亚麻籽对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉质和脂肪酸组成的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加亚麻籽对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉质和脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选用(52.31±2.28) kg的生长猪72头,按体重随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5%和10%亚麻籽的饲粮。试验分2个阶段(50~80 kg和81~110 kg),每个阶段结束时对猪进行称重,试验结束后每栏选2头接近平均体重猪进行麻醉屠宰。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮添加5%和10%亚麻籽显著降低了生长育肥猪50~80 kg阶段平均日采食量、料重比及50~110 kg阶段料重比(P<0.05),并且10%添加量还显著提高了50~80 kg阶段平均日增重(P<0.05)。2)饲粮添加亚麻籽能显著增加生长育肥猪眼肌面积(P<0.05),但对胴体长、屠宰率、平均背膘厚等胴体性状无显著影响(P>0.05)。3)饲粮添加5%和10%亚麻籽能显著降低生长育肥猪背最长肌n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)值(P<0.05),显著提高α-亚麻酸、二十二碳烯酸、二十二碳二烯酸含量及PUFA总含量(P<0.05),且当添加量达到10%时,还能显著提高背最长肌中油酸和亚油酸含量(P<0.05)。结果提示,亚麻籽能一定程度提高生长育肥猪生长性能,增加背最长肌中n-3PUFA含量,降低n-6/n-3 PUFA值,且对胴体性状及肉质无负面影响。     

微生物发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性能及肉质的影响

本试验采用发酵预混合饲料替代对照组的发酵基料,对照组为添加抗生素的饲粮。研究微生物发酵饲料对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性能、肉质性能、肉风味特征及肉营养特性的影响。结果表明:发酵饲料有提高生长性能的趋势,对胴体品质没有不良影响,综合多项指标认为发酵饲料对肉质、风味及营养特性有较好的趋势。     

日粮中添加中草药制剂对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding Chinese herbal medicine in diets on growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs.A total of 60 crossbred (Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)) finishing pigs with an average body weight of (61.87±0.90)kg were randomly divided into 2 groups with 3 replicates in each group and each replicate contained 10 finishing pigs (the ratio of male and female was equal).The control group was fed with the basal diet without antibiotics,the experimental group was fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.1% Chinese herbal medicine.The experimental period lasted for 42 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,ADFI and ADG of experimental group were improved （P＞0.05）,F/G of experimental group was decreased （P＞0.05）,whereas the diarrhea rate and morbidity of experimental group were highly significantly reduced （P＜0.01）. Experimental group increased the carcass weight,dressing percentage,leanness,long body straight,body length,loin muscle area by 1.28%,1.80%,0.16%,0.50%,0.80% and 1.46%,respectively,and the thickness of backfat and skin in experimental group were decreased by 1.11% and 4.16%,respectively,but there were no significant differences between 2 groups （P＞0.05）.The suet rate in experimental group was significantly decreased than those in control group （P＜0.05）,kidney weight ratio and pancreatic weight ratio were increased significantly （P＜0.05）,and other indexes were no significant differences between 2 groups （P＞0.05）.Compared with the control group,the water holding capacity in experimental group had an increasing trend (P＞0.05),tenderness in experimental group was significantly reduced (P＜0.05) and the meat color was also improved.It was indicated that adding 0.1% Chinese herbal medicine in diets could promote growth performance and improve carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs.     

甜菜碱对育肥猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响

试验选用体重70 kg左右、日龄相近、体质良好的杜长大三元杂交猪45头,采用单因子随机设计,分为对照组、试验1、2、3、4组,每组3个重复,分别饲喂添加0、500、1000、1500、2000 mg/kg甜菜碱的日粮,试验期30 d,研究甜菜碱对肥育猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验2、3、4组日均采食量、日增重、屠宰率、瘦肉率、肉色评分、大理石评分显著提高(P<0.05),背膘厚度显著降低(P<0.05),试验1组各项指标有所改善,但效果不显著(P>0.05),本试验表明,饲料中添加甜菜碱可提高育肥猪生长性能,改善胴体品质和肉品质,其中添加1500、2000 mg/kg的甜菜碱效果较为理想。     

黄腐酸对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本文主要研究饲粮中添加不同剂量的黄腐酸(fulvic acid,FA)对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。选取平均体重(30.0±2.5)kg的"长×大"二元杂交生长猪216头,随机分为6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复6头猪。对照组(CT组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加1、2、4、6、8 g/kg FA(即FA1、FA2、FA3、FA4、FA5组)的试验饲粮。试验期为87 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,FA各组平均日增重都表现出提高的趋势,其中FA4和FA5组平均日增重均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了8.86%和8.25%;FA2、FA3、FA4和FA5组的料重比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,FA各组屠宰重、胴体重、屠宰率和眼肌面积均呈现上升趋势,但并未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。FA各组平均背膘厚和板油率均有所下降,其中FA2、FA3和FA4组的平均背膘厚显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而板油率各组间未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,FA各组肉色亮度和黄度值有增加趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);FA4和FA5组肉色红度值显著高于对照组(P<0.05);FA各组pH、滴水损失、蒸煮损失和剪切力未见显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果提示,基础饲粮中添加FA能够有效地提高生长育肥猪的生长性能,降低背膘厚,改善肉品质。本试验条件下,建议生长育肥猪饲粮中FA的最适宜添加剂量为6 g/kg。     

饲喂甜菜碱对育肥猪生长、胴体品质和肉质的影响

选日龄、体重相近的长×小梅杂种仔猪20 头, 随机分成2 组, 每组10 头(5 公、5 母) 。2 组基础日粮相同, 试验组添加0-15 % 的甜菜碱,通过118 d 的饲养试验, 结果表明: 同对照组比较, 试验组日增重为553-7 g, 提高了3-2% ; 料重比为3-31∶1 , 降低了8-2 % 。屠宰测定表明: 同对照组相比, 试验组瘦肉率53-33 % , 提高了1-91 个百分点( P < 0-05) ; 背膘厚度24-99 mm , 降低了12-6 % ( P < 0-05) ; 眼肌面积30-04 cm2 ,增加了26-1 % ( P < 0-01) ; 板油率4-165 % , 降低了0-57 个百分点( P < 0-01) ; 熟肉率65-66% , 提高了6-46 个百分点( P < 0-05) ; 背最长肌肌纤维直径49-51 μm , 增加了16-3 % ( P < 0-05) 。     

饲粮能量和精氨酸水平对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

试验选用60头初始体重为(88.16±8.03)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪,分为4个处理组,采用2×2因子设计。试验日粮包括2个消化能水平(正常能量组:14.22 MJ/kg;高能组:16.21 MJ/kg,以10%椰子油替代10%玉米淀粉)和2个精氨酸添加水平(0%和1%)。结果表明:高能组可显著降低猪的平均日采食量(P<0.05)和饲料增重比(P<0.01);精氨酸的添加对猪的生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮能量和精氨酸水平对猪的胴体性状无显著影响(P>0.05)。高能组可极显著提高猪背最长肌剪切力(P<0.01),降低肌内脂肪含量(32.39%,P>0.05);在高能组饲粮中添加精氨酸可提高背最长肌肌内脂肪含量(P>0.05),极显著降低肌肉剪切力(P<0.01),而在正常能量组饲粮中添加精氨酸对肉品质无显著影响(P>0.05);饲粮能量和精氨酸水平对肌肉剪切力的影响有交互作用趋势(P=0.061)。由此可见,育肥后期饲粮添加椰子油可提高消化能浓度,能显著改善饲料利用率,但不利于猪肌内脂肪的沉积,提高了肌肉剪切力,而在高能量饲粮中添加精氨酸则有助于提高肌内脂肪含量,降低剪切力,改善肉质。     

不同硒源对育肥后期猪生长性能及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究亚硒酸钠、酵母硒、混合硒(亚硒酸钠+酵母硒)等不同硒源对育肥猪后期的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,设亚硒酸钠、酵母硒、混合硒(亚硒酸钠+酵母硒)等3个硒源,在0.3 mg/kg的添加浓度下对育肥猪生长性能和肉质性状的影响。结果显示,基础日粮中添加不同硒源后,猪的生长性能无显著差异,能够显著降低肉质性状中的滴水损失。结果说明,在此次试验条件下,不同硒源对育肥后期猪的各生长性能指标无显著影响,能够显著改变部分肉质性状指标,可为不同硒源在生猪饲料中的添加及利用提供试验基础和理论依据。     

生长激素对猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响

生长激素是垂体前叶分泌和合成的一种肽类激素,由１９１个氨基酸构成的单链,家畜（猪和牛）具有较高相似的氨基酸序列。生长激素的作用是将吸收的养分在各组织间重新分配,促进骨、软骨和组织的生长,刺激蛋白质和胶原的合成以及组织对循环系统中氨基酸的摄取和利用,并...     

Effect of different protein sources on growth and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs

Crossbred gilts (n = 180) and barrows (n = 180) from the Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Center and the University of Illinois (UI) were used to compare the effect of soybean meal in swine diets, relative to other protein sources, on growth performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. Four replications with five pigs each at each location were allotted to nine dietary treatments: soybean meal control (SBM), crystalline AA (corn-AA), extruded soybeans (ESB), canola meal (CAN), peanut meal (PNT), sunflower meal (SFLR), ground peas, meat and bone meal (MBM), and poultry by-product meal (PLTY). The diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient requirements and to have equal Lys:ME according to dietary phase and sex. Corn was the grain source in all diets and the protein sources were the sole source of supplemental protein in all diets except when AA were added to meet the requirement. Pigs (three per pen at each location) were killed at an average final BW of 114 kg in the LSU or UI Meat Science Laboratories. Pigs fed SBM had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the corn-AA, CAN, SFLR, MBM, or PLTY and greater (P < 0.05) ADFI relative to pigs fed the corn-AA, ESB, MBM, or PLTY. Gain:feed was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed corn-AA or SFLR but increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed ESB compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Loin muscle area was decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the corn-AA or MBM diets compared with pigs fed the SBM diet. Tenth-rib backfat thickness was greater (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM than in those fed SBM. The NPPC percentage acceptable quality lean and kilograms of lean were decreased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed corn-AA, peas, or MBM compared with those fed SBM. Results from this experiment suggest that pigs fed SBM have equal or better growth performance and carcass traits than pigs fed other protein sources.     

Effect of carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of substituting a more available dietary carbohydrate (CHO) for portions of corn or fat in the diet on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and serum or plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs. A three-phase feeding program was used with corn-soybean meal diets formulated to provide 105% of the Lys requirement for barrows or gilts gaining 325 g of lean daily in Exp. 1 or gilts gaining 350 g of lean daily in Exp. 2. Diets were isoenergetic within experiments. All other nutrients met or exceeded suggested requirements. In Exp. 1, pigs were allotted to three dietary treatments (0, 7.5, or 15.0% sucrose), with three replications of barrows and three replications of gilts, and with three or four pigs per replicate pen; average initial and final BW were 25.2 and 106.7 kg. In Exp. 2, gilts were allotted to two dietary treatments (waxy [high amylopectin] or nonwaxy [75% amylopectin and 25% amylose] corn as the grain source), with five replications of four gilts per replicate pen; average initial and final BW were 37.7 and 100.0 kg. In Exp. 1, ADG and gain:feed ratio increased linearly (P < 0.02) as dietary sucrose increased. Minolta color scores, a* and b*, and drip loss (P < 0.06) also increased linearly with added sucrose. In Exp. 2, ADG, carcass weight and length, and the Minolta a* value were greater for pigs fed waxy corn (P < 0.08) than for those fed nonwaxy corn. Feed intake, longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib and average backfat thickness, dressing percentage, fat-free lean, percentage of lean and muscling, lean gain per day, total fat, percentage fat, lean:fat ratio, serum or plasma metabolites (Exp. 1: serum urea N; Exp. 2: serum urea N, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids, triacylglycerols, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, and total protein), pH of the longissimus muscle, and subjective muscle scores (color, firmness-wetness, and marbling) were not affected by diet in either experiment. In summary, increasing availability of dietary CHO in growing-finishing pig diets improved growth performance, but it did not affect carcass traits.     

Effects of dietary soy isoflavones on growth, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on growth, meat quality, and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (initial and final BW, 26 and 113 kg, respectively) were used and each treatment was replicated four times with three pigs each. The dietary treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal (C-SBM), 2) corn-soy protein concentrate (low isoflavones, C-SPC), or 3) C-SPC + isoflavones (isoflavone levels equal to those in C-SBM). Daily gain and ADFI were increased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC relative to pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet in the late finishing period; otherwise, growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib fat depth, percentage muscling (National Pork Producers Council), 24-h pH and temperature, color, firmness-wetness, marbling, drip loss, and CIE L*, a*, and b* color values were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Dressing percentage, carcass length, weight and percentage of fat-free lean in ham and carcass, lean gain per day, lean:fat, and ham weight were increased (P < 0.10), and ham fat and percentage fat in ham and carcass were decreased (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet compared with pigs fed the C-SPC diet. Pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet had similar (P > 0.10) carcass traits as pigs fed the C-SBM diet, except carcass length, percentage ham lean and thaw loss were greater (P < 0.10), and total ham fat was less (P < 0.10) in pigs fed the C-SPC + isoflavone diet. In Exp. 2, 60 gilts (initial and final BW, 31 and 116 kg, respectively) were used, and each treatment was replicated five times with four pigs per replicate. The treatments were 1) C-SBM, 2) C-SBM + isoflavone levels two times those in C-SBM, and 3) C-SBM + isoflavone levels five times those in C-SBM. Daily feed intake was linearly decreased (P < 0.10) in the growing phase and increased (P < 0.10) in the late finishing phases as isoflavone levels increased; otherwise, growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. Diet did not affect (P > 0.10) carcass traits; however, CIE a* and b* color scores and drip loss were decreased (P < 0.06) as isoflavone levels increased. Soy isoflavones decreased fat and increased lean in barrows when fed within the dietary concentrations found in typical C-SBM diets but not when fed to gilts at concentrations above those present in C-SBM diets.     

非淀粉多糖酶对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本研究主要通过生长育肥猪的饲养试验,观察日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶(Non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzyme,NSP酶)对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选择体质量约为40kg的杜长大三元杂交猪48头,公母各半。本试验随机分为2个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头猪,对照组饲喂基础日粮,NSP酶组饲喂基础日粮+0.6%NSP酶。结果表明:(1)生长性能方面,NSP酶组的平均日增重和平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了9.8%和4.7%;NSP酶组的料重比显著低于对照组(P<0.05),降低了5.0%;(2)在胴体性状和背最长肌化学组成方面,NSP酶组眼肌面积比对照组显著提高(P<0.05),提高了9.8%;与对照组相比,滴水损失和剪切力2个指标分别降低了2.0%和14.6%,但在统计学上未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。结果显示,基础饲粮中添加NSP酶能有效提高生长育肥猪生长性能,并在一定程度上改善肉品质。     

小肽复合剂对育肥猪的生长性能及胴体和肉质性状的影响效应研究

试验旨在研究小肽复合剂对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状及肉质性状的影响效果。将72头同批次健康的65日龄的(长×大)二元杂交商品猪随机分为试验组和对照组,每组设3个重复,每重复12头猪。试验组在正常饲粮中添加0.2%的小肽复合剂,对照组为正常饲粮。试验结果发现:育肥阶段饲喂0.2%的小肽复合剂能够显著提高育肥猪生长性能和改善肉质性状。表现为提高育肥猪的日增重(P<0.05),增加育肥猪的采食量,提高饲料转化效率,提高育肥猪群的成活率,降低生病率和腹泻率。肉质性状方面,显著降低滴水损失(P<0.05),增加了肌肉的保水力,生长性能和肉质性状的改善显著地提高了育肥猪的综合经济效益。     

Effect of dietary protein fluctuations and space allocation on performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs

Two trials with growing-finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of fluctuating dietary CP levels and/or space allocation on performance and carcass traits. In Trial 1, three CP regimens were used with 216 growing-finishing pigs (mixed sex). Average initial and final weights of pigs were 31 and 103 kg, respectively. The CP regimens consisted of: 1) control (18% CP from wk 0 to 4; 15% CP from wk 4 to 12); 2) moderate CP variations (MCPV = 19.5% CP from wk 0 to 2, 16.5% CP from wk 2 to 6, 13.5% CP from wk 6 to 8, 16.5% CP from wk 8 to 10, 13.5% CP from wk 10 to 12); and 3) extreme CP variations (ECPV = 21% CP from wk 0 to 2, 15% CP from wk 2 to 4, 18% CP from wk 4 to 6, 12% CP from wk 6 to 8, 18% CP from wk 8 to 10, 12% CP from wk 10 to 12). Overall (wk 0 to 12), treatment differences were not observed (P > 0.05) for gain, feed intake, CP intake, gain:feed ratio, or gain/CP intake. Trial 2 involved 360 finishing pigs (mixed sex) in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (three dietary CP regimens, two floor space allowances). The diets consisted of: 1) control (16% CP from wk 0 to 4, 15% CP from wk 4 to 8; 14% CP from wk 8 to 12); 2) MCPV (17.5% CP from wk 0 to 2, 14.5% CP from wk 2 to 4, 16.5% CP from wk 4 to 6, 13.5% CP from wk 6 to 8, 15.5% CP from wk 8 to 10, 12.5% CP from wk 10 to 12); and 3) ECPV (19% CP from wk 0 to 2, 13% CP from wk 2 to 4, 18% CP from wk 4 to 6, 12% CP from wk 6 to 8, 17% CP from wk 8 to 10 wk, 11% CP from wk 10 to 12). Pigs were provided with either 1.12 m2 (uncrowded; five pigs/pen) or 0.56 m2 (crowded; 10 pigs/pen). Average initial weight was 49 kg and final weights were 126 kg (uncrowded) and 118 kg (crowded). Overall (0 to 12 wk), crowded pigs had lower (P < 0.05) ADG (822 vs. 916 g) and feed (as-fed) intakes (2,633 vs. 2,876 g) than uncrowded pigs. At the end of the 12-wk trial, a control vs. ECPV x space interaction (P < 0.05) occurred for weight gain, fat depth, and percentage of lean. Thus, uncrowded pigs fed ECPV gained faster (933 vs. 887 g) but had a lower percentage of lean (53.5 vs. 54.5) than controls, whereas crowded pigs on the ECPV regimen gained more slowly (812 vs. 842 g) but were leaner (54.8 vs. 54.6%) than those on the control CP regimen. Despite the wide dietary CP fluctuations, pigs in both trials consumed about the same quantity of CP during the 12-wk feeding periods. These data suggest that uncrowded pigs respond differently than crowded pigs to fluctuating levels of dietary CP.     

Effect of chromium propionate and metabolizable energy on growth,carcass traits,and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of Cr propionate (CrProp) and metabolizable energy (ME) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. One hundred forty-four Cambrough-22 barrows were allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (six replicates of six pigs per replicate; average initial and final body weight were 27 and 113 kg, respectively). The dietary treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal basal (B; low ME), 2) B + 200 ppb of Cr (as CrProp), 3) B + 200 kcal ME/kg (4.5% added fat; high ME), or 4) B + 200 kcal ME/kg + 200 ppb of Cr. At trial termination, three pigs per replicate were killed to determine dietary effects on carcass traits and pork quality. Overall average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. During the early growing period, average daily gain was increased in pigs fed the CrProp-low-ME diets, but decreased in pigs fed the CrProp-high ME diets (Cr x ME, P < 0.04). Feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the high-ME diets during the early growing period. Forty-five min and 24 h pH were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. The CIE L* tended (P = 0.07) to be increased and shear force tended (P = 0.06) to be decreased in pigs fed high-ME diets. Subjective marbling was increased (P < 0.03) and longissimus muscle percentage moisture and thaw loss were decreased (P < 0.04) in pigs fed CrProp. Chromium propionate had no consistent effect on growth and carcass traits in this experiment; however, CrProp did affect some aspects of pork quality.     

Effect of dietary formates on growth performance, carcass traits, sensory quality, intestinal microflora, and stomach alterations in growing-finishing pigs

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of adding salts of formic acid to diets for growing-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 72 pigs (23.1 kg and 104.5 kg initial and final BW) were used to evaluate the effect of Ca/Na-formate and K-diformate on performance and carcass traits. Treatments were organized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement with two feeding regimens (limit and semi-ad libitum feeding) and three diets (control, .85% Ca/Na-formate, and .8% K-diformate). No significant feeding regime x diet interaction was found. The K-diformate diet increased overall ADG of pigs compared with the control and Ca/Na-formate diets, but had no effect on ADFI or gain/feed (G/F) ratio. Neither K-diformate nor Ca/Na-formate had any effect on carcass lean or fat content. In Exp. 2, 10 limit-fed pigs (24.3 kg and 85.1 kg initial and final BW) were used to study the effect of K-diformate on performance and sensory quality of pork. Adding .8% K-diformate to diets increased ADG (P < .13) and G/F (P < .04), but had no effect on sensory quality of the pork or content of formate in liver, kidney, or muscle tissue of pigs. In Exp. 3, 96 limit-fed pigs (27.1 kg and 105 kg initial and final BW) were used to determine the effect of adding K-diformate to diets on performance, carcass traits, and stomach keratinization and(or) lesions. Adding K-diformate (0, .6, or 1.2%) to diets increased ADG and ADFI (linear P < .01). The K-diformate reduced the percentage of carcass fat (linear P < .03) and fat area in the cutlet (linear P < .09) and increased percentage lean in the ham (linear P < .01), flank (linear P < .02), loin (linear P < .09), and neck and shoulder (linear P < .09). The K-diformate had no negative effect on stomach alterations. In Exp. 3, the concentration of coliform bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated in eight control and eight 1.2% K-diformate-fed pigs. The K-diformate reduced the number of coliforms in the duodenum (P < .03), jejunum (P < .02), and rectum (P < .10) of pigs. In conclusion, K-diformate improved growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs, whereas Ca/Na-formate had no effect. K-diformate had no adverse effect on sensory quality of pork or on stomach alteration scores.     

斜发沸石添加水平对育肥期苏淮猪生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

本试验研究基础日粮中添加不同水平的斜发沸石对育肥期苏淮猪生长性能、肉品质的影响,旨在获得苏淮猪育肥期斜发沸石的适宜添加量。选择体重相近(50 kg左右)、健康的苏淮阉公猪40头,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组共4个处理组,每组10头。预试期10 d,所有猪自由采食对照组基础日粮;正试期64 d,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ至Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的斜发沸石。于试验结束屠宰全部试验猪,用于屠宰测定和肉质检测。结果表明:1)第1阶段(体重56~68 kg)和第2阶段(体重83~98 kg),终末体重、平均日增重、料重比均无显著差异;但斜发沸石水平对第1阶段和第2阶段平均日采食量影响显著(P<0.05)并呈线性(P=0.02,P=0.047)二次方升高趋势(P=0.01)。2)对照组、试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组苏淮猪的生长曲线拐点分别是:第50.26天86.06 kg、第40.22天87.15 kg、第38.27天89.69 kg和第45.98天89.02 kg;最大日增重分别是0.702、0.743、0.814和0.855 kg/d,说明在饲料中添加斜发沸石后,可延长育肥猪到达生长曲线拐点体重。3)斜发沸石水平对眼肌面积和肌内脂肪影响显著(P<0.05),眼肌面积随斜发沸石添加水平的升高,呈二次方(P=0.01)变化;肌内脂肪呈线性(P=0.01),二次方(P=0.03)升高;胴体重和系水力分别随斜发沸石添加水平的升高,呈线性(P=0.07,P=0.09)升高趋势。试验表明:苏淮育肥猪采食量、胴体重和肌内脂肪随日粮斜发沸石添加水平增加呈线性升高,系水力呈线性升高趋势,但眼肌面积随斜发沸石添加水平的升高,呈二次方变化,先升高后降低。因此,添加2%斜发沸石有利于采食量、胴体重和肌内脂升高,有助于系水力降低;但从增加眼肌面积的角度考虑,斜发沸石的适宜添加比例为1%。     

Effects of dietary protein/energy ratio on growth performance,carcass trait,meat quality,and plasma metabolites in pigs of different genotypes

Background:The protein/energy ratio is important for the production performance and utilization of available feed resources by animals.Increased protein consumption by mammals leads to elevated feed costs and increased nitrogen release into the environment.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein/energy ratio on the growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality,and plasma metabolites of pigs of different genotypes.Methods:Bama mini-pigs and Landrace pigs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups(Chinese conventional diet with low protein/energy ratio or National Research Council diet with high protein/energy ratio;n = 24 per treatment) in a 2x2 factorial arrangement.Blood and muscle samples were collected at the end of the nursery,growing,and finishing phases.Results:We observed significant interactions(P 0.05) between breed and diet for total fat percentage,intramuscular fat(IMF) content,protein content in biceps femoris(BF) muscle,and plasma urea nitrogen(UN) concentration in the nursery phase;for average daily gain(ADG),average daily feed intake(ADFI),dry matter,IMF content in psoas major(PM) muscle,and plasma total protein and albumin concentrations in the growing phase;and for drip loss and plasma UN concentration in the finishing phase.Breed influenced(P 0.05) growth performance,carcass traits,and meat quality,but not plasma metabolites.Throughout the trial,Landrace pigs showed significantly higher(P 0.05) ADG,ADFI,dressing percentage,lean mass rate,and loin-eye area than did Bama mini-pigs,but significantly lower(P 0.05)feed/gain ratio,fat percentage,backfat thickness,and IMF content.Dietary protein/energy ratio influenced the pH value,chemical composition of BF and PM muscles,and plasma activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,and plasma concentration of UN.Conclusions:Compared with Landrace pigs,Bama mini-pigs showed slower growth and lower carcass performance,but had better meat quality.Moreover,unlike Landrace pigs,the dietary protein/energy ratio did not affect the growth performance of Bama mini-pigs.These results suggest that,in swine production,low dietary protein/energy ratio may be useful for reducing feed costs and minimizing the adverse effects of ammonia release into the environment.