江苏水稻稻曲病综合防控技术

水稻发生稻曲病不仅造成产量损失,而且对人畜健康产生威胁。根据多年来对江苏稻区稻曲病的调查研究,阐述稻曲病的发生危害特点,提出适合江苏稻区稻曲病的农业和药剂防控措施,重点介绍穗期防控稻曲病的时间和药剂品种,并对稻曲病的发生规律进行分析及对今后的研究工作进行展望。     

稻曲病发病规律、病菌功能基因组以及免疫反应的遗传机制

稻曲病已成为我国水稻生产中重要病害之一,不仅影响水稻产量和品质,且危害人畜健康安全。目前对稻曲病研究已取得一定进展,但在抗性评价标准、抗性基因挖掘、病原菌侵染方式、致病机理以及防控预测等方面还存在局限性。本文综述了稻曲病简史与发生概况、稻曲病菌的生物学特征、稻曲病菌的侵染特征、稻曲病抗性遗传规律与基因鉴定、抗性遗传机制、抗性鉴定技术以及病害发生影响因子等方面的研究进展。同时,探讨当前稻曲病抗性鉴定方法、抗性基因挖掘、侵染机制、稻曲病菌与水稻互作以及病情监测预报和防治等方面存在的问题,分析与展望了相关问题及研究方向。     

水稻稻曲病研究现状及展望

水稻稻曲病已逐渐成为水稻主要病害之一,研究其发病原因和抗病机理对指导稻曲病防治具有现实意义。主要阐述了近些年国内外水稻稻曲病病原菌致病机理、侵染过程以及防治措施等方面的研究进展,讨论了选育抗病水稻品种等防治稻曲病发生的有效措施。     

稻曲病的发病规律及新药剂"爱苗"的防治示范

稻曲病是水稻后期发生的一种真菌性病害,近年来已成为水稻主要病害之一。稻曲病在开花后至乳熟期发生,一般产量损失约5%,重病田损失更大。影响稻曲病菌发育和侵染的气候因素以降雨为主。防治稻曲病重点是针对感病品种,采取综合措施,积极开展预防。“爱苗”可以有效防治水稻中后期的稻曲病、纹枯病、稻粒黑粉病等病害,且增产效果最佳,对水稻安全。是值得推广的新产品。     

稻曲病菌侵染循环及其分生孢子致病作用的研究进展

稻曲病是一种由Ustilaginoidea virens (cooke) Takahashi侵染引起的水稻穗部病害,在中国广泛发生。被稻曲病侵染后,水稻产量与品质会受到严重影响。研究稻曲病菌侵染水稻的过程及其致病机制,将为稻曲病的防治提供理论依据。介绍了稻曲病菌侵染过程及侵染循环、分生孢子的形成和萌发及其相关基因以及稻曲病菌与水稻分子互作机制等方面的研究进展,并就进一步深入研究提出了建议。     

不同钾肥施用水平和方式对稻曲病发生的影响

连续4a对湖南省水稻主栽品种稻曲病发生情况进行了调查,并以感病品种湘晚籼13号为材料,研究钾肥不同施肥水平和不同施肥方式对稻曲病发生及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,湖南省稻曲病发生总体偏重,主栽品种基本不抗病;在总氮量保持相对一致的情况下,随着钾肥施用量增加,稻曲病发病率、病粒率和病穗率下降,与对照相比,产量总体保持增加趋势;钾肥采用有机肥替代化肥条件下,随着化学肥料施肥水平增加,稻曲病发病率呈现加重趋势,但是产量差异不明显。研究结果为田间合理使用钾肥,协同调控稻曲病发生提供了科学依据。     

2010年福建省早稻新品种稻曲病抗性差异调查

品种抗病性是水稻育种的重要目标，也是品种评价利用的基础。近年稻曲病的发生呈现加重的趋势，通过对2010年早稻品种间稻曲病发病率的方差分析，表明不同品种对稻曲病的抗病能力有极大差异，认为加强品种抗病选育是解决稻曲病危害和实现水稻高产优质的重要措施。     

建瓯市水稻稻曲病的发生规律及防治措施

介绍了福建省建瓯市水稻稻曲病的发生情况及引起严重流行与危害的因素,提出了综合防治稻曲病的有效措施.     

浙南山区单季杂交稻稻曲病发生与气候的关系及防控

通过10年的观察、调研,并结合田间试验,明确了浙南山区青田县水稻稻曲病发生、为害规律,防控技术和方法。结果表明,中浙优1号、中浙优8号、甬优1540等品种在田间能较好抗(耐)稻曲病,适宜在浙南山区种植;稻曲病的发生程度与孕穗-破口期至灌浆初期的气候条件密切相关,适温(26℃~28℃)高湿(80%以上)条件特别有利于该病害发生;施肥特别是氮肥对稻曲病有加重或减轻作用;穗大粒多着粒密度大的品种(组合)易感稻曲病。防治稻曲病以打2次药预防效果最好,防治药剂最好轮换使用。     

利用重组自交系分析水稻稻曲病抗性位点及效应

利用157个家系组成的大关稻/IR28重组自交系群体,采用高效引发稻曲病人工接种方法,以病情指数作为稻曲病的表型值,鉴定了亲本及157个重组自交系群体对水稻稻曲病的抗性。利用QTL Cartographer 软件,对水稻稻曲病抗性基因进行检测分析。检测到qFsr1、qFsr4、qFsr10、qFsr11和qFsr12共 5个QTL位点,分别位于第1、4、10、11和12染色体上,贡献率为9.8%~22.5%。根据抗性位点加性效应方向,在qFsr1、qFsr10、qFsr11和qFsr12位点上,亲本IR28存在抗稻曲病的增效等位基因,大关稻具有减效等位基因;而qFsr4位点抗性效应来源于大关稻。     

辽宁省水稻品种苗期耐盐能力评价

对辽宁省29个水稻品种苗期150mmol/L NaCl水溶液处理条件下苗高、根长、根数、单株苗干重等指标进行分析,并对品种进行聚类.结果表明,盐丰47-8、辽盐282、辽粳371、辽盐12、桥201-2、辽盐241苗期耐盐能力较强,盐粳98、辽开79-3、沈农9418、铁粳4号、辽2096、沈农9741、盐粳34、铁粳...     

Emergent Sources of Prebiotics: Seaweeds and Microalgae

In recent years, scientists have become aware that human microbiota, in general, and gut microbiota, in particular, play a major role in human health and diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, among others. A large number of evidence has come to light regarding the beneficial effects, either for the host or the gut microbiota, of some foods and food ingredients or biochemical compounds. Among these, the most promising seem to be polysaccharides (PS) or their derivatives, and they include the dietary fibers. Some of these PS can be found in seaweeds and microalgae, some being soluble fibers, such as alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans and exopolysaccharides, that are not fermented, at least not completely, by colonic microbiota. This review gives an overview of the importance of the dietary fibers, as well as the benefits of prebiotics, to human health. The potential of the PS from marine macro- and microalgae to act as prebiotics is discussed, and the different techniques to obtain oligosaccharides from PS are presented. The mechanisms of the benefits of fiber, in general, and the types and benefits of algal fibers in human health are highlighted. The findings of some recent studies that present the potential effects of prebiotics on animal models of algal biomass and their extracts, as well as oligo- and polysaccharides, are presented. In the future, the possibility of using prebiotics to modulate the microbiome, and, consequently, prevent certain human diseases is foreseen.     

恩施自治州马铃薯产业现状、问题及对策

本文分析了恩施自治州马铃薯产业发展的优势:地理环境优势、气候条件优势、科学技术优势、交通优势、政策扶持优势等;指出了存在的主要问题:品种结构不合理、种薯质量不合格、农民的换种意识不强、种植规模小、劳动力缺乏、加工企业少,加工链不长等;提出了进一步发展的建议:建立科技支撑平台、加大政府宣传、加大资金投入、完善种薯推广机构、引进扶持加工企业等。     

中国农家玉米品种性状变异研究

研究了我国主要农家玉米品种的生育期、主茎叶数、株高、茎粗、穗位、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒重、千粒重及出籽率12个数量性状的变异情况,并对其株型、穗型、穗轴颜色、子粒类型及子粒颜色5个质量性状变异进行了简要分析.我国农家玉米品种数量性状的变幅较大,特别是株高、穗粒重和穗位等性状.同时,农家品种也具有它们独特的优异性状,对于育种材料改良有着重要意义。     

含硒植物营养剂对桃和梨吸收铅、镉、汞的拮抗作用

采用田间试验,研究含硒植物营养剂对水蜜桃和沙梨果实中有益矿物质元素硒和重金属元素铅、镉、汞的影响。结果表明,植物营养剂处理水蜜桃果实中有益矿物质元素硒含量比对照增加1 132.7%,重金属元素铅、镉、汞含量比对照分别减少了83.5%,65.5%,23.9%;植物营养剂处理沙梨果实中有益矿物质元素硒含量比对照增加了1 542.9%,重金属元素铅、镉、汞含量比对照分别减少了30.0%,23.9%,6.3%。     

Characterization of the FODMAP-profile in cereal-product ingredients

Cereal-based products, such as bread, are staple foods in the western diet. Due to the nature of their basic ingredients and the diversity of recipes, the amount of fermentable short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in those products may be high. This study characterized the FODMAP-profiles of a broad range of cereal-product ingredients, serving as a basis for low FODMAP product development. Different cereals, pseudo-cereals, gluten-free flours, pulses, pulse protein ingredients, commercial sprouts, and other cereal-product ingredients were analyzed, using anion-exchange chromatography with electrochemical detection. Wheat and related cereals were high in fructans. Pulses, such as peas contained high galactooligosaccharides (GOS) amounts. Whereas GOS levels in pulse protein ingredients varied, depending on their production. Gluten-free flours, for instance, rice-flour, showed low FODMAP-profiles. Amongst those, buckwheat, which does not contain any of the FODMAPs investigated, contained high amounts of other soluble non-digestible carbohydrates, namely fagopyritols; these may have a similar effect on a sensitive gut as GOS. Finally, ingredients contained mainly high levels of fructans and GOS. Yet, the analysis of commonly consumed commercial cereal products, including bread, pasta, crackers and biscuits, highlighted the relevance of lactose, fructose in excess of glucose and polyols. These products serve as benchmarks for further product development.     

Current Progress in Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid. This paper reviews various features of the lipid molecular species of these animals. The results of the application of the lipidomic approach in ecology, embryology, physiology, lipid biosynthesis, and in studies on the nutritional value of marine invertebrates are also discussed. The possible applications of lipidomics in the study of marine invertebrates are considered.     

儿茶素生物医用纳米材料研究进展

儿茶素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗炎和免疫调节等功能,是茶叶中含量丰富的一类生物活性物质。由于酚羟基的高活泼性导致儿茶素在生物体外及体内极易失去活性,致使其在生物体内利用度不高。近年来,纳米生物技术的发展有望通过配体设计、精准合成和智能调控等策略解决儿茶素低生物利用度的难题,并拓展其在生命健康领域中的应用。综述了近几年儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的研究进展,重点阐述了儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗炎、药物递送和抗病毒等活性,对儿茶素生物医用纳米材料的构建和生物作用机制进行了探讨,并对儿茶素新材料设计及其应用前景进行了展望。     

Applications of Chitosan in Surgical and Post-Surgical Materials

The continuous advances in surgical procedures require continuous research regarding materials with surgical applications. Biopolymers are widely studied since they usually provide a biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material. Among them, chitosan is a promising material for the development of formulations and devices with surgical applications due to its intrinsic bacteriostatic, fungistatic, hemostatic, and analgesic properties. A wide range of products has been manufactured with this polymer, including scaffolds, sponges, hydrogels, meshes, membranes, sutures, fibers, and nanoparticles. The growing interest of researchers in the use of chitosan-based materials for tissue regeneration is obvious due to extensive research in the application of chitosan for the regeneration of bone, nervous tissue, cartilage, and soft tissues. Chitosan can serve as a substance for the administration of cell-growth promoters, as well as a support for cellular growth. Another interesting application of chitosan is hemostasis control, with remarkable results in studies comparing the use of chitosan-based dressings with traditional cotton gauzes. In addition, chitosan-based or chitosan-coated surgical materials provide the formulation with antimicrobial activity that has been highly appreciated not only in dressings but also for surgical sutures or meshes.     

Patterns of cross-resistance to fungicides in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) isolates from French vineyards

Field strains of Botryotinia fuckeliana were isolated from diseased grape berries which were collected at the harvest, between 1993 and 1997, from French vineyards located in Alsace, Armagnac, Bordeaux, Champagne and Loire Valley. According to the inhibitory effects of fungicides towards spore germination, germ-tube elongation and mycelial growth, several phenotypes could be characterized. Thus, two types of benzimidazole (e.g. carbendazim, thiabendazole)-resistant strains were detected; negative cross-resistance towards diethofencarb, diphenylamine and dicloran was found only in one type. Most dicarboximide (e.g. iprodione, procymidone, vinclozolin)-resistant strains were also weakly resistant to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides (e.g. chloroneb, dicloran, tolclofos-methyl) but remained sensitive to phenylpyrroles (e.g. fenpiclonil, fludioxonil). However, in some other dicarboximide-resistant strains, resistance was observed either as being restricted to dicarboximides or as extending weakly to phenylpyrroles. Towards anilinopyrimidines (e.g. cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil), three resistant phenotypes have been identified. In the most resistant one, resistance was restricted to anilinopyrimidines, whereas in the others, resistance extended to various other groups of fungicides including dicarboximides, phenylpyrroles, sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (e.g. tolfanate, prochloraz, tebuconazole) and the hydroxyanilide derivative, fenhexamid. According to the pattern of cross-resistance, two phenotypes were characterized within these multifungicide-resistant strains. In vitro tests conducted with fenpropimorph, fenpropidin and spiroxamine, revealed the existence of strains highly susceptible to these sterol Δ¹⁴- reduction inhibitors. This property was correlated with a decreased sensitivity towards fenhexamid.