德根贝微生物肥对云香巴斯玛1号产质量的影响

研究了德根贝微生物肥不同施用方式对香料烟产质量的影响。结果表明：德根贝蘸根移栽和移栽后浇灌能有效缩短香料烟云香巴斯玛1号的全生育期,使现蕾、开花、顶叶成熟时间提前。德根贝蘸根移栽能增加云香巴斯玛1号的叶片数和株高,减少叶长在15 cm以下的叶数,增加叶长在16 cm以上的叶数,烟叶产量提高了186 kg/hm2,产值增加5410.4元/hm2,增加调制后上中等烟比例,降低烟叶烟碱含量,提高多酚和石油醚提取物等香气物质含量。     

Calibration of two techniques for estimating herbage mass

Two non-destructive techniques for estimating herbage mass (dry matter yield) were evaluated during the growing season of 1988, from April to September. Samples were collected from four sites, with ten observations made on twenty-five days at each site, giving a total of 612 sample units. Observations were obtained from each unit, either with a plastic rising-plate meter (335) or with a metal rising-plate meter (227). In addition, measurements with a single-probe capacitance meter (Pasture Probe) were also made on all units. The usefulness of the non-destructive methods for predicting the actual yield was evaluated by calibrating them by means of regression on the yield determined by mowing 1·5-m² quadrats, weighing, subsampling and drying the grass. The yield measurements were logarithmically transformed to correct for the proportionality of the residual variance with the mowed dry matter yield. Logarithmic transformation of the sensor measurements improved the linearity of the calibration relationships. The combination of one rising-plate meter and the Pasture Probe resulted in a linear and additive model with a larger adjusted R² than models with just one of these two sensors. The addition of the predictors ‘external moisture’ (e.g. dew), ‘day number after mowing’ and ‘site number’ significantly increased the goodness of fit of many models. In some models addition of the logarithm of the ‘dry matter percentage’ was significant. Other predictors in these models such as “Julian day number” and “grazing” proved not to be significant. The adjusted R²s in the best models for the metal and the plastic discs were 89·7% and 87·3% respectively. The corresponding coefficients of variation were 26·2% and 26·1%. The results show that further research is necessary to refine the techniques or to develop new techniques to estimate the dry matter yield, before the sensors can be usefully integrated into a management system.     

Field‐related quality management system for grass silage production

A model for the prediction of the silage quality was tested in several large farms in northeast Germany. The model uses data and information on the fresh grass and the application of silage additives at ensiling to evaluate the “ensilability.” During clamp filling, the model analyses information on the filling performance, activity of compacting machines and hermitic covering of the clamp and evaluates the “ensiling technique.” Both “ensilability” and “ensiling technique” are assessed as “good,” “medium” or “bad” and pooled in “silage evaluation grades” 1–5. In the present model version, the predicted silage net energy lactation (NEL) and crude protein (CP) content is between 3% (for the best grade 1) and 15% (for the weakest grade 5) lower than the fresh grass NEL and CP content. In our experiments, all the grass silage production systems were characterized by “good” “ensilability” and “ensiling technique.” Under those circumstances, the experimental results indicated a closer numerical relation between fresh grass and measured silage NEL and CP content than between predicted silage and measured silage NEL and CP content. The results reveal that the model prediction calculation should be changed compared to the present version. If “ensilability” and “ensiling technique” are evaluated as “good,” the predicted silage NEL and CP content should be forecasted in a range between 0% and 3% decrease compared to fresh grass.     

Effect of planting date,nitrogen rate,and plant spacing on potatoes grown for processing in Prince Edward Island

Russet Burbank and Kennebec potatoes were evaluated over 5 years at 3 planting dates, 3 plant spacings, and 3 nitrogen rates. Delayed planting significantly reduced Russet Burbank yield, but did not effect Kennebec yield. Both varieties exhibited reduced specific gravity of tubers with delayed planting. Spacings between 38 and 56 cm for Russet Burbank and 20 and 38 cm for Kennebec had no significant effect on yields of “A” size tubers, but wider spacing reduced specific gravity of tubers. No yield advantage occurred with nitrogen application greater than 134 kg N/ha. Increased nitrogen application reduced specific gravity of tubers. Significant differences in the N, P, and K levels of leaves, petioles, and tubers were observed due to some treatments.     

Growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Atlantic and Monona as influenced by seed type and size

Growth and yield of potato plants grown from several weight classes of whole “B” seed, unsorted “B” seed, and 56 g cut seed pieces were compared in Ohio in 1988 and 1989. Whole “B” seed classes were 8 g ranges with means of 35 g, 43 g, 51 g, and 58 g. Unsorted “B” seed was used as an experimental control. Treatment responses were inconsistent. Few significant differences were evident at bloom in leaf area, number of main stems, and total plant dry weight (without tubers) per hill. However, the number of tubers greater than 1 cm in diameter per hill at bloom was less for cut seed as compared with several whole seed treatments. Percent stand at four weeks was also less for cut seed compared with 51 g and 58 g whole tuber treatments. Significant differences in total and U.S. No. 1 yields were absent despite differences in several plant growth variables early in the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons.     

Consideration of peg strength and disease severity in the decision to harvest peanut in southeastern USA

The indeterminate nature and underground fruiting habit of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) makes it a challenge to determine the optimal harvest time. The objectives of this study were (1) to gain additional information about how maturity and canopy health influence peg strength, yield, and grade and (2) to address anecdotal claims of differences in peg strength and digging losses among cultivars. Field trials were established in Citra, FL, and Tifton, GA. Two peanut cultivars (“Georgia-06G” and “Tifguard”) were grown under two fungicide programs (full program: every 14-day spraying interval; and reduced program: every 28-day spraying interval), and harvested at three different maturity levels (early, optimum, and late based on an accumulated growing degree day method). The fungicide program had a significant impact on yield only in 2013 at Citra, likely because the canopy structure was decreased because of fungal disease known as leaf spots (causal agents: Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum). The timing of the harvest had a significant impact on yield, grade, peg strength, and digging loss. In addition, yield, grade, peg strength, and digging losses differed between the peanut cultivars. These results show that reduced fungicide program might affect the yield because of the disease severity and that the optimal harvest time should consider the level of the defoliation. Although there was no correlation between peg strength and digging loss, over-maturity can cause more digging losses compared to optimal harvest time. Tifguard had higher digging loss than Georiga-06G. This study provides additional useful information on cultivars to growers.     

高产大豆新品种东生1号的选育及栽培技术

高产大豆新品种东生1号是中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所于1992年以合丰25系选为母本，以北87-19为父本进行有性杂交经过多年选育而成的。该品种适于大豆主产区黑龙江省第三积温带种植，主要特点是株型合理、高产、稳产，抗倒伏、耐旱、耐涝、中抗大豆灰斑病。2003年通过黑龙江省作物品种省定委员会审定，命名为东生1号。     

Zone-subsoiling effects on potato yield and grade

Soil compaction and erosion are problems in many Pacific Northwestern potato fields. We wanted to determine if zone-subsoiling would reduce these problems and improve potato yields and or grade without adversely impacting other production practices. Studies were conducted in Southern Idaho at six locations over two years on different soils and with different irrigation methods to assess the effects of zone-subsoiling immediately after planting on tuber yield and grade. Reservoir-tillage comparisons were made at three locations where sprinkler water application rates were higher than soil infiltration rates. Russet Burbank was represented by eight location-years and Russet Norkotah by two. Zone-subsoiling consistently improved tuber grade or increased tuber size. The biggest improvement was under furrow irrigation. Zone-subsoiling also tended to increase total yield in eight of ten location-years. Reservoir-tillage improved yield and grade, but zone-subsoiling did not without reservoir-tillage when water application rates were high. At no location did zone-subsoiling significantly decrease tuber grade or yield. Zone-subsoiling had no appreciable effects on hill configuration or seed-piece dislocation. Surface cracking and “water piping” occurred under furrow irrigation but were not significant problems. Results were similar for both cultivars. Additional studies will be needed to successfully incorporate zone-subsoiling into commercial production practices     

常规粳稻超高产栽培的精确定量化——设计与实现

2005年在江苏武进水稻超高产精确定量栽培攻关。试验实施前,针对武进试验点粳稻新品种武运粳7号生育规律、产量形成特性,根据当地的生态条件,运用精确定量栽培的技术原理,以产量800 kg/667 m~2为目标设计栽培方案,包括穗粒结构、播栽期、栽插基本苗数、氮肥用量与运筹比例等关键栽培技术进行了定量化设计,并在试验过程进行了严格的实施。结果表明,试验保证了武运粳7号超高产量潜力的表现,平均产量达803 kg/667 m~2。     

应用RAPD分子标记分析“晚绿”品种的杂交亲本

应用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)技术对茶树无性系品种“晚绿”进行亲子关系分析。所用 10 8条随机引物中的 93条引物对日本静冈和枕畸两地取样的 6个无性系茶树品种的 8份材料的基因组DNA分别扩增出 1- 8条谱带 ,平均每条引物 3 5条。其中 19条引物扩增出“晚绿”与其母本“数北”不同的RAPD分子标记 30个。从中选择 6条引物对 8份供试材料的基因组DNA鉴定表明 ,其中 4个RAPD分子标记显示出“晚绿”品种特异性 ,说明包括“静在 16”在内的 4个供试品种都不是“晚绿”的真正父本。本文还证明 ,不同生态条件下生长的同一无性系茶树品种的基因组DNA具有遗传保守性     

新型肥料“丰卉尿素”在水稻上的应用效果初探

以普通尿素用量为对照，探讨“丰卉尿素”减量使用对水稻武运粳20生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明，与普通尿素用量相比，水稻施用“丰卉尿素”减量20%处理产量与其相当，减量30%处理产量下降22.5 kg/667 m2，但减产不显著，减量50%的处理减产极显著。     

Alaska red: A general purpose,productive, red-skinned potato

‘Alaska Red’ is the first red-skinned potato bred and selected in Alaska as a clone suitable for the fresh potato market. Its parents are Alaska Clone 11-57-1-59 and ‘Red Beauty’. It is a high yielding, medium specific gravity potato with uniform skin and eye basin color, shallow eyes, uniform oval-to-flattened shape and is very attractive. The flesh is snowy white and remains white after boiling. Alaska Red keeps well in storage at 38°F (3.3°C). Scab of the tubers is the only disease that has been observed. In this subarctic region, flowers abort in the early bud stage. Red-skinned potato varieties available to Alaskan growers for the past quarter century have been unsatisfactory due to one or more of the following characteristics: low dry matter content, poor yield, uneven skin pigmentation and internal or external tuber cracking. Although consumers buy far less red than white-skinned potatoes, the demand brings Florida “reds” to Alaska as well as “reds” from other regions so that there is a year round outlet. Imported “reds” never approach the high quality of Alaskan grown “reds”. During the screening of seedlings, ‘Red Beauty’ was selected as a parental line because of its excellent conformation, skin color and eye arrangement. Low yield and shatter cracking made it unsuitable for commercial production. Alaska Red is a selection from seedlings of the cross Ak. 11-57-1-59 and Red Beauty made in 1965 and is the first red-skinned potato released from Alaska’s potato breeding. It was first evaluated by potato growers in 1972 and released in 1976 by the Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Box AE, Palmer, Alaska 99645.     

Does the “high sugar” trait of perennial ryegrass cultivars express under temperate climate conditions?

The objective was to evaluate water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) concentration of perennial ryegrass (PRG) cultivars with different genetic potential for producing WSC under two contrasting agronomic managements in temperate climate (southern Chile). A 4 × 2 factorial design was randomly allocated to 24 plots (31 m² each, three blocks): four PRG cultivars (diploid standard cultivar, “2nSt”; tetraploid standard cultivar, “4nSt”; diploid high sugar cultivar developed in New Zealand, “2nHSNZ”; and tetraploid high sugar cultivar developed in Europe, “4nHSEU”) and two agronomic managements (“favourable,” defoliations at three leaves per tiller and nitrogen (N) fertilization rate of 83.3 kg N ha^?1 year^?1; “unfavourable,” defoliations at two leaves per tiller and N fertilization rate of 250 kg N ha^?1 year^?1). Herbage samples were collected in early spring, spring, summer and autumn. Concentration of WSC did not differ among cultivars in spring and summer, averaging 194 and 251 g/kg DM, respectively. The cultivar 4nHSEU had the greatest WSC concentration in early spring and autumn (187 and 266 g/kg DM, respectively) and the greatest CP concentration across samplings (average 230 g/kg DM). Favourable management improved WSC concentrations in early spring and summer and decreased CP in spring, summer and autumn. Annual DM yield did not vary with cultivar or management, averaging 8.43 t/ha. Within a 12‐month study at one site in a temperate environment in southern Chile, PRG cultivars have not shown a consistent expression of the “high sugar” trait, where a genetic × environment interaction might be operating.     

Effect of water stress during tuber formation on subsequent growth and internal defects in Russet Burbank potatoes

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early season water stress on yield, quality, and internal disorders of Russet Burbank potatoes grown on sandy soil. There were trends for decreased internal disorders early in the season as the water stress increased. However, these trends did not persist. At harvest in mid-September there was no consistent association between internal disorders of U.S. No. 1 tubers and early season irrigation treatments. Yield, grade, and specific gravity were affected to a minor degree by the treatments.     

Economic performance of two new potato varieties using a fresh market consignment-packing model

New potato varieties may provide economic advantages in traditional potato markets. An economic analysis was conducted to determine potential advantages of two new varieties, ‘Gem Russet’ and ‘Summit Russet,’ when compared with ‘Russet Burbank’ in the fresh market. Yield and grade data from 15 location/years were used to calculate net returns for each variety using a price based on a fresh market consignment packing model. Gem Russet and Summit Russet had slightly higher total yield than Russet Burbank when averaged over all location/years. In only six of the 15 location/years for Gem Russet and four of the 15 for Summit Russet was total yield statistically higher than Russet Burbank. Gem Russet and Summit Russet had numerically higher % US No. 1 yield in all of the location/years and statistically higher in 12 and 13, respectively. Both varieties were equal to or higher than Russet Burbank in all location/years for % cartons, consignment sale net value and net returns. The higher net return for Gem Russet and Summit Russet over Russet Burbank make these varieties economically advantageous to grow. This type of analysis is important in assessing the value of a new variety to growers based on existing markets.     

The effects of foliar application of cytokinins on potato yields in southeastern Idaho

The “Cytex” product, a commercial seaweed extract containing natural cytokinins, was tested as a foliar spray for seven years, using several potato clones and several rates and dates of application. Throughout seven years, the Russet Burbank cultivar showed no measurable response to the “Cytex” product. Application of kinetin in a single season also produced no response. Throughout five years of testing, the Lemhi Russet showed a substantial yield response in one year, a moderate response in a second year, and a possible small response to 1 of 6 treatments in a third year. The best time for application is during the 2-week period directly following tuber initiation.     

Impact of early-season water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development,tuber yield and quality

Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Owyhee silt loam were subjected to early-season moisture stress by delaying initiation of furrow irrigation up to seven weeks after planting. A range of water stress treatments from 4 to 7 weeks after planting resulted in reduced plant size, tuber number and total tuber weight per plant 8 1/2 weeks after planting. Early-season water stress resulting from delayed irrigation onset was associated with improved tuber quality at harvest. Plants water stressed before tuber initiation had fewer tubers with dark stem-end fry colors, reduced percentage of US No. 2 potatoes, and increased percentage and size of US No. 1 potatoes. Increasing duration of soil water potential below -60 kPa early in the season was associated with declining total yield in 1985 but not in 1986. To obtain optimum yield and processing quality, the first irrigation should be no sooner than full plant emergence.     

稻蟹生态种养模式水稻栽植方式筛选研究

本研究在投放相同数量河蟹的基础上设置了“6比空”“12比空”和“18比空”3种水稻栽植方式,通过综合分析水稻产量、稻米品质和河蟹产量等数据,明确适宜稻蟹生态种养模式下机械化操作的最优水稻栽植方式。结果表明,与普通稻蟹种养模式下的水稻产量相比,比空栽植方式通过边行效应增加了单位面积有效穗数,补充了一部分由于空行引起的水稻产量缺失,同时降低了稻米蛋白质含量,提高了整精米率和河蟹的回捕率。综合水稻和河蟹收入,以“12比空”栽植模式的产投比最高,达到2.83,比水稻单一种植模式增收13 575元/hm2,比普通稻蟹种养模式增收3 120元/hm2,是稻蟹生态种养经济效益较优的水稻栽植方式之一。     

Potato production on wide beds: Impact on yield and selected soil physical characteristics

Planting three rows of potatoes in a bed the width of two conventional rows offers an easily managed way to increase seed piece populations, with the potential of increasing tuber yield and enhancing tuber quality. A wide bed production system (3 rows of potatoes planted on a 1.9 m flat-topped raised bed) was compared to a conventional-ridged system (1 row of potatoes in sharply sloped ridges on 96 cm centers) in 1996 and 1997 on a Norfolk sandy loam soil and a Portsmouth fine sandy loam soil in eastern North Carolina. Potato plant stands, leaf area index at approximately 9 WAP, yield, and quality were measured. Soil temperature, soil moisture, and cone index, as a measure of soil penetration resistance, were also measured, wide beds were more moist than conventional ridges early in the season. Cone index was greater throughout the root profile in wide beds in two of three tests. The row on the west side of an individual wide bed was most similar to conventional ridges in daily soil temperature fluctuations between minimum and maximum temperatures, and had greater fluctuations than the middle and eastern rows of the wide bed. Total yield and yield of grade A potatoes were not significantly different between wide beds and conventional ridges at either site. At one site, yield of grade B potatoes was significantly less in the wide bed; among the three rows in the wide bed, the eastern row had significantly lower yield of grade B potatoes. Conventional ridges had a higher percent of green grade A potatoes than the wide beds in one of three trials. Under North Carolina conditions, changing production systems would be unadvisable for most growers because wide beds do not increase yield enough to justify spending the money for more seed and to change equipment.     

我国长江流域籼稻品种选育进展及改良策略

根据对1986~2002年南方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验资料的分析表明,我国长江流域籼稻品种选育在经过“八五”时期的徘徊之后,“九五”以来取得明显进展,平均产量水平比“七五”和“八五”时期提高了12%以上,同时稻米品质明显改善,但整体抗性水平无明显提高。在品种改良中,适当增加植株高度对提高产量有重要的间接促进作用,同时,在保持适度的穗数和粒重前提下增加每穗粒数,对兼顾提高产量和改良品质至关重要。提出了进一步提高育种水平的策略与建议。