肉用仔鸡对甲硫亚砜生物学利用性的研究

选用459只1日龄Arbor Acres混合雏进行比较饲养试验,以研究肉仔鸡对甲硫亚砜的生物学利用性。试验期6周。采用玉米-花生饼-血粉基础日粮,在前(1～3周)、后(4～6周)期,其营养水平分别为:代谢能3.02、3.05Mcal/kg;粗蛋白21.6、19.0％;蛋氨酸十胱氨酸0.64、0.59％,且以蛋氨酸为限制因素。饲喂基础日粮组为对照组,前、后期分别以0.12％、0.05％作为添加递增梯度向基础日粮添加DL-蛋氨酸(M1、M2、M3、M4)或DL-甲硫亚砜(S1、S2、S3、S4)。试验结果表明: 1.当日粮胱氨酸适宜并仅以蛋氨酸为限制因素时,DL-甲硫亚砜在促进肉鸡生长上与DL-蛋氨酸具有相似的作用,且随着甲硫亚砜或蛋氨酸的逐级添加,肉鸡腹脂百分率有下降的趋势。 2.在本试验条件下,日粮中的蛋氨酸水平对1～3周龄与4～6周龄肉仔鸡分别以0.48％和0.32％为宜。过量的蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长有不利影响,而甲硫亚砜则无。     

肉用仔公鸡饲料中甜菜碱对DL-蛋氨酸取代效应的研究

本试验用2400只肉用仔公鸡研究了DL-蛋氨酸和甜菜碱对1到38日龄期间生长性能和对384只肉用仔公鸡胴体的影响。三个剂量水平(0,0.05％和0.10％)的DL-蛋氨酸和两个剂量水平(0和0.04％)的甜菜碱分别组合,添加到在无蛋氨酸日粮中。雏鸡和生长鸡饲喂玉米-豆粕型日粮或具有荷兰肉鸡工业特点的试验饲粮。所有饲粮都添加胆碱,以避免缺乏含硫氨基酸。 提高蛋氨酸的添加量能显著提高肉用仔公鸡的日增重和饲粮转化率。添加甜菜碱没有影响肉用仔公鸡的生长。甜菜碱明显地提高了没有添加DL-蛋氨酸饲粮的转化率,但对添加DL-蛋氨酸饲粮的转化率效率却没有影响。添加0.05％DL-蛋氨酸的饲粮将胸肉产量提高了大约1.5个百分点,然而,0 04％的甜菜碱添加量只能将胸肉产量提高约0_3到0.6个百分点。饲粮类型对肉用仔公鸡没有影响。总之,在肉用仔公鸡饲粮中,甜菜碱不能完全取代蛋氨酸作为必需氨基酸的添加作用。     

蛋氨酸对北京鸭的毒性研究

本试验采用单因子完全随机设计,144只21日龄北京鸭随机分为3组。1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,2组、3组为基础日粮中添加1%、2%DL-蛋氨酸(DL-Met),研究过量蛋氨酸对北京鸭的影响。试验结果表明:添加1%、2%蛋氨酸降低采食量和日增重(P<0.05);添加2%蛋氨酸组料肉比升高(P<0.05);2%蛋氨酸组血浆中白蛋白(Alb)含量降低(P<0.05),谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量增加(P<0.05),表明对肝细胞造成损伤,产生了毒性作用。     

蛋氨酸和蛋氨酸羟基类似物对猪的生物学效价

蛋氨酸缺乏日粮中添加DL-蛋氨酸和液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物增加了仔猪和生长猪的氮沉积，明显改善了仔猪的生产性能，这表明试验结果是在蛋敏感区域内测得。液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物对猪的相对生物学效价只有DL-蛋氨酸的65%，远低于液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物88%的商业含量。这些结果再次验证在家禽的研究结果，即液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物相对DL-蛋氨酸的效价只有65%。因此，液体蛋氨酸羟基类似物对猪的生物学效价只有65%。     

Alimet和DL-蛋氨酸对肉仔鸡胴体品质影响的比较研究

通过两个试验比较了在玉米-豆粕-菜籽粕(试验一)和玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕(试验二)日粮中添加等摩尔数的Alimet(含88%的蛋氨酸羟基类似物)和DL-蛋氨酸(含99%的DL-蛋氨酸(DLM))对肉仔鸡肌肉沉积和肌肉颜色的影响.采用2×4×2因子设计:两个蛋氨酸源,四个蛋氨酸添加水平和性别.结果表明:以等摩尔有效成分为基础,Alimet在促进肉鸡肌肉沉积方面的效果与DLM相比没有显著差异(P＞0.05);与DLM相比,饲喂添加Alimet日粮的肉鸡的胸肌(P＜0.01)和腿肌(P＜0.01)色度比DLM处理明显提高.     

如何节省饲料和提高盈利

蛋氨酸是猪日粮中的第三限制性氨基酸,对猪的生长和健康有较大影响。试验表明,65重量份的DL-蛋氨酸可以替代100重量份的蛋氨酸羟基类似物,对猪的生产性能没有影响,可以明显提高猪场的盈利。     

肉鸡饲料中添加蛋氨酸和乳酸菌芽孢的试验

试验将AA肉鸡初生雏鸡分为4组,A组喂基础饲料,B组在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢,C组饲料0～21日龄在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢和0.3%DL-蛋氨酸,21～42日龄时DL-蛋氨酸添加量减少到0.26%,D组饲料0～21日龄在基础饲料中添加每千克0.6亿个芽孢和0.375%液体蛋氨酸,21～42日龄时液体蛋氨酸添加量减少到0.325%。结果表明:在试验前期,乳酸菌对肉鸡的生长性能有显著影响,而在试验后期,液体蛋氨酸对肉鸡生长性能的影响更显著。     

Alimet和DL-蛋氨酸对饲喂玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕日粮的肉仔鸡生产性能影响的比较研究

试验比较了在玉米-豆粕-棉籽粕日粮中添加等摩尔数的Alimet[含88%的蛋氨酸羟基类似物(HMT鄄BA)]和DL-蛋氨酸[含99%DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)]对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。选用420只体重相近的10日龄健康爱拨益加肉雏鸡,公母各半,随机分成14个处理,公母各7个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。采用2×4×2因子设计,主因子包括:2个蛋氨酸源(DL-蛋氨酸和Alimet)、4个蛋氨酸添加水平(以等摩尔数为基础:10～21d:0%、0.08%、0.16%和0.24%;22～42d和43～49d:0%、0.07%、0.14%和0.21%)和2种性别。试验表明:1)以等摩尔有效成分为基础,Alimet的促生长效果与DL-蛋氨酸没有显著差异;2)日粮添加蛋氨酸可显著提高21d和42d的体重(P<0.10)、10～21d和22～42d的日增重(P<0.10)、10～21d的日采食量(P<0.01),降低10～49d的料重比(P<0.10);3)与母鸡相比,公鸡增重快、采食量高、饲料利用率高。     

北京鸭蛋氨酸羟基类似物相对蛋氨酸生物学效价的研究

本试验通过研究DL-蛋氨酸(DLM)及DL-蛋氨酸羟基类似物游离酸(DL-HMB-FA)对北京鸭生产性能的影响,进而探讨了蛋氨酸羟基类似物相对蛋氨酸的生物学效价.试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,设11个日粮处理.其中,1个蛋氨酸缺乏的基础日粮组,5个DLM添加组(0.03,0.06%,0.10%,0.15%,0.21%),5个添加与DLM水平等摩尔浓度的DL-HMB-FA添加组(0.034%,0.068%,0.113%,0.170%,0.239%).704只7日龄雄性北京鸭随机分为11个处理,每个处理8个重复,每个重复8只鸭,饲养期为7～42日龄.结果表明,饲料中添加DLM与DL-HMB-FA均可显著提高7～42日龄北京鸭平均日增重(P＜0.05).同时,采用非线性模型斜率比法,以等摩尔添加水平为基础,以日增重为评价指标.DL-HMB-FA相对DLM生物学效价为67%.     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加蛋氨酸对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究在杂粕日粮中添加蛋氨酸对肉鸡生产性能的影响。试验选用12栋标准化肉鸡舍,每栋鸡舍内饲喂1日龄、体重相近的AA肉鸡6,000只。试验分为4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每栋鸡舍为一个重复组,处理1为纯豆粕日粮组,处理2为杂粕日粮组,处理3和处理4组分别在杂粕日粮中添加0.1%和0.2%的DL-蛋氨酸。结果表明,饲喂杂粕日粮组肉鸡平均日采食量、料重比显著高于纯豆粕日粮组(P<0.05);在杂粕日粮中添加蛋氨酸,可显著降低日粮的日采食量和料重比(P<0.05),对日增重有所改善;杂粕0.2%蛋氨酸添加组与纯豆粕日粮组相比,日增重、日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);杂粕中添加0.2%蛋氨酸比0.1%蛋氨酸组,料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。因此,在杂粕日粮中,合理地补充外源性氨基酸可改善日粮的营养水平,提高肉鸡生产性能。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …