带可调进口导叶轴流泵装置水力性能数值分析

根据轴流泵进口导叶片的设计要求,设计了可调进口导叶并开展了不同安放角进口导叶轴流泵装置的三维定常数值计算,获取了进口导叶对轴流泵装置水力性能调节的综合特性曲线,建立了带可调进口导叶轴流泵装置水力性能预测的多元非线性回归预测数学模型。依据数值计算结果和速度三角形分析了可调进口导叶对转轮及轴流泵装置水力性能的影响,结果表明:在进口导叶安放角0°时,相比不带可调进口导叶的轴流泵装置,在高效区及小流量工况时带进口导叶泵装置的能量性能变化很小,大流量工况时进口导叶的水力损失较大进而导致带进口导叶泵装置的效率下降幅度较大。随进口导叶安放角由0°逐渐向正角度增大时,泵装置的最优工况向小流量方向偏移,泵装置的流量效率曲线呈现出整体下降的趋势;随进口导叶安放角由0°逐渐向负角度减小时,泵装置的最高效率先增大后减小,但泵装置的最高效率点对应的流量未发生改变。     

可调导叶式轴流泵马鞍区水力特性试验研究

为了分析不同导叶安放角对轴流泵在马鞍区工况运行时的影响,探究导叶角度的优化规律,在水泵模型试验台上,对一种新型可调导叶式轴流泵的外特性进行测试,得到不同导叶安放角下H-Q、η-Q、P-Q曲线,分析了导叶安放角对轴流泵马鞍区水力特性的影响.试验结果表明:相同流量工况下轴流泵的扬程和效率随着导叶安放角由0°向-5°调节而增大,调节导叶安放角,能够有效抑制叶片背面脱流旋涡的扩散,显著改善轴流泵出口的流态,提高动能回收的比例;在马鞍区工况下,扬程最大提升0.15m,为设计扬程的4.69%,效率最大提升1.93%;马鞍区起始点流量向小流量偏移了0.00494m3/s,马鞍区范围减小了6.64%,拓宽了轴流泵稳定运行的区域;导叶安放角在-5°～0°的调整过程中,轴流泵的轴功率没有明显变化;在本次试验条件下,导叶安放角为-5°时马鞍区水力特性改善效果最明显,但仍有进一步提升的空间.     

可调导叶式轴流泵马鞍区水力特性试验研究

为了分析不同导叶安放角对轴流泵在马鞍区工况运行时的影响,探究导叶角度的优化规律,在水泵模型试验台上,对一种新型可调导叶式轴流泵的外特性进行测试,得到不同导叶安放角下H-Q、η-Q、P-Q曲线,分析了导叶安放角对轴流泵马鞍区水力特性的影响.试验结果表明:相同流量工况下轴流泵的扬程和效率随着导叶安放角由0°向-5 °调节而增大,调节导叶安放角,能够有效抑制叶片背面脱流旋涡的扩散,显著改善轴流泵出口的流态,提高动能回收的比例;在马鞍区工况下,扬程最大提升0.15m,为设计扬程的4.69％,效率最大提升1.93％;马鞍区起始点流量向小流量偏移了0.004 94 m3/s,马鞍区范围减小了6.64％,拓宽了轴流泵稳定运行的区域;导叶安放角在-5°～0°的调整过程中,轴流泵的轴功率没有明显变化;在本次试验条件下,导叶安放角为-5°时马鞍区水力特性改善效果最明显,但仍有进一步提升的空间.     

轴流泵导叶进口段调节对其外特性的影响

针对轴流泵在偏离设计工况时,因水流方向的偏离导致其效率急剧下降,在常规导叶的基础上改变导叶进口段的位置,以期能提高轴流泵在非设计工况下的效率,扩大其在高效区的运行范围。将导叶分为进口段、中段和出口段3个部分,并采用数值计算结合模型试验的方法研究了不同导叶进口段位置对轴流泵外特性的影响。结果表明:导叶进口角度的改变影响到导叶体内的流态及其水力损失,从而影响到泵装置的能量性能;在轴流泵导叶原设计进口角度的基础上,沿顺时针方向旋转适当角度,可扩大低扬程泵装置高效运行的范围,显著提高偏离设计工况点的低扬程、大流量区的效率。     

前置导叶可调式轴流泵低频压力脉动特性研究

基于RANS方程和SST k-ω湍流模型,对前置导叶可调式轴流泵进行三维非定常计算,研究了前置导叶调节对轴流泵外特性和压力脉动的影响,揭示了小流量工况泵内低频压力脉动随前置导叶调节变化机理。结果表明:前置导叶负角度时,轴流泵扬程升高,效率在小流量工况基本保持不变,大流量工况略有升高;前置导叶正角度时,轴流泵扬程和效率均下降,且大流量工况效率下降幅度较大;小流量工况泵后置导叶内的涡旋引起低频压力脉动,且低频压力脉动频率与涡脱落频率一致;偏离设计工况时,前置导叶调节可减小叶轮进口流动冲角,改善泵内流态,从而降低低频压力脉动幅值。     

导叶位置对双向竖井贯流泵装置水力性能的影响

为了研究导叶位置对双向竖井贯流泵水力性能与流态的影响,利用CFX14.5对6种导叶位置方案的双向竖井贯流泵在正向运转与反向运转时分别进行小流量工况(0.8Qdes)、设计流量工况与大流量工况(1.1Qdes)的定常计算,总计共36个工况。将数值模拟结果与泵装置外特性试验数据进行验证对比,并对计算结果进行水力性能与流态分析。研究结果表明:泵装置数值模拟结果与试验数据吻合度良好,最大相对误差小于5%。泵装置正向运转时,在小流量下,泵装置效率随导叶位置S增加而下降,S=40 mm时的导叶水力损失最大;但是在设计流量与大流量下,泵装置效率随导叶位置S增加而上升,S=100 mm时的导叶水力损失最小。泵装置反向运转时,导叶位置对泵装置水力性能与流态没有显著影响,综合考虑,选择导叶位置S=100 mm作为最终方案。     

对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮水力性能分析

为了研究对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮对其水力性能的影响,采用CFD软件对该对旋式轴流泵装置进行数值模拟计算,将前置叶轮与后置叶轮水力特性进行对比分析,研究后置叶轮的进口安放角对整个装置水力特性的影响,最后通过模型试验验证数据的可靠性.结果表明:在设计工况下,对旋式轴流泵扬程为11.32 m,效率为87.57%.在小流量工况下,流量为300 L/s左右泵提前进入马鞍区,此时泵扬程为14.06 m,效率为79.48%;在大流量工况下,流量为440 L/s时,泵装置扬程为2.24 m,效率为54.16%.对旋泵后置叶轮的水流进口冲角要大于前置叶轮的水流进口冲角,导致后置叶轮叶片做功能力增强,后置叶轮扬程增大.改变后置叶轮安放角,特别在小流量工况下,后置叶轮的马鞍区同样提前,后置叶轮的进口液流角几乎相同.研究结果对于对旋式轴流泵后置叶轮的设计和优化提供参考依据.     

带可调式前置导叶轴流泵空化性能试验

以一台带可调式前置导叶轴流泵为研究对象,在闭式试验台上进行了非额定工况的空化性能试验,揭示了前置导叶对轴流泵空化性能及进出口压力脉动的影响。空化性能曲线表明:安装前置导叶后,水力损失增加,扬程下降,但临界汽蚀余量减小,空化性能得到改善;前置导叶由负角度向正角度调节时,虽然扬程逐渐降低,但抗汽蚀性能得到增强。压力脉动分析结果表明:空化初生时,设置前置导叶后进出口压力脉动幅值均增加,且峰值主要出现在叶频及其谐频处,临界空化与空化严重时,进口压力脉动主要集中在低频处,出口则呈现宽频脉动特性;流量降低时,泵内流态紊乱,前置导叶对压力脉动幅值影响较小,且脉动峰值出现位置随前置导叶角度变化而改变。     

导叶对轴流泵性能影响的试验

对设计模型轴流泵在无导叶和有导叶时的外特性进行测试,在导叶进出口位置开设测孔,并运用球形五孔探针对导叶进出口流场进行测量,得到绝对速度的周向、轴向及径向速度分量的分布曲线.测量结果表明：轴功率变化曲线在有导叶和无导叶时趋于一致,可忽略导叶对叶轮内流动的影响;在设计最优工况下,导叶出口绝对速度的圆周分量较小,导叶可回收的旋转动能约占叶轮出口总能量的15.7%;无导叶时泵的运行工况点向小流量工况偏移,在设计无导叶轴流泵时应在原有设计参数的基础上进行参数补偿.运用球形五孔探针测量三维流场中速度,具有适用性强、方法简单、测量精度较高的优点.试验结果揭示了导叶对轴流泵性能影响的规律,为进一步研究轴流泵内部流场提供了理论和实际应用参考.     

轴伸式出水流道内流场数值模拟分析

为了探讨在导叶出口剩余环量影响下轴伸式出水流道的水力性能,对不同水力模型及不同叶片安放角下的后置轴伸式泵装置采用全结构化网格进行了数值模拟计算,并与实验结果对比验证模拟结果的可信度。对轴伸式出水流道的水力性能进行了分析,发现轴伸出水流道内部流态受导叶出口剩余环量的影响较大,尤其是对小流量工况。水力损失系数不再是某一常数,而是受流态分布相关的一变量。通过对比不同叶片安放角及不同比转数叶轮的出水流道进口断面平均涡角与水力损失系数关系发现,轴伸式出水流道的水力损失系数与进口断面的平均涡角存在一最优值,本次模拟计算下2副叶轮的最优平均涡角4°~5.3°下的水力损失系数为1.62×10~(-4)m·s~2/L~2。通过分析静压与总压沿流线方向的变化趋势明确了小流量工况下环量是引起水力损失的原因,而在大流量工况下流量是引起水力损失的主要原因。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。