清流县适宜机收再生稻品种筛选试验

针对再生稻头季适宜机收品种稀少,制约其规模化、机械化发展的现状,清流县选用10个优良品种进行再生稻头季机收栽培大区简比试验,以期筛选出适宜作高留桩头季机收再生稻品种。试验表明,适宜作高留桩头季机收再生稻品种有宜优673、嘉优99、甬优2640、天优华占等。     

广东再生稻研究进展与展望

简述了广东再生稻的发展概况,从品种筛选、种植模式、生长发育特性和栽培技术等方面综述了广东人工收割再生稻和机收再生稻的研究进展,并对广东机收再生稻的发展进行了展望,提出了机收再生稻的生产建议,旨在促进广东机收再生稻的研究和推广。     

机收再生稻高产优质栽培技术研究进展

再生稻是一种资源高效和环境友好的种植模式，对于稳定水稻种植面积和保障国家口粮安全具有重要意义，发展前景非常广阔。近年来机收再生稻模式在我国南方稻区发展迅速，种植面积已超过100万hm²，周年产量可达到15 t/hm²。但是再生稻头季机收环节造成的再生季产量和加工品质下降，限制了机收再生稻进一步推广和应用。为此，本文重点介绍了机收再生稻的产量和品质形成特点，并总结了机收再生稻高产优质栽培技术的研究进展，旨在为机收再生稻产能的进一步提升提供理论和技术支撑。     

机收再生稻高产高效栽培技术规程

机收再生稻丰产高效技术对于提高种田效率,减轻劳动强度,破解农村劳动力转移、水稻种植人工劳动成本高的发展瓶颈,加快再生稻在南方稻区的推广,保障粮食增产和农民增收,具有重要意义。经多年机收再生稻的试验示范,总结出机收再生稻高产高效栽培技术规程,以供再生稻生产参考。     

清流县适宜机收再生稻品种筛选试验初报

为筛选头季适宜机收的品种,满足再生稻规模化生产的需求,清流县选用15个优质稻品种进行再生稻头季机收栽培简比试验。通过对参试品种生育期、两季产量、经济性状及抗逆性等进行综合分析,筛选出宜优673、嘉优99、嘉浙优99、Ⅱ优1273、广优3186等5个品种,可作高留桩机收再生稻栽培。     

机收再生稻丰产优质高效栽培技术研究进展

确保粮食安全和资源环境安全是当前中国作物生产面临的两大挑战,劳动力短缺和气候变化进一步增加了这些挑战的严峻性。构建机械化和轻简化的新型水稻集约化栽培技术,实现“高产、优质、高效、生态、安全”的生产目标是转型期水稻栽培技术创新的主要方向。再生稻模式作为一种古老的种植技术,具有省工、省力、省种、品质优和增产增效等优点。本文介绍了机收再生稻模式的优势与发展历程,总结了机收再生稻技术在品种选育、肥水管理、留桩高度等方面的研究进展,分析了机收再生稻发展面临的挑战与对策。     

杂交中稻机收蓄留再生稻高产高效栽培技术

介绍了重庆地区强再生力杂交水稻机收蓄留再生稻的高产示范效果,总结提出了强再生力品种选用、早播机插、水肥耦合、严防病虫、适时机收等头季稻机收蓄留再生稻的关键技术,建议在全国水稻生产轻简化、机械化不可逆转的发展趋势下,进一步加强农机农艺协作攻关,提高机收效率和再生稻单产水平,进一步促进本技术及4LZ-0.3A小型收割机在西南再生稻区的推广应用,以稳定和恢复再生稻的蓄留面积,发挥中稻—再生稻模式增产增收作用。     

浦城县机收再生稻品种筛选试验

为了筛选适合福建地区种植的再生稻品种,以12个水稻品种为材料在浦城县进行了机收再生稻试验,主要从生育期、产量、再生能力以及经济效益等方面进行了综合分析.结果表明晶两优华占等4个品种表现较好,可在浦城地区推广并继续在其它地区开展再生稻品种筛选试验.     

湖南再生稻技术进步与生产发展对策

回顾了新中国成立后湖南省再生稻生产的历史和头季机收再生稻技术研发与示范推广的历程，从机收再生稻品种筛选，栽培技术创新与生产利用模式创新，配套农机装备的引进研发与机艺融合，技术示范推广，对再生稻认识提高以及再生稻面积、单产和米质的突破等方面综述了湖南机收再生稻技术创新与生产推广及机械化应用所取得的成效，从政策上、生产上、科研上分析了当前再生稻生产存在的问题，并提出了相应的发展对策。     

低留桩再生稻品种筛选试验初报

2016年选择11个水稻品种在龙岩市永定区开展低留桩再生稻品种筛选试验,以期筛选适合作头季机收的低留桩再生稻品种。结果表明:中浙优8号、两优616、Y两优5867、甬优2640等4个品种在产量、抗逆性、再生率、再生成穗率等方面综合表现较好,可作为低留桩再生稻推广种植。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).