日粮添加抗菌肽buforin Ⅱ对病毒性腹泻断奶仔猪小肠黏膜屏障和TLR-2信号途径的影响

将15头体质量为(5.42±0.72)kg的21d病毒性腹泻断奶仔猪随机分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加100mg/kg新霉素和1.0mg/kg抗菌肽buforinⅡ,饲养期10d。每个处理5个重复,每个重复1头仔猪。结果显示,与对照组和新霉素组相比,日粮添加抗菌肽buforinⅡ能显著降低病毒性腹泻断奶仔猪腹泻指数,显著降低血清IgA、IgM和IgG的浓度、空肠黏膜sIgA的浓度(P0.05);显著下调病毒性腹泻断奶仔猪空肠和回肠黏膜TLR-2、PKR和eIF-5A mRNA相对表达丰度(P0.05);显著提高病毒性腹泻断奶仔猪空肠和回肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度、GSH-Px、NOS、SOD、GR和T-AOC浓度(P0.05)以及空肠黏膜occludin蛋白水平(P0.05)。结果表明,日粮抗菌肽buforinⅡ能减轻病毒对断奶仔猪空肠黏膜屏障功能的损伤作用。     

复合益生菌制剂在断奶仔猪培育中的应用效果研究

为了研究复合益生菌制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、健康状况和血液生化指标的影响,笔者选择体重相近、健康状况一致的28日龄断奶仔猪60头,随机分为2个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,公母各半进行试验。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1%的复合益生菌制剂。仔猪从35日龄饲喂至70日龄,试验期35 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组仔猪平均日增重和平均日采食量分别提高了21.2%和4.4%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。试验组仔猪末重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料肉比显著降低(P0.05)。试验组仔猪腹泻率和总发病率分别下降66.7%、28.59%,均显著低于对照组(P0.05);试验组仔猪血清总蛋白和球蛋白含量显著提高(P0.05),白蛋白含量差异不显著(P0.05)。结果显示,日粮中添加微生态制剂能够改善断奶仔猪生长性能,增强仔猪免疫力。     

两种复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能及经济效益的影响

为了验证常规日粮中添加复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、饲料转化率、腹泻率和经济效益的影响,试验将36头25日龄断奶的杜×长大仔猪随机分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,酶制剂1,2组分别在基础日粮中添加0.02%、0.03%酶制剂,进行30 d试验。结果表明:复合酶制剂1,2组断奶仔猪日增重显著提高(P0.05),料重比显著降低(P0.05);复合酶制剂1,2组断奶仔猪腹泻率显著降低(P0.05);酶制剂1,2组生产成本均显著降低(P0.05)。说明日粮中添加2种复合酶制剂均可明显改善早期断奶仔猪生产性能,提高经济效益,复合酶制剂2组效果最佳。     

中药微生态制剂对保育仔猪生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究中药微生态制剂对保育仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选用断奶后2周龄军牧1号白猪保育仔猪100头,随机分为4组,3个试验组和1个对照组。试验预试期7 d,正试期28 d。3个试验组分别饲喂在对照组日粮的基础上添加300、500、800 g/t中药微生态制剂。试验结果表明:日粮中添加800 g/t中药微生态制剂的试验三组平均日增重极显著高于添加量为300 g/t试验一组和对照组(P0.01),显著高于添加500 g/t的试验二组(0.01P0.05),其余各组之间差异均不显著(P0.05);试验三组的平均料肉比低于对照组和其它两个试验组;3个试验组的平均日采食量均高于对照组。试验证实在日粮中添加800 g/t中药微生态制剂能够提高保育仔猪的日增重。     

复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为了减轻仔猪断奶应激的影响,试验将54头(35±3)日龄、平均体重为7.8 kg的杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪分成3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A、B组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%自制微生态制剂。结果表明:日粮中添加自制微生态制剂可显著降低仔猪腹泻率(P0.05);在日采食量、日增重差异不显著(P0.05)情况下,显著降低料重比(P0.05);可显著提高血清碱性磷酸酶浓度(P0.05),并降低血糖浓度,试验B组效果更好。说明断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.2%复合微生态制剂可显著降低腹泻率和料重比。     

丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A及黏膜中白细胞介素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究丙氨酰-谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜固有层免疫球蛋白A(Ig A)浆细胞数量、分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)及黏膜中白细胞介素(IL)含量的影响。试验选用(21±2)日龄断奶、初始体重(6.7±0.9)kg的长白×大白去势仔猪100头,按完全随机区组法分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复5头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂基础饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%和0.45%Ala-Gln的试验饲粮。试验期21 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%~0.45%Ala-Gln均显著提高仔猪断奶后第7、14、21天十二指肠以及空肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量(P0.05),特别是0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪在断奶第14天空肠Ig A浆细胞数比对照组增加22.6%(P0.05);在回肠中,0.30%Ala-Gln主显著提高断奶后第7、14天仔猪Ig A浆细胞数(P0.05)。2)断奶仔猪空肠黏膜SIg A含量随着Ala-Gln添加量呈二次曲线增长规律。在断奶后第7天,0.30%Ala-Gln组仔猪SIg A含量与对照组相比极显著提高了70.4%(P0.01);在断奶后第14、21天,0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln与对照组相比显著提高了SIg A含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.15%、0.30%Ala-Gln可显著提高仔猪早期断奶后第7天黏膜IL-2、IL-5含量,分别显著提高断奶后第14天IL-5、IL-2含量(P0.05),其他添加水平无显著影响(P0.05);随着饲粮中Ala-Gln添加量的增加,各组IL-6、IL-10的含量呈线性增长趋势,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加Ala-Gln可提高肠黏膜固有层Ig A浆细胞数量、黏膜SIg A分泌量及IL含量,提高断奶仔猪肠道黏膜细胞免疫。     

复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

为研究复合微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率等的影响,试验选取48头杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.1%的复合微生态制剂,每组3个重复,每个重复8头猪。饲养试验为期21 d。试验结果表明：（1）试验组与对照组相比,平均日增重显著提高（P＜0.05）,两组日采食量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组饲料增重比降低12.35%（P＜0.05）;（2）与对照组相比,添加复合微生态制剂的试验组发病率降低39.53%,腹泻率降低75.34%,均差异极显著（P＜0.01）。由此可见,日粮中添加复合微生态制剂能够减少断奶仔猪的腹泻率,提高其生长性能。     

日粮添加微生态制剂对仔猪生长性能及肠道健康的影响

为了探讨微生态制剂对仔猪生长性能及肠道健康的影响。采用单因素随机设计试验,选择36±2日龄体重大约在11±2kg三元杂交健康断奶仔猪60只,随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,1组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,2组在基础日粮中添1.0%复合微生态制剂,饲喂到70日龄。在试验结束时测定生长性能和肠道菌群的影响。结果表明,1.0%复合微生态制剂添加组试验仔猪的试验末重、平均日增重、采食量与对照组相比,差异性显著(P0.05);1.0%复合微生态制剂添加组的试验仔猪的料肉比对照组的料肉比差异性显著(P0.05);1.0%复合微生态制剂添加组试验仔猪肠道有害的菌群显著低于对照组,差异性显著(P0.05)。结论是在仔猪的基础日粮添加1.0%复合微生态制剂提高仔猪生长性能和肠道健康。     

微生态与负离子复合制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究微生态与负离子复合制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道菌群的影响,为生产中应用无抗饲料添加剂以及减轻仔猪断奶应激提供参考。试验选用40头体重和日龄一致的断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组和试验组,公母各半,每组5个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%微生态与负离子复合制剂。结果表明:①与对照组相比,试验组仔猪平均日增重极显著增加(P0.01),料重比极显著降低(P0.01)。②与对照组相比,试验组仔猪对干物质和粗灰分表观消化率显著升高(P0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率极显著提高(P0.01)。③与对照组相比,试验组仔猪腹泻率显著降低(P0.05),仔猪肠道大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05),乳酸菌数量显著增加(P0.05)。综上所述,微生态与负离子复合制剂可显著提高仔猪生长性能,维持肠道菌群平衡,减少仔猪腹泻。     

微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响

通过给苏淮断奶仔猪饲喂微生态制剂(植物乳杆菌为主)研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响,分析仔猪生长性能与器官重、小肠形态、肠道pH的相关性,探讨微生态制剂缓解仔猪断奶应激的可能机制。选取健康、胎次和体重相近[(9.34±0.33)kg]的144头28日龄苏淮断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮+抗生素)、微生态制剂组(基础日粮+微生态制剂),每组6个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。预试期为3d,试验于32日龄开始,59日龄结束时屠宰采样。结果表明,与对照组相比,微生态制剂可显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)(P0.05),降低料重比(F/G)和腹泻率(P0.05);显著提高(P0.05)断奶仔猪脾脏相对重量;显著增加断奶仔猪十二指肠绒毛高度(P0.05),显著降低十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒隐比(P0.05),十二指肠、空肠、回肠隐窝深度有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);显著降低(P0.05)断奶仔猪盲肠、结肠pH。与抗生素组相比,微生态制剂组对各指标无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,ADG增加与肝脏相对重量增加显著相关(P0.05);ADFI增加与十二指肠和脾脏相对重量、回肠绒隐比增加显著相关(P0.05),与结肠和盲肠pH、回肠隐窝深度降低显著相关(P0.05);F/G降低与结肠相对重量增加呈显著相关(P0.05);腹泻率下降与十二指肠相对重、脾脏相对重量、十二指肠和空肠绒隐比增加呈显著相关(P0.05)。由此看出,微生态制剂可通过增加器官重,改善肠道形态,降低胃肠道pH,提高断奶仔猪生长性能、降低腹泻率,缓解断奶应激对仔猪的影响,该微生态制剂具有替代抗生素的潜力。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …