不同饲粮组成对泌乳荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能、血液生化指标及氮磷排放量的影响

本试验研究了减少饲粮氮磷水平或使用复合添加剂对泌乳荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能、血液生化指标及氮磷排放量的影响,旨在不影响生产性能的前提下减少奶牛粪尿中氮磷的排放量。采用配对试验设计,将36头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛分为3组,每组12头,分别为对照(CR)(原奶牛场配方饲粮)、低氮磷(LPP)组[原奶牛场配方饲粮减少0.70%的氮(粗蛋白质)、0.03%的磷]、复合添加剂(CA)组[原奶牛场配方饲粮+复合添加剂(由活性酵母、酶制剂和有机锌混合组成)]。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。测定产奶量、乳成分、血液生化指标及氮磷排放量。结果表明:各组产奶量、干物质采食量、乳成分无显著差异(P0.05);LPP组与CR组相比,酸性洗涤纤维、磷的表观消化率分别提高了73.12%、42.94%(P0.05);与CR组相比,LPP组总氮、总磷排放量分别降低了9.11%和26.34%(P0.05),CA组分别降低了16.35%和16.10%(P0.05);LPP组与CR组之间血液生化指标差异不显著(P0.05),CA组的血液谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性和磷含量显著高于CR组(P0.05)。结果提示,在满足正常营养需求的情况下,适当控制奶牛氮磷摄入量和使用复合添加剂均能降低氮磷的排放量。     

蒸汽压片玉米、烟酸和蛋氨酸锌对泌乳早期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

本研究选择泌乳早期的经产奶牛40头随机分成4组,其中一组作为对照组,各试验组奶牛日粮中分别添加蒸汽压片玉米(蒸汽压片组)、烟酸和蛋氨酸锌(添加剂组)、蒸汽压片玉米+烟酸和蛋氨酸锌(蒸汽压片+添加剂组)。观测其对泌乳早期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。结果表明:饲喂蒸汽压片+添加剂组和蒸汽压片组的奶牛乳蛋白率和乳糖率显著高于对照组(P0.05);添加剂组奶牛乳蛋白率显著高于对照组(P0.05);各试验组的产奶量、4%FCM、乳脂率和非脂固形物都比对照组有所提高,但无显著差异(P0.05);试验组乳中体细胞数有降低的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果提示,蒸汽压片玉米、烟酸及蛋氨酸锌具有提高泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量和改善乳品质的作用;各组日粮对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响大小为蒸汽压片+添加剂组蒸汽压片组添加剂组对照组,奶牛日粮中混合添加蒸汽压片玉米、烟酸及蛋氨酸锌效果优于分别添加蒸汽压片玉米和添加剂。     

发芽玉米对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、产奶性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在研究发芽玉米对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、血液成分、产奶性能及乳品质的影响。选取胎次、分娩日龄、产奶量相近的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛15头,试验分为3组,每组5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮(TMR和苜蓿干草),T1、T2组分别在基础日粮中添加20%发芽玉米和20%发酵发芽玉米。结果表明,添加发芽玉米及发酵发芽玉米均能降低瘤胃pH的变化幅度,提高挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮浓度,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05);与对照组相比,T1、T2组4%乳脂校正乳极显著提高(P＜0.01),并可显著提高T2组的饲料效率(P＜0.05),显著降低乳中体细胞数(P＜0.05);T1、T2组具有降低乳中胆固醇含量的趋势,并对血液成分无显著影响。因此,饲料中添加发芽玉米可改善瘤胃内环境,显著提高产奶量与饲料效率,显著降低乳中体细胞数,且乳中胆固醇含量有降低的趋势。     

饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛(产奶量、胎次、产犊日期接近,健康无疾病),分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组饲喂基础饲粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％、15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.每期试验28 d,其中预试期为7d,正试期为21 d.结果表明:随着饲粮全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势(P＞0.05),校正乳产量极显著提高(P＜0.01).全棉籽极显著地提高了奶牛的乳脂率(P＜0.01),对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).全棉籽极显著降低了饱和脂肪酸( SFA)的含量(P＜0.01),不同程度地提高了乳中多不饱和脂肪酸( PUFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);短链脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸含量都显著降低(P＜0.05),长链脂肪酸含量有不同程度的提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结果提示,饲粮中添加全棉籽可以提高奶牛产奶量,优化乳脂脂肪酸组成,改善乳脂品质,并以10％为泌乳早期奶牛最佳饲粮全棉籽比例.     

日粮蛋氨酸锌水平对奶牛生产性能和血液指标的影响

选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,其中一组作为对照组,各试验组奶牛日粮中分别添加100、250、400 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌(按日粮干物质计),各组采用相同的基础日粮(舍锌34.63 mg/kg干物质),观测其对奶牛生产性能、血液指标的影响.结果表明试验组(100、250、400 mg/kg组)比对照组产奶量分别提高5.28%、7.79%和7.12%,差异显著(P＜0.05),且250 mg/kg和400 mg/kg剂量组与对照组相比达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01),但各试验组间无显著差异(P＞0.05),试验组乳蛋白含量呈增加趋势(P＞0.05),各组间乳脂、乳糖、非脂乳固形物含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05),100、250、400 mg/kg组乳体细胞数分别降低10.43%、17.88%(P＜0.05)和19.49%(P＜0.05);各试验组乳锌、血清锌含量和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高(P＜0.01);蛋氨酸锌各添加组,尿素氮含量均呈下降趋势,但到差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

老芒麦与无芒雀麦混合干草饲喂奶牛的效果

以老芒麦与无芒雀麦(干草)3∶1混合的禾草来部分替代干玉米秸秆饲喂荷斯坦奶牛,对奶牛的产奶量和乳成分分析结果表明:试验组的干物质采食量和对照组无明显差异;日产奶量(4%标准乳FCM)提高8.19%,差异不显著(P＞0.05);乳蛋白率和体细胞数与对照间差异显著(P＜0.05),乳脂率、乳糖率和干物质含量与对照差异不显著(P＞0.05).老芒麦和无芒雀麦混合干草替代部分干玉米秸秆饲喂奶牛,不仅可有效改善奶牛乳品质,而且能够提高经济效益,每头牛增收2.47元/d.     

热应激对奶牛乳中活性蛋白的影响

试验随机选取23头泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛,通过实时监控外界环境温湿度,计算温湿度指数,确定奶牛热应激状态,测定奶牛产奶量、乳成分和乳中活性蛋白,以研究热应激对中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛乳中活性蛋白的影响。结果表明:与轻度热应激奶牛相比,中度热应激奶牛生产性能会极显著下降(P0.01),平均降低了20.06%;中度热应激奶牛乳脂率显著降低(P0.05),乳中尿素氮极显著升高(P0.01),体细胞数显著升高(P0.05);中度热应激奶牛乳中血清蛋白显著升高(P0.05),α-乳白蛋白极显著升高(P0.01),但乳中免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA和IgM)含量并无显著差异。因此,不同程度的热应激影响泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、乳成分和乳中活性蛋白。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响

旨在研究不同精粗比混合饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响,确定泌乳中期奶牛饲粮的适宜精粗比。本研究采用单因素完全随机区组设计,将45头产奶量相近的泌乳中期健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分成3组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别饲喂精饲料与粗饲料比例为40∶60、50∶50、60∶40的混合日粮,试验期为60d,通过测定各组平均日采食量、平均日产奶量、料奶比、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率、乳体细胞数、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量等检测指标,比较分析不同精粗比饲粮对奶牛产奶性能、乳品质和免疫力的影响。结果显示Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日产奶量、乳蛋白率、IgG含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比较,平均日采食、平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、IgG含量、IgA含量、IgM含量均显著提高(P0.05),料奶比、体细胞数显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比较,平均日产奶量、IgG含量、IgA含量均显著提高(P0.05),体细胞数显著降低(P0.05)。表明饲喂不同精粗比饲料对泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛的产奶性能、乳品质、免疫力的影响较大,日粮中精粗比为60∶40的饲喂效果最好,精粗比为50∶50次之,精粗比为40∶60最差。     

蒸气压片玉米对泌乳初期奶牛生产性能的影响研究

选用20头胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量和体况评分(BCS)相近,泌乳初期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分成2组,每组2个重复,每重复5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组中精料补充料的玉米由蒸汽压片玉米代替。试验期为35d。试验结果表明:(1)蒸气压片玉米能提高泌乳初期奶牛的产奶量和4?M产量、乳脂率和乳脂产量以及降低体细胞数,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)蒸汽压片玉米可以显著提高乳糖率、乳糖产量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05)。     

全棉籽对奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加全棉籽对奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％和15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.共进行4期试验,每期试验28 d,其中预试期7d,正试期21 d.结果表明:1)随着全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势,奶牛的乳脂率和4％标准乳产量显著提高(P＜0.01),但全棉籽对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).2)全棉籽对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05),但含有全棉籽饲粮的中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中C组比对照组提高了8.4％(P＜0.05).3)全棉籽对奶牛血清中白蛋白、血糖含量无显著影响(P＞0.05),对血清胆固醇和尿素氮含量影响显著(P＜0.05).C组奶牛血清中胆固醇含量显著低于其他各组(P＜0.01).B、C组的血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组和D组.4)随着饲粮中全棉籽比例的提高,血清和乳中游离棉酚含量也显著提高(P＜0.01),乳中游离棉酚含量在各试验组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果提示,全棉籽在奶牛泌乳早期饲粮中的最适添加量为10％.     

Efficacy of monensin and tylosin in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn with and without corn wet distillers grains with solubles

Three hundred seventy-one crossbred-yearling heifers (299 +/- 9 kg initial BW) were obtained from a common source and used in a randomized complete-block designed finishing study. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with one factor being diet: based on steam-flaked corn finishing diet (SFC) or SFC plus 25% (dry basis) corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS). The second factor was feed additives: no added antibiotics (NONE), 300 mg of monensin daily (MONENSIN), or 300 mg of monensin + 90 mg of tylosin daily (MON+TYL). Main effect of diet resulted in no difference in DMI (P = 0.34). Heifers fed SFC gained 9% faster (P = 0.01) and were 7% more efficient (P = 0.01) than heifers fed WDGS. In addition, heifers fed SFC had 3% heavier (P = 0.01) HCW; 1% greater (P = 0.01) dress yield; and had 3% larger (P = 0.05) LM area. Marbling score and carcasses that graded USDA Choice or better were both greater (P /= 0.12) among feed additive treatments. Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat and s.c. fat thickness at the 12th rib were also not different (P >/= 0.55) for main effects of diet and feed additive. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a diet x feed additive interaction for the most severe (A+) liver abscesses. Heifers fed NONE yielded the greatest percentage (16%) of A+ livers in the SFC treatment, whereas heifers fed MON+TYL yielded the greatest percentage (10%) in the WDGS treatment. Including wet distillers grains with solubles in diets based on steam-flaked corn decreased finishing heifer performance, HCW, and marbling. Tylosin addition tended to decrease severity of liver abscesses in diets containing SFC, but not in diets containing WDGS. These data indicate that monensin and tylosin may not be as effective when used in steam-flaked corn diets with 25% WDGS.     

不同清洁型日粮降低规模猪场中氮、磷污染物排泄的研究

本试验旨在研究在肥育猪日粮中添加植酸酶、复合酶及微生态制剂3种清洁型日粮对规模猪场氮、磷排泄的影响。试验选取健康无病的60 kg左右的苏钟猪15头,随机分为5个处理,分别为对照组(正常磷水平)、负对照组(不加CaHPO₄)、负对照+植酸酶组、对照+植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组、对照+微生态制剂组。结果表明,3种清洁型日粮均可降低粪、尿中氮的排泄量,其中植酸酶组粪中氮的排泄量较对照组降低了0.55%(P＞0.05),植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组降低了10%(P＜0.05),微生态制剂组降低了6.11%(P＞0.05),其中植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组减排效果更佳,尿氮含量各组之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);粪中磷的排泄量植酸酶组较对照组降低了19.19%(P＞0.05),植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组降低了36.63%(P＜0.05),微生态制剂组降低了16.28%(P＞0.05),其中植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组减排效果最佳,尿磷的排泄量植酸酶组降低了12%(P＞0.05),植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组降低了16%(P＜0.05),微生态制剂组降低了12%(P＞0.05),以植酸酶+复合酶+和美酵素组减排效果最好。由此表明,在肥育猪日粮中添加清洁饲料可有效降低规模猪场中氮、磷排泄造成的环境污染,且以植酸酶、复合酶及和美酵素联合应用效果最佳。     

Effects of Supplemental Carbohydrate Sources on Lactation Performance, Nitrogen Balance, and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cows Fed Energy-Deficient Total Mixed Rations

The effects of supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) sources on milk yield and composition,nitrogen (N) balance,and ruminal fermentation were evaluated in lactating dairy cows fed energy-deficient total mixed rations (TMR).Fifty-six lactating Holstein cows (36.8 ±3.4 kg/d of milk yield; 152 ±26days in milk [ DIM ] ) were randomly assigned to one of four diets:( 1 ) basal TMR ( control ) ; ( 2 ) basal TMR + 1.25 kg/d sucrose (SUC) ; ( 3 ) basal TMR + 2.12 kg/d steam-flaked corn ( SFC ) ; ( 4 ) basal TMR + 2.23 kg/d wheat (WHE).The trial lasted 70 days,including the first 10 days of adaptation.Simultaneously,a 4 × 4 Latin square trial was conducted with four ruminally cannulated cows of similar DMI (Dry Matter Intake) fed on the above four diets.Each testing period lasted 18 days:15 days for adaptation and 3 days for sampling.Cows fed SUC-,SFC-,and WHE-supplemented diets produced 1.6,2.9,and 0.8 kg/d,respectively,more milk than those on the basal TMR control diet,but the difference was not significant (P =0.160).However,the production of energy-corrected milk of cows fed CHO-supplemented diets improved significantly (P =0.020),and the yield of 4％ fat-corrected milk tended to be higher (P =0.063 ) than in control animals.Percentages of milk protein,lactose and solidsnot-fat (SNF) increased significantly in cows fed CHO-supplemented diets ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and yields of milk protein and SNF were significantly higher (P＜0.05); yields of milk fat and lactose were somewhat higher ( P ＜ 0.10 ).Cows receiving supplementary CHO diets consumed more DM (Dry Matter) ( P =0.023 ) ; however,there was no significant difference in N retention,digestibility,or utilization efficiency among the treatments (P ＞ 0.10 ).The average ruminal pH was lowest in cows supplemented with SUC,while that in cows supplemented with SFC and WHE was only slightly reduced (P =0.025 ).Ruminal NH3-N concentration was highest with no supplementary CHO ( P =0.017 ),and changes in postfeeding time were similar across the diets.Total volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly lower in control animals than in those on SUC- and WHE-supplemented diets ( P =0.001 ) ; significant dietary responses were observed in the concentrations of acetate,butyrate,and branched-chain fatty acids and in the acetate-to-propionate ratio ( P ＜ 0.001 ).These results indicate that supplementation with different CHO sources in energy-deficient diets substantially improved the balance of energy and N in the rumen,altered ruminal fermentation,and improved lactation performance in dairy cows.     

Combinations of alfalfa hay and wet corn gluten feed in limit-fed growing diets for beef cattle

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of alfalfa hay (AH) and wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) combinations on ADG and gain efficiency of cattle limit-fed growing diets. In Exp. 1, crossbred beef steers (n = 220; initial BW = 262 kg) were limit-fed diets consisting of steam-flaked corn and 40% WCGF (DM basis) with 0, 10, or 20% ground AH (0AH, 10AH, and 20AH, respectively). A fourth diet containing 20% ground AH and steam-flaked corn served as a control. All diets were fed once daily at 1.8% of BW (DM basis). Growing period ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE calculated from performance data decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with addition of AH to diets containing WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.05) with AH addition to diets containing WCGF. Following the growing period, steers were finished on a common diet offered ad libitum. Gain efficiencies during the finishing period were higher (P < 0.05) for steers fed the 20AH diet than for steers fed the control diet. In Exp. 2, crossbred beef heifers (n = 339; initial BW = 277 kg) were limit-fed diets containing steam-flaked corn with 10, 20, or 30% ground AH and 0, 40, or 68% WCGF in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, fed once daily at 1.6% of BW (DM basis). An AH x WCGF interaction occurred (P < 0.05) for growing period ADG and gain efficiency. Increasing AH or WCGF decreased cattle ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE with the exception of heifers fed 30AH/40WCGF, which had ADG that did not differ (P > 0.10) from that of heifers fed 20AH/0WCGF or 30AH/0WCGF, and which had greater gain efficiencies (P < 0.05) than heifers fed 30AH/0WCGF. Rate of DMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing AH and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing WCGF. Heifers were finished on diets containing 33% WCGF with 0 or 0.5% added urea (DM basis) offered ad libitum. Increasing WCGF in growing diets tended (linear, P < 0.10) to increase finishing ADG and gain efficiency, whereas increasing AH decreased (linear, P < 0.05) kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, and the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Prime. Urea tended to increase ADG (P < 0.10), but decreased (P < 0.04) the percentage of carcasses grading USDA Choice. Results suggest that the value of WCGF relative to steam-flaked corn in limit-fed growing diets might be improved in diets containing 30% AH relative to diets containing 10 or 20% AH.     

Influence of steam-flaked, steamed-whole or whole shelled corn on performance and digestion in beef steers

Three trials were conducted to evaluate finishing diets containing 67% steam-flaked corn (SFC), steamed-whole corn (SWC) or whole corn (WC). In a feeding trial, steers fed SWC consumed more (P less than .05) dry matter per day (7.6 kg) than those fed WC (7.0 kg) or SFC (6.7 kg). Average daily gain was greater (P less than .05) for steers fed SFC (1.33 kg) and SWC (1.31 kg) than for those fed WC (1.25 kg), and feed efficiency was better (P less than .05) for steers fed SFC (5.06 kg dry matter/kg gain) than for those fed WC (5.62) and SWC (5.79). Carcass characteristics were not different among the three groups. In a digestion trial, method of corn processing did not affect digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. Starch digestibility was greater (P less than .05) for SFC (99.1%) than for SWC (93.8%) and WC (93.0%). There were no differences in nitrogen (N) intake or fecal N among the three diets; however, urinary N was less (P less than .05) for SWC (19 g/d) than for SFC (27 g/d) and WC (32 g/d), and N retention was higher (P less than .05) for the SWC diet. In vitro dry matter digestibility of the SFC diet was higher (P less than .05) than for WC at 4 and 8 h of incubation and higher (P less than .05) than the SWC diet at 8, 12 and 24 h of incubation. In vitro gas production after 6 h was greater (P less than .05) for SFC than for SWC grain, which was greater (P less than .05) than WC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of dry, wet, and rehydrated corn bran and corn processing method in beef finishing diets

Two finishing trials were conducted to determine the effects of adding different types of corn bran, a component of corn gluten feed, on cattle performance. In Trial 1, 60 English crossbred yearling steers (283 +/- 6.7 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments. Treatments were diets with no corn bran, dry corn bran (86% DM), wet corn bran (37% DM), and rehydrated dry bran (37% DM). Bran was fed at 40% of dietary DM. All finishing diets had (DM basis) 9% corn steep liquor with distillers solubles, 7.5% alfalfa hay, 3% tallow, and 5% supplement. Gain efficiency and ADG were greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed no corn bran compared with all treatments containing corn bran; however, no differences were detected across corn bran types. In Trial 2, 340 English crossbred yearling steers (354 +/- 0.6 kg) were used in a randomized block design with treatments assigned based on a 2 x 4 + 2 factorial arrangement (four pens per treatment). One factor was the corn processing method used (dry-rolled corn, DRC; or steam-flaked corn, SFC). The other factor was corn bran type: dry (90% DM), wet (40% DM), or dry bran rehydrated to 40 or 60% DM. Bran was fed at 30% of dietary DM, replacing either DRC or SFC. Two control diets (DRC and SFC) were fed with no added bran. All finishing diets contained (DM basis) 10% corn steep liquor with distiller's solubles, 3.5% alfalfa hay, 3.5% sorghum silage, and 5% supplement. Corn bran type did not affect DMI (P = 0.61), ADG (P = 0.53), or G:F (P = 0.10). Dry matter intake was greater (P < 0.01) by steers fed bran compared with those fed no bran, and was greater by steers fed DRC than by steers fed SFC (P < 0.01). Interactions occurred (P < 0.01) between grain source and bran inclusion for ADG and G:F. The ADG by steers fed the SFC diet without bran was greater (P < 0.01) than by steers fed SFC diets with bran, whereas the ADG by steers fed DRC diets with or without bran was similar. Daily gain was 15.2% greater (P < 0.01) by steers fed SFC without bran than by steers fed DRC without bran. Gain efficiency was 16.9% greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed SFC without bran compared with steers fed DRC without bran. In DRC and SFC diets, feeding bran decreased (P < 0.01) G:F by 5.2 and 13.8%, respectively. The moisture content of corn bran had no effect on finishing steer performance, and drying corn bran did not affect its energy value in finishing cattle diets.     

Wet corn gluten feed and alfalfa hay combinations in steam-flaked corn finishing cattle diets

One finishing trial and one digestibility trial were used to evaluate wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and alfalfa hay (AH) combinations in steam-flaked corn (SFC) finishing diets. In Exp. 1, 631 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 284 +/- 7.9 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25, 35, or 45% of diet DM) and AH (2 or 6% of dietary DM) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. No interactions existed between WCGF and AH for heifer performance. Increasing dietary WCGF linearly decreased gain efficiency (P < 0.01), dietary NEg concentration (P < 0.05), and 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.10). Cattle fed 35% WCGF had the lowest occurrence of abscessed livers, resulting in a quadratic response (P < 0.05) as dietary WCGF increased. In Exp. 2, 12 ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (585 kg) were fed SFC-based diets containing combinations of WCGF (25 or 45% of diet DM) and AH (0, 2, or 6% of diet DM) in an incomplete Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch intake was lower (P < 0.05), but NDF intake was greater (P < 0.05) as AH and WCGF increased in the diet. Ruminal pH was increased by AH (linear, P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.07) to increase with WCGF. Feeding 2% AH led to the greatest ruminal NH3 but the lowest total VFA and propionate (quadratic, P < 0.05). Addition of AH to diets containing 25% WCGF increased acetate to a greater extent than addition to diets containing 45% WCGF (AH x WCGF interaction, P < 0.05). Feeding 45% WCGF tended to increase passage rate (P = 0.17) and decrease (P < 0.05) total tract OM digestibility but increase (P < 0.05) in situ degradation of DM from AH and WCGF. Interactions between AH and WCGF existed (P < 0.05) for ruminal fluid volume (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level), in situ SFC degradation (linear effect of AH x WCGF level), and in situ rate of WCGF DM disappearance (quadratic effect of AH x WCGF level). We conclude that AH levels may be decreased when WCGF is added to SFC diets as 25% or more of the dietary DM.     

不同加工方式玉米粉对12月龄伊犁马消化代谢、血浆生化指标及体增重的影响

本试验旨在研究蒸汽压片玉米粉、膨化玉米粉对12月龄伊犁马消化代谢、血浆生化指标及体增重的影响,为蒸汽压片玉米粉、膨化玉米粉在马的饲养实践中的应用提供参考。选取体重相近[(261.95±14.73)kg]、年龄相近(12月龄左右)的伊犁马公马24匹,随机分为3组,每组8匹,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组。各组马匹每天每匹饲喂1.5 kg浓缩料和8 kg苜蓿干草,在此基础上对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组马匹每天每匹再分别饲喂1.5 kg的粉粹玉米粉、蒸汽压片玉米粉、膨化玉米粉,进行26 d的消化代谢试验,其中预试期19 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:试验Ⅱ组的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率分别比对照组高出4.93%(P0.05)、5.84%(P0.05)、7.10%(P0.05)、14.78%(P0.05)、17.45%(P0.05),而试验Ⅰ组的干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质及中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率与对照组相比均差异不显著(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的氮沉积量、氮沉积率显著高于对照组及试验Ⅰ组(P0.05),分别高出81.19%、79.86%及104.78%、97.50%,而对照组、试验Ⅰ组间差异不显著(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组的钙、磷沉积量及沉积率均高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组(P0.05)。试验Ⅱ组血浆中葡萄糖含量分别比对照组及试验Ⅰ组高出10.04%、20.79%(P0.05)。饲喂蒸汽压片玉米粉和膨化玉米粉对12月龄伊犁马的体增重和平均日增重无显著影响(P0.05),但试验Ⅱ组试验期内的体增重、平均日增重分别较对照组高出18.88%、20.37%,分别较试验Ⅰ组高出20.43%、20.37%。因此,饲喂膨化玉米粉可提高12月龄伊犁马对饲粮中营养物质的表观消化率及能量代谢,并促进马的生长;而饲喂蒸汽压片玉米粉对12月龄伊犁马的营养物质代谢、血浆生化指标及体增重均无显著影响。     

Effects of Proportions of Steam-Flaked Corn and Grain Sorghum and Switching Grain Sources During the Finishing Period on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Beef Steers

Three studies were conducted to determine effects of proportions of steam-flaked corn (SFC) and steam-flaked grain sorghum (SFGS) in the finishing diet (Exp. 1), effects of switching grain sources on d 56 of the finishing period on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers (Exp. 2), and effects of these two dietary ingredients on in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) (Exp. 3). For Exp. 1, 180 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments included (DM basis) 100% SFC:0% SFGS, 75% SFC:25% SFGS, 50% SFC:50% SFGS, 25% SFC:75% SFGS, and 0% SFC:100% SFGS. Increasing the proportion of SFGS in the finishing diet increased (P<0.01) feed:gain for the overall experiment and resulted in a linear decrease (P<0.01) in calculated NE, NE, and ME values of the diet. No differences (P>0.10) were noted among treatments for carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, 144 medium-framed beef steers (British × Continental) were used. Treatments were SFC fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 1), SFC fed from d 0 to 56 and SFGS fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 2), SFGS fed from d 0 to 56 and SFC fed from d 57 to end (Treatment 3), and SFGS fed from d 0 to end (Treatment 4). Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted concurrently, and steers on Treatments 1 and 4 were the same steers used in Exp. 1 and fed 100:0 and 0:100, respectively. Average daily gain was decreased (P<0.10), and feed:gain was increased (P<0.05) for the average of Treatments 2 and 3 vs Treatment 1 for the overall experiment. In vitro DM disapperance of diets used in Exp. 1 was similar (P>0.10) among treatments after 4, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation. Results suggest no benefit from mixing SFC and SFGS in finishing diets, and switching grain sources during the finishing period may adversely affect performance.     

Effects of grain processing and dietary lipid source on performance, carcass characteristics, plasma fatty acids, and sensory properties of steaks from finishing cattle

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain processing and lipid addition to finishing diets on cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Eighty Hereford x Angus steers (384 kg +/- 17 kg of BW) were fed diets containing steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry-rolled corn (DRC) with and without the addition of tallow (SFC/Fat and DRC/Fat) or steam-flaked corn with ground flaxseed (SFC/Flax). Ribeye steaks from steers fed SFC, SFC/Fat, or SFC/ Flax were used to evaluate the effects of fat source on meat quality. Cattle fed SFC and SFC/Fat tended to have greater ADG, G:F, HCW, and USDA yield grade, compared with those fed DRC and DRC/Fat (P < 0.10). Steaks from steers fed SFC/Flax developed a detectable off-flavor (P < 0.05) compared with steaks from steers fed SFC and SFC/Fat, and steaks from steers fed SFC retained desirable color longer than those from steers fed SFC/Flax (P < 0.05). Feeding SFC/Flax increased deposition of alpha-linolenic acid in muscle tissue compared with feeding SFC or SFC/Fat (P < 0.01). Dietary treatment did not cause differences in tenderness, juiciness, or flavor intensity. Ground flaxseed can replace tallow in finishing diets without loss in performance, but flax may affect flavor and color stability of beef. Feeding flaxseed can effectively alter composition of carcass tissues to yield beef that is high in n-3 fatty acids.