土壤剖面水分线性尺度测量方法

针对现有土壤水分点尺度下测量的局限性,提出了一种线性尺度下的土壤剖面水分测量方法,并设计了一种基于驻波比法的土壤剖面水分信息测量传感系统。借助HFSS高频电磁场仿真软件与网络矢量分析仪对传感器环形探头的电场强度分布情况与阻抗特性进行了分析研究,确定了环形探头适应性与敏感区域。以2种不同质地的土壤作为试验样本,对土壤水分传感器的输出与对应的测量值进行了多项式拟合,决定系数均达到了0.99以上,传感器的稳态与动态性能均能满足土壤剖面水分的测量要求。通过多层水分土柱穿层试验与对比试验表明,该系统能够满足线性尺度下土壤剖面水分的实时测量需求,具有较高的测量精度与稳定性。设计的土壤剖面水分线性测量系统的各项指标均达到实际应用的需求,具有较高的应用推广价值。     

土壤点源入渗测量仪在山坡林地应用中的改进

为解决山坡林地环境下土壤点源入渗测量法判读困难、自动测量数据误差值较大的问题,添加了人工识别功能以提高试验精度.使用改进后的土壤点源入渗测量仪对衡山山坡林地进行入渗率测量,通过入渗影响因素和拟合分析对入渗结果进行分析,结果显示所测入渗率与土壤特征所反映的入渗规律和拟合结果均相符,验证了土壤点源入渗测量法在林地测量中的可行性,进一步扩展了点源入渗测量仪的测量范围;改进后的土壤点源入渗仪使用人工识别功能所减少的试验误差值在0.3%~31.0%,极大提高了山坡林地入渗率测量的准确性.     

入渗水矿化度对点源滴灌土壤水盐运移特征的影响

通过室内试验,初步研究了入渗水矿化度对点源滴灌土壤水盐运移特征的影响,结果表明,在入渗土层深度相同时,入渗水矿化度越高,土壤剖面含水率和土壤剖面含盐量相对越大;在入渗时间相同时,入渗水矿化度越高,湿润锋水平运移的距离越大;在点源滴灌条件下湿润锋水平运移距离随滴水时间的变化规律符合二次函数关系。     

双点源滴灌条件下土壤湿润锋运移规律研究

通过模拟试验,研究了不同滴头流量、灌水量和滴头间距下双点源滴灌水分交汇作用对湿润锋运动规律的影响,结果表明:在交汇界面,湿润锋水平和垂直入渗距离与入渗时间符合多项式关系,在未发生交汇的平面符合幂函数关系。相同条件下,交汇界面处的水分向外扩散距离与距滴灌点源相同距离处未发生交汇的水分扩散距离相比增加了30%,湿润锋前沿处的含水率比其增大了81%。在滴头流量为0.8 L/h、灌溉水量17.0 L条件下,双点源交汇入渗在结束灌水时湿润锋水平和垂直湿润距离分别为31.0 cm和33.3 cm,比单点源入渗分别大1.0 cm和1.3 cm。此外,通过试验发现,增大滴头流量、灌水量或缩小滴头间距均能有效改善土壤湿润体的均匀性。     

多层土壤剖面复合传感器设计与性能分析

针对土壤剖面温度与水分检测存在传感器安装困难、对本地土壤扰动比较大等问题,设计了一种基于驻波比土壤水分测量原理与基于铂电阻测温原理的多层土壤剖面复合传感器。借助矢量网络分析仪与HFSS电磁场仿真软件对传感器电极的阻抗特性与电场分布状况进行了分析,确定了铜质检测探头结构为:直径5 cm、宽度2.5 cm、厚度0.09 cm,测试电路激励频率为100 MHz。以3种不同质地土壤作为测试样本,对土壤水分与温度检测单元的输出与对应的测量值分别进行了多项式拟合与线性拟合,相关性均达到0.99以上,系统稳态及动态性能均满足土壤剖面温度与水分的检测要求。通过试验分析了土壤温度与体积含水率对传感器输出的影响,利用统计回归方法建立了传感器在不同温度时的修正模型。在北京市小汤山野外环境下,将传感器工作于埋入土壤的PVC管体中,同时获取3层土壤温度与水分剖面信息,数据可靠,性能稳定,为实时获取多层土壤墒情及土壤温度提供了一种高效方法。     

土壤理化特性对土壤剖面水分传感器性能的影响

针对土壤理化特性变异影响土壤剖面多点水分传感器测量误差的问题,面向土壤剖面水分测量,设计了一种高频电容式水分传感器,通过试验分析了土壤温度、电导率、容重等土壤理化特性变异对传感器输出电压的影响,采用统计回归处理方法,建立了基于温度影响下的土壤水分修正模型,并对传感器的性能进行了检验.试验结果表明:在5 ～45℃范围内,传感器输出电压随土壤温度升高而线性递增;电导率大于2 mS/cm时,传感器输出电压随电导率增大而逐渐减小;容重增加使得传感器输出电压呈减小趋势;在常温下此水分传感器测量值与传统干燥法测量值对比,两者决定系数R2=0.967 9,最大测量绝对误差4.70％,均方根误差为0.025 24.     

环式入渗仪测量土壤初始入渗率效果试验

提出一种环式入渗试验装置,可以在入渗进行一段时间后,通过观测初始入渗水在土壤剖面的分布,估量初始入渗的过程。该入渗环为可拆分的两个半环,以便通过观察入渗水分在土壤剖面的分布估计初始入渗特性。论述了环的构成和测量过程与方法。同时用有机玻璃圆管装填土样,对比观察模拟真实一维入渗过程。用采自北京的粉壤土和该试验装置进行土壤入渗试验。试验分为3种入土打击能量:1、2、4 kg铁锤,自1 m高处自由落体打击入渗环入土。土壤干体积容积密度分别为:1.2、1.3、1.4 g/cm3。每次试验均向环内注入2 L水,每组试验进行2次重复。入渗环内土壤湿润土体表明,实际发生的土壤入渗为由环壁向环内土壤的径向入渗和由地表向下垂直入渗构成,环壁与土壤剖面间产生的优先流极大地影响了初始土壤入渗率的测量精度。在初始入渗阶段,由环壁向土体的水平径向入渗宽度和由地表向土体的垂直入渗深度近似相等,垂直入渗深度是水平径向入渗宽度的1.001倍。环式入渗仪测得的土壤初始入渗率为模拟真实一维入渗率的3.3倍。研究结果可为环式入渗仪测量结果的评估提供参考。     

肥液浓度对涌泉根灌湿润体点源入渗影响研究

在陕北米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行了不同肥液浓度条件下涌泉根灌点源入渗试验,研究了肥液浓度对涌泉根灌湿润体特征值的影响。结果表明:涌泉根灌肥液入渗的累积入渗量可由Kostiakov模型进行拟合,入渗速率与时间符合幂函数关系。肥液入渗形成的湿润体形状近似为椭球体,在水平剖面与竖直剖面上的湿润锋运移距离与时间的关系均符合幂函数关系,拟合结果较好。相同流量条件下,肥液浓度越大,涌泉根灌入渗能力越强。入渗肥液浓度越大,湿润体的形状越宽而深。同一土层深度处,土壤含水量随肥液浓度的增加而增加,且随着水分再分布时间的增长,表现为表层低、中层高、底层低的分布特征。     

滴灌条件下砂壤土水分运动规律研究

采用多通道土壤水分自动测定系统,对风干砂壤土在滴灌条件下的水分入渗和水分再分布过程进行了模拟测定试验。根据测定结果,分析了在滴灌条件下湿润峰的运移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化过程、湿润体内土壤水分的分布以及停止灌水后湿润体内水分的再分布等土壤水分运动特征。揭示了在点源供水条件下,湿润体内土壤含水率的分布从中心向外逐渐减小,含水率剖面具有三角形形状特征。供水停止后土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤湿润峰面不断向外部推移,湿润层土壤含水量开始有所增加,后期湿润体内的土壤含水量普遍降低,高含水区逐渐下移,最后达到相对稳定。     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸的浑水膜孔灌单点源自由入渗特性

为探究聚谷氨酸对浑水膜孔灌条件下土壤水分入渗运动和土壤改良方面的影响,基于室内浑水膜孔灌单点源自由入渗试验,研究了不同γ-PGA施量配比(0,0.1%,0.5%,1.0%)对水分入渗及持水能力的影响.研究结果表明,对于累积入渗量,与处理C相比,处理C1、处理C2、处理C3的累积入渗量分别减小了17.27%,30.91%和42.73%,稳定入渗率分别减小了17.28%,35.79%和57.32%,但土壤饱和含水率分别增加了7.38%,35.27%和39.62%;Kostiakov公式中K值从0.132 8减小到0.070 7,α值从0.774 6增大到0.812 7;γ-PGA会阻碍垂直湿润锋运移,使得土壤水分保持在土壤根系吸水层,但对水平湿润锋的运移并没有阻碍作用,并且对土壤水分的水平运动有推进作用,0.5%γ-PGA施量效果最显著;另外,γ-PGA改变了土壤剖面水分分布,在浑水膜孔灌中,可将水分集中在土壤上层,提高灌溉水利用效率.     

雷州半岛西瓜最佳灌溉模式初步研究

通过利用先进的土壤水分测量仪,对雷州半岛春季西瓜种植期间逐日的土壤含水量进行连续测量,初步弄清了砖红壤的水分迁移变化规律,在此基础上进行了西瓜最佳灌溉模式的初步研究,利用土壤含水量的测量结果来控制灌溉次数和每次灌溉水量,研究结果表明．在无需增加节水机具等投入的情况下,采用合理的灌溉模式比一般常规灌溉模式节水25．2％．如果能对每次灌溉水量进行有效控制和适当缩小西瓜种植穴的直径,节水效率还可进一步提高。     

渗灌管首末端压力与茶树根区土壤水分运移关系

为探明渗灌条件下渗灌管首末端压力与土壤水分运移之间的关系,设置了3个试验小区进行不同灌水流量和灌水持续时间的试验.通过连续定点观测茶树根区(纵向30 cm深,横向30 cm宽)土壤含水率的变化和渗灌管首末端灌水压力,研究了渗灌管不同首末端压力下土壤水分运移的变化规律.研究表明:灌水前土壤含水率不仅影响土壤入渗能力,而且决定着土壤水分运移方向;渗灌管首末端压力累积值与灌水持续时间呈线性关系,当茶树根区土壤含水率达到田间持水量时,累积曲线斜率发生突变,可以利用累积曲线斜率发生突变时的灌水持续时间作为控制充分灌水(100%田间持水量)的临界值,避免土壤水分无效渗漏.该研究为渗灌系统控制灌水持续时间及研发智能化渗灌灌溉系统提供了一种参考方法.     

Effect of irrigation methods,management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield,soil moisture and salinity distribution

The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m⁻¹) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However, furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth. Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer. The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation.     

冬小麦不同深度灌水条件下土壤水分运动数值模拟

冬小麦深度灌水可以促进根系深扎,提高水分利用率。为了定量计算深度灌水条件下土壤水分动态,根据冬小麦不同深度灌水试验,用土壤水分运动方程的源项模拟不同深度灌水,建立了冬小麦不同深度灌水条件下土壤水分运动模型,采用有限差分法求解。利用不同深度灌水冬小麦试验数据对模型进行验证,结果表明模型计算的土壤含水率与实测土壤含水率的动态变化趋势一致,二者显著相关,相关系数在0.90以上,模型平均绝对误差最大值为0.023 cm3/cm3,平均相对误差最大值为8.22%,均方根误差最大值为0.03 cm3/cm3。所建模型具有较高的模拟精度,可用于模拟不同深度灌水条件下冬小麦土壤水分分布与动态变化。     

Canopy temperature as a measure of salinity stress on sorghum

Summary A complete understanding of plant response to combined water and salinity stress is desirable. Previous growth chamber and greenhouse experiments with sorghum and maize indicate that soil salinity, by negatively affecting growth processes, may reduce consumptive water use, thus prolonging the supply of available soil moisture. In the present field experiment, canopy temperature measurements were used to examine the effect of soil salinity on the plant-soil water relations of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Northrup King 1580). An infrared thermometer was used to measure canopy temperature during a 9-day period including two irrigations in plots of various salinities. The salinity treatments were created by a dual line-source sprinkler irrigation system, which applied waters of different quality. Excess irrigation allowed soil moisture to be uniform across the salinity treatments at the beginning of the measurement period. Consumptive water use and soil salinity were measured to quantify the salinity and water treatments. Grain and dry matter yields provided measures of plant response. Canopy temperature measurements were sensitive enough to detect differences across the salinity treatments when soil moisture was uniform for several days following irrigation. However, over the 9-day measurement period, plants in the low-salt plots used more water than plants in the high-salt plots. This differential water use eventually offset the salinity-induced stress, with the result that temperature differences were eliminated. Differences in temperature were observed again following irrigation. The results demonstrate that canopy temperature can be used as a tool to detect salinity stress on sorghum. Timing of measurements with regard to irrigation is identified as a key factor in detecting temperature differences that can be attributed to the presence of soil salinity.     

初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤渗透特征的影响

为探索初始土壤含水率对涌泉根灌过程中湿润锋运移和土壤水分分布的影响,合理确定灌水技术参数,配置了5种不同初始土壤含水率,采用室内土箱模拟试验方法,研究了土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌均质土壤水分扩散的影响.结果表明：涌泉根灌条件下,初始含水率对湿润体形状的影响不大,对其大小有明显影响;土壤表面湿润时间与初始含水率呈递减关系,土壤表面湿润半径、湿润体水平与垂直距离的增长速度均随着土壤初始含水率的增大而增大;土壤初始含水率越大湿润体内水分分布越均匀;试验拟合的根据土壤初始含水率计算地表湿润半径、最大湿润体水平半径与垂直深度的经验公式,计算值和实测值之间误差较小,整体误差分别为0.63%,0.4%,0.83%和0.59%,0.12%,0.73%,可用经验公式推算涌泉根灌土壤水分渗透参数,作为涌泉根灌系统设计依据.     

考虑初始含水率沿程不均匀分布的畦灌技术要素调控

畦田土壤初始含水率是影响灌水质量的重要因素之一,由降雨产流导致的畦田土壤含水率沿程不均匀分布是华北平原农田常见的现象。为探究土壤初始含水率空间变异性对畦灌水流运动以及灌水质量的影响,本文开展一维土柱入渗试验与二维土槽灌溉试验,结合WinSRFR地面灌溉模拟模型,优化求解初始含水率沿程不均匀条件下的畦灌技术要素。结果表明：畦田土壤初始含水率沿程增幅越大,畦灌田面水流推进速度越快,田面水流消退速度越慢;相较于初始含水率均匀分布,畦田土壤初始含水率沿程不均匀分布条件下,灌水效率和灌水均匀度有所下降,储水效率无明显变化;当畦田土壤初始含水率沿程增加时,灌水效率和储水效率受畦田长度、入畦单宽流量及改水成数的影响,而灌后土壤水分均匀度仅受畦田长度和单宽流量的影响;当畦田土壤初始含水率沿程由0.189 0 m³/m³均匀增大至0.464 3 m³/m³时,畦田长度L为85 m、改水成数G为6、单宽流量q为7.0 L/(m·s)时可取得最优灌水质量。本研究结果可为降雨产流带来的畦田土壤初始含水率不均匀条件下的灌水技...     

Monitoring and modelling the three-dimensional flow of water under drip irrigation

The interpretation of soil water dynamics under drip irrigation systems is relevant for crop production as well as on water use and management. In this study a three-dimensional representation of the flow of water under drip irrigation is presented. The work includes analysis of the water balance at point scale as well as area-average, exploring uncertainties in water balance estimations depending on the number of locations sampled. The water flow was monitored by detailed profile water content measurements before irrigation, after irrigation and 24 h later with a dense array of soil moisture access tubes radially distributed around selected drippers. The objective was to develop a methodology that could be used on selected occasions to obtain ‘snap shots’ of the detailed three-dimensional patterns of soil moisture. Such patterns are likely to be very complex, as spatial variability will be induced for a number of reasons, such as strong horizontal gradients in soil moisture, variations between individual sources in the amount of water applied and spatial variability is soil hydraulic properties. Results are compared with a widely used numerical model, Hydrus-2D. The observed dynamic of the water content distribution is in good agreement with model simulations, although some discrepancies concerning the horizontal distribution of the irrigation bulb are noted due to soil heterogeneity.     

不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。     

不同沟灌方式下夏玉米棵间蒸发试验

采用常规沟灌和交替隔沟灌技术,研究了不同水分处理(水分控制下限为田间持水率的80%、70%、60%)夏玉米的棵间蒸发。结果表明:常规沟灌的灌后蒸发和全生育期棵间蒸发量均大于交替隔沟灌,灌水后短期内由于表层土壤含水率较高,土壤蒸发较大;在满足作物蒸腾耗水的基础上,交替隔沟灌减小了灌溉湿润面积而减小无效蒸发耗水;不同沟灌方式下土壤蒸发与表层土壤含水率呈明显的脉冲波动变化,而深层土壤含水率波动较弱;表层土壤含水率和叶面积指数对棵间蒸发影响明显,二者与相对土面蒸发强度均有良好的指数函数关系。水分下限控制合适,交替隔沟灌棵间蒸发与蒸腾耗水明显降低,是夏玉米适宜的灌水方式。