shelf Life of Filleted Gilt-Head Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Abstract

Shelf life of cultured gilt-head sea bream fillets (Sparus aurata) in over-wrap, vacuum and gas mixture packages stored during 27 days at 1±1°C was compared. The gas mixtures used contained CO₂, O₂, and N₂ at different percentages (0% O₂ + 50% CO₂ + 50% N₂; 10% O₂ +50%CO₂ +40%N₂;20%O₂ +50%CO₂ +30%N₂;30%O₂ +50% CO₂ + 20% N₂).

The evolution of the freshness degree of the packaged fillets was carried out by measurements of total volatile bases (TVB), trimethylamine (TMA), Tiobarbituric Acid Reactives Substances (TBARS), K _i and H values, psychrotrophic bacterial counts and sensory evaluation (color, odor, flavor).

Fish fillets were obtained 3 hours after harvesting with the best handling practices. As a consequence of this, the initial bacterial load was very low. The inhibitory effect of CO₂ on bacterial growth was very effective, keeping very low counts throughout all the storage period. Gas packages without O₂ and vacuum packages presented very low oxidation, whereas TBARS values in over-wrap and 10%, 20% and 30% O₂packaged fillets increased according to the oxygen content in the package. K_i value and specially H value differentiated very well among aero-bically stored fillets, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging. TVB and TMA productions were poor freshness indicators, since no differences were found among treatments. Sensory quality of fillets deteriorated faster in over-wrap than in vacuum and gas packages. Modified atmospheres containing 20 and 30% O₂ were given lower sensory scores than vacuum packages, since they gave rise to yellowness of the fillets and off-odors and off-flavors.

In summary, modified atmosphere packaging of filleted gilt-head sea breams with a gas mixture consisted of 50% CO₂ + 50% N₂ gave rise to an important extension of shelf life compared to over-wrap packaging, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging with gas mixtures containing O₂. This was due to the very low oxidation levels produced during the storage, the lower H value as a consequence of a minor production of Hx and the great inhibition on microbial growth.     

两株芽孢杆菌的生长特性及其对仿刺参的益生作用

本实验室前期从大连湾地区健康的仿刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离出两株芽孢杆菌即B6和B7。首先,通过分析二者的生长特性发现,B6和B7的最适生长温度为15~35℃;最适pH范围为6~8;最适盐度为3%~5%。菌株产酶特性检测结果表明,B6和B7均可产生淀粉酶和蛋白酶,B7产脂肪酶。将两种菌悬液投喂仿刺参后发现,B6和B7可有效提高仿刺参肠道内的消化酶活性以及体腔液中多种非特异性免疫酶活性。本研究结果表明:B6和B7可作为益生菌剂的基础菌株添加至仿刺参生长环境中,并且对仿刺参的消化及免疫功能具有正向刺激作用。     

泥滩混水养殖黑鲷技术研究

１９９１－１９９２年，在河北省黄骅市滩涂进行混水养殖黑鲷技术研究。海水透明度仅８ｃｍ左右，夏季水温能升至３４℃。采取下隐措施；逐渐增加黑鲷种苗池的海水混浊度；建立摄食条件反射，养鱼池中控环形深沟，堆起人工鱼礁。结果：种苗中间培育成活率为７１．７％，越冬成活率为９５．３％，养成成活率为９９％，平均亩产量为４１８．３ｋｇ．     

Optimization of Feeding Rate for Hatchery-Produced Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream Sparus aurata

Abstract.— A 61-d growth trial (five 11-d feeding periods) was conducted to determine the effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilization, morphology, and body composition of the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata . Gilthead sea bream juveniles with an average initial body weight of 3 g were fed a commercial diet (51% crude protein, 11% crude fat) at rates of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0% of their body weight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Water temperature was approximately 21.4 C throughout the experiment. Each ration was administered to triplicate groups of 60 fish, with ration readjusted every 11 d. Growth rate was measured as specific growth rate (SGR). Survival rate and coefficient of variation did not differ significantly among the groups fed different rates. Body weight, condition factor, and hepatosomatic and viscerosomat-ic indices displayed significant increases with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Fish fed 0.5% BW/d had significantly higher moisture and ash and lower protein contents than those fed at higher rates. Moisture and protein contents were not significantly different for fish fed at the highest feeding rates (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% BW/d). Lipid contents increased significantly with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. The SGR showed a curvilinear significant increase when the feeding rate was increased from 0.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Feed efficiency (FE) increased significantly to a maximum value with increasing feeding rate from 0.5 to 2.0% BW/d and decreased significantly with increasing feeding rate from 2.5 to 3.0% BW/d. Based on the data obtained, feeding rates of 2.3% and 0.6% BW/d are recommended as optimum and maintenance rations, respectively.     

Effects of Dietary Vitamin A on Juvenile Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys major

A 55-d feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth of juvenile red sea bream Chrysophrys major . Nine semi-purified diets with supplemental retinol palmitate at levels of 0, 300, 600, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, 15,000 and 30,000 retinol eq/kg diet, were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of 10 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.178 ± 0.001 g. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increase of supplemental retinol palmitate in the diet up to a level of 6,000 retinol eq/kg diet, beyond which those indices tended to decrease slightly or to plateau. Significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet. No significant differences were found in survival rates among the different levels of supplementation. The crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents in the whole body were not affected by the different vitamin A supplemental levels. Besides the reduced growth, fish fed with low levels of vitamin A supplement showed no other signs of deficiency. No hypervitaminosis A symptoms were observed in fish fed on high levels of supplementation. Fish fed on diets with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet showed a significantly lower content of vitamin A (as a total retinol) in the liver than those in groups fed with higher levels of supplementation. Vitamin A was stored in the liver mainly as retinyl esters. Total retinal content of the eye showed no significant differences among the treatments; however, fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg of diet had slightly higher concentrations. According to the results of the mean weight gain, specific growth rate and liver retinol content, the requirement of dietary vitamin A for juvenile red sea bream was estimated to be between 1,500 and 6,000 retinol eq/kg.     

黄渤海区渔政渔港监督管理工作的发展与设想

渔政渔港监督管理是现代渔业管理学研究的重要组成部分，也是当前我国渔业管理学研究的重要课题，作者结合工作实际，围绕黄渤海区渔政渔港监督管理工作的发展与设想作扼要的专题论述与探讨。     

黑鲷×真鲷杂交子代回交繁育及子代早期发育观察

为筛选获得类型丰富、具杂交优势的海水养殖新品种,在黑鲷(♀)×真鲷(♂)杂交子代养殖成功的基础上,于2016年4—5月,挑选经强化培育的杂交子代(♂)及黑鲷(♀)为亲鱼(雌雄配比1∶1),养于室内同一水泥池,水温16~20℃,盐度23~25,收集同步发育的自然受精卵进行孵化,采用显微摄像观察,记录回交子代胚胎和早期仔鱼的发育时序与形态特征。试验结果显示,回交子代的受精卵孵化、胚胎及仔鱼发育正常;在水温18~20.2℃、盐度25、微充气的条件下,受精卵历时42.5h完成胚胎发育,仔鱼孵化出膜;初孵仔鱼全长为2.08~2.45mm;在水温18~21.8℃、盐度23~25的条件下,经过约4d时间,仔鱼卵黄囊消失,完成早期仔鱼发育阶段。试验表明,黑鲷(♀)×真鲷(♂)杂交子代的可育性,也为进一步的鲷科优良品种选育提供更多基础资料。     

Optimization of Artemia Metanauplii on Growth and Survival of Gilthead Sea Bream Larvae Sparus aurata

–Growth, feed efficiency and survival of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata larvae fed exclusively various levels of enriched Artemia during the period 25 DPH-34 DPH were investigated. Larvae had an average initial fresh body weight (BW) of 4.99 mg and were fed on Artemia at rates of 20, 35, 50, 65, and 80% of their body weight per day, in two equal meals. Each ration was administered to duplicate groups of 1,000 larvae, with ration readjusted every second day. Feeding rate had a significant effect on larval survival, which was lower in larvae fed the 20 and 35% BS/d rations. The specific growth rate (SGR) showed a curvilinear significant increase when the feeding rate was increased from 20 to 65% BW/d, but there was no improvement when the feeding rate was increased from 65 to 80% BW/d. Percent feed efficiency (FE) decreased significantly from a maximum value at 20% ration to 80% BW/d but at 65% and 80% rations the values of FE were not significantly different. Optimum ration (minimum quantity of Artemia concomitant with maximum larval growth) was estimated close to 65% BW/d. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to potential economics of Artemia cysts use in commercial hatcheries.     

Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Sea Bream,Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758), in Relation to Salinity

Sea bream, Sparus aurata, is one of the most important fish species that is commonly cultured in the Mediterranean and the eastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The life cycle of sea bream in its natural habitat passes through hyposaline and hypersaline lagoons. It is important to determine the tolerance of the fish to nitrogenous compounds for aquaculture at maximum stocking densities. In the present study, a series of acute experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of salinity on ammonia and nitrite toxicity to sea bream. The fish were exposed to different ammonia and nitrite concentrations according to the static renewal methodology at three different salinities (10, 20, and 30 ppt) and at a temperature of 20 C and a pH of 8.2. The toxic effect of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen (NO₂‐N) decreased with increasing salinity levels (P < 0.001). Acute toxicity (96‐h lethal concentration 50 [LC₅₀]) values of TAN were determined to be 5.93, 11.72, and 19.38 mg/L at 10, 20, and 30 ppt salinity, respectively. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values of NO₂‐N were determined to be 370.80, 619.47, and 806.33 mg/L at 10, 20, and 30 ppt salinity, respectively. Results indicate that sea bream is less tolerant to ammonia but more tolerant to nitrite compared with some other fish species.     

MS-222对鳊鱼麻醉保活运输效果的研究

为研究MS-222对鳊鱼保活运输的影响,分析比较了在不同质量浓度MS-222(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L和120 mg/L)、不同水温(2、7、15、20℃)和不同鱼水质量比(2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)下鳊鱼的存活率,从而确定及筛选最佳的保活运输条件,并检测和分析在保活运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的变化和影响。试验结果显示,当MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L、水温7℃、鱼水比1∶3时,保活时间最长,鱼体存活率最高;随着保活时间的延长,水体指标中氨氮含量、微生物、pH均呈上升趋势,而溶解氧水平则呈下降趋势;在鱼体指标中,肌肉中糖原、pH下降,乳酸含量上升;在血液指标中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、血糖、尿素和肌酐均显著增加(P<0.05),说明随着保活时间的延长,鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响,但其变化幅度均小于对照组。研究结果表明,在鳊鱼保活过程中可适当使用MS-222麻醉剂以延长存活时间和提高存活率。     

团头鲂病原嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

从患病的团头鲂肝脏中分离到1株优势菌WJ-8。将菌株WJ-8进行人工回归感染试验,其患病症状同自然发病症状,证明其对团头鲂有致病性。该菌株的形态特征、主要理化特性、16SrRNA序列测定结果及系统发育树的构建表明该菌株为嗜水气单胞菌。药敏试验结果显示,该菌株对氟苯尼考、甲哌利福霉素、链霉素、卡那霉素等22种药物敏感,对青霉素、氨苄西林、羧苄青霉素、苯唑西林等12种药物表现出耐药性。     

黄鳍鲷骨骼肌伴肌动蛋白的纯化及其抗体制备

采用Sephacryl S-400凝胶过滤柱层析和电洗脱等纯化方法,首次从黄鳍鲷骨骼肌中分离纯化到伴肌动蛋白,并制备了特异性多克隆抗体.多克隆抗体经Protein A-Sepharose亲和层析柱纯化得到高纯度免疫球蛋白G(IgG).采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、免疫斑点印迹(Dot-Blot)和免疫印迹(Western-Blot)等方法对纯化的伴肌动蛋白及其多克隆抗体进行分析鉴定,并研究了不同贮藏条件下伴肌动蛋白的变化情况.SDS-PAGE结果显示本研究从黄鳍鲷骨骼肌中分离纯化了高纯度伴肌动蛋白;Dot-Blot检测结果显示兔抗黄鳍鲷伴肌动蛋白多克隆抗体效价为5×104;Western-blot检测表明兔抗黄鳍鲷伴肌动蛋白多克隆抗体能与肌原纤维蛋白中的伴肌动蛋白发生特异性反应,而与其它蛋白不发生免疫交叉反应.     

Effects of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Growth and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata

The effect of restricted feeding on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition was studied in juveniles of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Juveniles (6.4 g) were stocked into 12 tanks at a density of 16 fish per tank. Four different feeding schedules were tested on triplicate groups of juvenile fish: (1) control fed for 48 d without deprivation, (2) starvation for 1 d and then refed for 2 d (S1), (3) 50% satiation for 2 d and then refed to apparent satiation for 2 d (R2), and (4) 50% satiation for 6 d and then refed to apparent satiation for another 6 d (R6). Results indicated that all fish subjected to cycled restricted feeding regimes were unable to achieve catching up with control group. The specific growth rate of fish in the control was significantly higher than those in S1, R2, and R6, which were not significantly different from each other. Protein efficiency and protein productive value were significantly higher in R2 compared to control, S1, and R6. Fish in R2 had lowest feed conversion ratio (1.12) compared to the control (1.17). Body protein composition in R6 was less than that of the control, S1, and R2, while moisture, lipid, and ash content were not significantly different compared to the control.     

Effect of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Compensatory Growth and Body Composition of Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major

Compensatory growth of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during feed deprivation and after refeeding was investigated. Groups of three fish each were allocated into 28 cages. Fish were fed by a commercial feed to satiation twice a day. Four feeding groups of fish were prepared: one group with continuous feeding (C) for 9 wk and three other groups with feed deprivation for 1 wk (F1) in Week 3, 2 wk (F2) from Week 2 to Week 3, and 3 wk (F3) from Week 1 to Week 3, respectively. All fish in the feed deprivation treatments resumed feeding in Week 4. The full compensatory growth was achieved in F1 and F2 fish after refeeding for the first 3 wk but in F3 fish after refeeding for the second 3 wk. Specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in all fish experiencing fasting were higher than those of control fish after first 3 wk of refeeding. At the end of feed deprivation in Week 3, crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content of all fish experiencing fasting were lower than those of the control fish. These results indicated that red sea bream experienced 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wk fasting could achieve full compensatory growth in the 9‐wk feeding trial.     

Growth and Survival of Larval Red Sea Bream Pagrus major and Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Fed Microbound Diets

To establish the practical use of microbound diets (MBD) for larval fish in mass seedling production, rearing experiments of larval red sea bream, Pagrus major , and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaeeus , were conducted. A mixture of various protein sources was used, and dietary amino acid patterns were approximated to those of larval whole body protein. Two thousand red sea bream larvae and 1,000 Japanese flounder larvae, all 10 days old, were placed in 100 liter tanks with running sea water under ambient water temperature, which ranged from 18 to 20C. The particle size of MBD was 125 μm at the beginning of the experiment and adjusted as fish size increased thereafter. Employing MBD together with a small amount of live food could sustain the growth and survival of larval red sea bream and Japanese flounder. Thus, data from the present study indicates that substitution of artificial feeds for live foods is possible for larval fish production, although improvements in MBD diets may be necessary before they are adequate for large scale seedling production.     

枯草芽孢杆菌B2的生长及其对仿刺参的益生特性

从大连湾地区健康的仿刺参养殖池塘沉积物中分离得到一株芽孢杆菌菌株B2,经16SrDNA鉴定以及形态学分析确定其为枯草芽孢杆菌。该菌株生长适宜温度为15~35℃,适宜pH为6~8,适宜盐度为30~50。电镜观察发现,枯草芽孢杆菌B2周围有明显可见的芽孢。枯草芽孢杆菌B2可产淀粉酶和蛋白酶,但不具有产脂肪酶的能力。将枯草芽孢杆菌B2按照仿刺参体质量的0.1%、0.2%和0.3%配成不同密度的菌液,添加至饲料中,投喂7d后发现,该菌株可有效提高仿刺参肠道内的消化酶以及体腔液中多种非特异性免疫酶的活性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B2可作为益生菌剂的基础菌株添加至仿刺参饲料中。     

北部湾口海域深水金线鱼生长和死亡研究

2007年1-12月在北部湾口采集477尾深水金线鱼标本,使用FiSATⅡ软件中的ELEFANⅠ程序包对其生长参数进行了估算.一维方差分析结果表明,北部湾口海域深水金线鱼体长和体质量相关性无显著性性别差异（P>0.05）,雌、雄混合后的体长和体质量关系方程为mt=5.4604×10-5L2.875t;Von Bertalanffy生长方程为Lt=244.7×{1-exp[-0.42×(t+0.37)]},mt=402.3×{1-exp[-0.42×(t+0.37)]}2.875;体质量生长拐点2.3龄,对应体长163.1 mm;逻辑斯蒂方程求解的50％性成熟体长为121.5 mm;体长组成资料的累计渔获量曲线估算的总死亡系数为2.28,Pauly经验公式计算自然死亡系数为0.49,北部湾口海域2007年深水金线鱼的开发率达到0.79,资源处于过度开发状态.Beverton & Holt模型研究表明,当前北部湾口海域深水金线鱼的开捕年龄偏小.建议在当前捕捞力量下,增大tc至2龄,此时深水金线鱼体长为152.3 mm,单位补充量渔获量可达到68.5 g/尾.     

Fresh-Keeping Effects of Melanin-Free Extract From Squid Ink on Yellowfin Sea Bream (Sparus latus) During Cold Storage

Squid ink, a by-product from the squid production process, has been demonstrated to be a multifunctional marine bioactive material that can promote freshness of shiokara and peeled shrimp. However, the preservative effect it has on marine fish as well as its preservative mechanisms are still unknown. In this article, Sparus latus was used as a model to assess the preservative effects and the possible mechanism of the ink through chemical parameters, antibacterial effect, and sensory analysis. Melanin-free extract from squid ink at a concentration of 45 mg/mL and pH 8.5 was revealed to be effective in prolonging cold storage shelf life of Sparus latus, which was confirmed through comprehensive sensory analysis evaluation and measurement of chemical changes including pH, microbial count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value, and nucleotide analysis. It was also discovered that the extract mainly suppressed putrefying bacteria separated from Sparus latus, and the bacteriostatic range was confirmed to be wide. Squid ink significantly prolonged the cold storage period of Sparus latus, indicating that it may be developed to be a natural preservative for marine products.     

一株中华绒螯蟹幼体益生菌的筛选及其种属特性的初步研究

通过单株细菌感染中华绒螯蟹Ⅰ期溞状幼体的方法筛选出2株病原菌,它们对幼体的72 h致死率为100%;获得有益菌1株,与对照组相比提高中华绒螯蟹Ⅰ期溞状幼体的变态率近50%,该菌株有望成为中华绒螯蟹幼体的益生菌株.根据16S rRNA序列同源性分析结果,将其初步鉴定为节杆菌属的一种.     

水的混浊度与黑鲷稚鱼互残现象的关系

<正> 黑鲷 Sparus macrocephalus 是一种广泛分布于我国沿海的名贵海产鱼类和优良的海水增养殖品种。目前,随着人工繁殖技术的不断完善,苗种存活率得到迅速提高,出苗量已达到生产性规模。但在育苗过程中,体长1厘米以上的稚鱼,常出现较明显的互残现象,尤其个体出现大小分化,在饵料不足、稚鱼处于饥饿状态下,这种现象更为显著。弱小个体的眼睛、腹部、鳍等部位常受到攻击,造成大批死亡。然而在生产上,当育苗水体变得混浊时,自相残杀造成的死亡率又会下降。因此,我们设想,在水体中投