木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的抗性评价

在建立切实可行的木薯抗螨性评级标准的基础上,对国家木薯种质资源圃227份核心木薯种质进行抗朱砂叶螨的抗性评价,并探讨抗、感性稳定的8份木薯种质对朱砂叶螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明:227份被评价的核心木薯种质中对朱砂叶螨高抗的种质2份,抗性种质4份,中抗种质116份,感性种质87份,高感种质18份;抗性木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的发育与繁殖具有显著的影响,取食高抗种质C1115和缅甸种叶片后朱砂叶螨雌雄成螨均不能存活,与取食高感种质ZM9066、CM1210-10、瑞士F21和BRA900相比,取食抗性种质哥伦比亚4D和PII167后,朱砂叶螨的发育历期显著延长,平均每雌螨产卵量显著减少,后代卵的孵化率显著降低,雌、雄成螨寿命均显著缩短。本研究结果为深入开展木薯抗螨性机理、抗螨种质的挖掘及其利用研究提供了理论基础。     

六点始叶螨在7个橡胶树无性系上的生物学特性和药效试验

六点始叶螨（Eotetranychus sexmaculatuss）作为橡胶树的重要害螨,对橡胶树的生长发育产生巨大危害,严重影响橡胶树产量。为进一步明确六点始叶螨在不同橡胶树无性系上的发育和繁殖情况,以及不同螨态对杀螨剂的敏感程度。本研究以‘热研87-6-62’‘热研87-6-47’‘热研93-59’‘热研87-4-19’‘热研89-4-51’‘PR107’‘RRIM600’7个橡胶树无性系稳定期叶片作为六点始叶螨的寄主,分析了各螨态的形态特征、发育历期以及繁殖能力。同时,采用浸叶蝶法、叶片残毒法、玻璃浸渍法测定了4种杀虫剂对六点始叶螨各螨态的活性。结果显示,在(28±1)℃、RH(75±5)%、光照[16(L)∶8(D)]条件下,六点始叶螨在以上7个橡胶树无性系上各螨态发育时间从长到短为：成螨期>后若螨→成螨>前若螨→后若螨>卵→前若螨,六点始叶螨各螨态在‘RRIM600’无性系上的发育历期最短,在‘热研87-6-62’和‘热研87-6-47’无性系上的发育历期相对较长;六点始叶螨在7个橡胶树无性系上的单雌产卵量由多到少依次为：‘PR107’>‘RRIM600’>‘热研89-4-19’>‘热研93-59’>‘热研89-4-51’>‘热研87-6-47’>‘热研87-6-62’,其中‘PR107’上单雌产卵量最多,平均单雌产卵量为12.17个,‘热研87-6-62’单雌产卵量最少,平均单雌产卵量为7.33个。筛选不同化学药剂对六点始叶螨进行防效试验,结果表明4种药剂在药后15 d的校正死亡率均在80%以上,其中15%哒螨灵乳油和1.8%阿维菌素·高效氯氰菊酯乳油的速效性较好,在施药3 d后死亡率可达80%以上。     

不同生长期橡胶叶对六点始叶螨选择性及种群增长影响

为了探明不同生长期橡胶叶对六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)选择性及种群增长的影响,在室内测定古铜期、淡绿期、稳定期、老化期的橡胶叶对六点始叶螨的产卵选择、取食选择、发育、存活及繁殖的影响。结果表明:六点始叶螨对不同生长期橡胶叶的取食选择和产卵选择由多到少依次为:古铜期、淡绿期、稳定期、老化期,说明该螨在转移为害过程中优先选择幼嫩叶片;世代发育历期以取食老化期的最长,为20.9 d,取食古铜期最短,为16.9 d。世代存活率、净生殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)由大到小依次为:古铜期、淡绿期、稳定期、老化期。因此,古铜期的橡胶叶最适合六点始叶螨的发育、存活及种群增长,随着橡胶叶的老化越不利于该虫的生长发育及繁殖。     

橡胶树几种营养物质含量与其对六点始叶螨[Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)]的抗性相关性分析

为探讨营养物质在橡胶抗螨性中的重要作用,在获得稳定的抗、感六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus橡胶树种质基础上,系统开展了几种营养物质与橡胶树对六点始叶螨的抗性相关性分析。结果表明,抗、感六点始叶螨橡胶树种质叶组织中的游离氨基酸(FAA)、可溶性糖(WSS)、可溶性氮(SN)、抗坏血酸(Vc)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量和糖/氮比(S/N)存在显著差异(p0.05)。抗性种质较感性种质叶组织中含有较高的WSS、Pro、S/N和较低的FAA、SN、Vc,其WSS、Pro含量和S/N分别是感性种质的1.37~3.48、1.41~4.98和1.59~8.20倍,FAA、SN、Vc分别是感性种质的0.27~0.80、0.42~0.80和0.20~0.56倍。相关性分析表明,橡胶树对六点始叶螨的抗性与叶组织中WSS、Pro含量及S/N显著正相关(p0.01),而与FAA、SN和Vc含量显著负相关(p0.01)。     

基于RNAi技术研究六点始叶螨转录因子Nrf2调控抗氧化酶的功能

转录因子Nrf2对脊椎动物抗氧化酶的调控起关键作用,然而当前Nrf2对害虫(螨)抗氧化酶调控功能的相关研究报道较少,本研究拟克隆六点始叶螨转录因子EsNrf2,并分析采用RNAi沉默EsNrf2对六点始叶螨取食感螨橡胶树种质'IAN2904'和抗螨橡胶树种质'IRCI12'后抗氧化酶EsSOD、EsCAT基因表达水平和...     

六点始叶螨[Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)]对7种寄主植物的选择性研究

用室内离体叶片饲养方法,研究了分别取食橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)和7种目前常见的与橡胶间套种的作物[木薯(Manihot esculenta)、甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、菠萝(Ananas como sus)、椰子(Cocos nucifera)、杧果(Mangifera indica)、木瓜(Chaenomeles speciosa)和变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)]后,六点始叶螨(Eotetranychus sexmaculatus)的存活、发育与繁殖情况差异。结果表明,取食木薯、甘蔗、菠萝、椰子和杧果后,六点始叶螨各龄均不能存活;而取食橡胶、木瓜和变叶木叶片后,其幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及卵到成螨的存活率均表现为橡胶(均为100%)变叶木(68%、69%、77%和71%)木瓜(53%、65%、54%和57%),存在显著差异(p0.05);从卵到成螨的发育历期表现为橡胶(12.05 d)变叶木(14.67 d)木瓜(15.61 d),但三者间没有显著差异(p0.05);平均每雌产卵量为橡胶(32.20粒)木瓜(8.00粒)变叶木(7.00粒),橡胶与木瓜和变叶木间存在极显著差异(p0.01);F1代卵孵化率为橡胶(100%)变叶木(97.53%)木瓜(94.42%),仅橡胶与木瓜间存在显著差异(p0.05);后代雌性百分率为橡胶(88.20%)变叶木(75.40%)木瓜(66.30%),三者间存在显著差异(p0.05);成螨寿命为橡胶(19.58 d)木瓜(19.33 d)变叶木(17.00 d),仅橡胶与变叶木间存在显著差异(p0.05)。研究结果表明,木薯、椰子、杧果、菠萝和甘蔗不适于六点始叶螨生存、发育与繁殖,因此为预防六点始叶螨的发生与危害,这5类作物可作为橡胶的间作套种作物;而变叶木和木瓜虽然影响六点始叶螨的发育与繁殖,但六点始叶螨仍可完成世代发育和繁殖,因此其亦为六点始叶螨的嗜好寄主,不适宜与橡胶间作套种。     

六点始叶螨内参基因筛选及其在超氧化物歧化酶基因EsSOD表达分析中的应用

为了筛选稳定内参基因分析六点始叶螨超氧化物歧化酶基因EsSOD的表达量,本研究采用geNorm、Bestkeeper、Normfinder和RefFinder软件分析6个候选内参基因actin、gapdh、rpl13、α-tub、β-tub和18sRNA在六点始叶螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨和雌成螨中的表达稳定性。结果表明,根据geNorm软件分析得出6个候选内参引物的稳定性从大到小的排序为：actin>β-tub>rpl13>α-tub>gapdh>18sRNA;根据NormFinder软件分析得出的稳定性从大到小的排序为：rpl13>β-tub>actin>α-tub>18sRNA>gapdh;根据BestKeeper软件分析得出的稳定性从大到小的排序为：β-tub>rpl13> actin>gapdh>α-tub>18sRNA;最终根据RefFinder软件的综合分析结果,actin和β-tub是稳定性最佳的2个内参引物。分别以actin和β-tub为内参进行EsSOD基因表达量的RT-qPCR分析,结果表明,与取食感螨橡胶树种质‘IAN2904’后EsSOD表达量相比,不同龄期六点始叶螨取食抗螨橡胶树种质‘IRCI12’后EsSOD表达量均降低。本研究获得了可用于六点始叶螨EsSOD表达量分析的稳定内参引物,为橡胶树种质抗螨性分子机理研究奠定了理论基础。     

短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨繁殖能力和子代适合度的影响

为明确短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨雌成螨发育繁殖特性和子代适合度的影响,本研究以33、36、39、42、45℃高温处理六点始叶螨雌成螨1、2、4 h,观察并统计各短时高温处理下雌成螨的寿命、产卵量、子代发育历期和性比。结果显示：经33～42℃高温胁迫1、2、4 h及45℃高温胁迫2、4 h后六点始叶螨的产卵期延长,单雌产卵量增加;其中39℃高温胁迫对六点始叶螨的种群增长最有利,39℃胁迫1 h后其产卵期最长,为12.67 d,单雌产卵量最高,为32.65粒,39℃胁迫1、4 h后其实验种群内禀增长率最高,为0.29,种群倍增时间较短,分别为2.42、2.38 d;短时高温胁迫对六点始叶螨子代性比无显著影响。45℃高温胁迫1 h六点始叶螨的存活率降低,单雌产卵量减少,寿命延长,内禀增长率减小,因此六点始叶螨经45℃高温胁迫1 h会抑制其种群发展。     

光照对木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的影响

为探讨木薯单爪螨的生态适应性机理,揭示其种群扩散蔓延机制,进行了不同光照对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响研究.结果表明,木薯单爪螨需要光照时间长于10h才可正常完成发育与繁殖,其中12～14h为木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的适宜光照时长.光照主要通过影响卵和前若螨的发育历期影响木薯单爪螨总发育历期,对幼螨和后若螨的发育历期无显著影响.随着光照时间的延长,木薯单爪螨总发育历期呈逐渐缩短趋势.光照时间为12h和14h时,后代卵孵化率可达100％,光照小于1Oh木薯单爪螨后代卵的孵化率显著降低,成螨寿命显著缩短;随光照时间从6h延长至14h,木薯单爪螨平均每雌产卵量逐渐增加,随后开始缓慢降低.光照对木薯单爪螨后代性比无显著影响.     

橡胶六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)的生物学研究

发现六点始叶螨在海南岛一年可有23代,卵到成螨的发育期,成螨期和生活历期分别为8.7±0.7～28.4±2.4天,10.3±6.5～32.0±17.5天和19.2±5.1～55.6±13.7天。雌雄螨一生均能交配多次,每代平均产卵量为11.1±8.1～39.4±24.7个,雌螨一生的产卵量为1～114个,每个雌螨每天的产卵量为1～5个,卵的孵化率在95％以上,雌雄性比为1.8:1(雌螨/雄螨)。同一橡胶品系不同物候期的叶片对六点始叶螨的发育期,成螨期与产卵量有明显的影响,但品系的不同则无明显影响。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.