乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油及其品质分析

以武夷水仙茶叶籽为原料,采用乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油,通过单因素试验考察了提取温度、料液比、乙醇浓度和pH对提取率的影响,并采用正交试验设计优化了提取工艺条件。结果显示,武夷水仙茶叶籽油最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度30%（V/V）、料液比1∶7、pH 9、提取温度60 ℃,在该条件下武夷水仙茶叶籽油提取率为93.61%。在提取的武夷水仙茶叶籽油中共检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸（51.77%）、亚油酸（23.14%）为主,∑SFA∶∑MUFA∶∑PUFA=1∶2.64∶1.27,各项理化指标均符合国家标准。结果表明武夷水仙茶叶籽油是一种营养价值较高的植物食用油,研究结论可为武夷山茶产区茶叶籽油提取、品质评价提供理论依据。     

基于多元化学指纹图谱的武夷岩茶身份判别研究

本研究利用HPLC色谱数据的多元信息融合,进行了武夷岩茶的分类识别研究,建立了武夷岩茶不同原料品种、不同产地区域的分类判别模型,模型对训练集样本的判别准确率达到100%,交叉验证准确率达到97%以上,对外部验证集样本的判别准确率达到85%左右。本研究初步证明了利用多元化学指纹图谱判别分析方法对武夷岩茶进行分类识别的可行性。     

广东凤凰水仙与福建武夷水仙乌龙茶比较研究

水仙乌龙茶在广东省和福建省的乌龙茶中占有重要的地位,本文对凤凰水仙与武夷水仙进行了品种、工艺、感官、常规生化组分系统比较研究,研究结果表明二者既存在较多的相似之处,也存在许多不同点,主要表现在:(1)水仙乌龙茶品种与茶叶产品在广东省和福建省的乌龙茶生产中均占有重要的地位,他们都是以加工成条形乌龙茶为主,基本加工工艺均为:"晒青一凉青一做青一杀青一揉捻一干燥",但是其中每个工序都有差异,导致其成品茶的品质特征不同;(2)广东凤凰水仙与福建武夷水仙在香气、滋味、汤色及叶底方面存在明显区别:凤凰水仙的条索较紧直细长,武夷水仙的条索较肥壮粗松;武夷水仙的发酵程度较凤凰水仙重,凤凰水仙的汤色橙黄明亮;武夷水仙汤色明显橙黄偏红;凤凰水仙香气表现出明显持久的花果蜜香型,武夷水仙香气表现浓厚而持久的烘焙香夹带米饭香韵;凤凰水仙滋味浓厚,收敛性较强,武夷水仙茶样滋味浓醇,收敛性较弱;(3)生化成分分析表明:凤凰水仙的水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量较武夷水仙高,而水溶性糖含量武夷水仙较凤凰水仙高,游离氨基酸含量和咖啡碱含量两者差异不显著;(4)福建武夷水仙与广东凤凰水仙乌龙茶在产业发展与技术构建中应该存在较多可以交流借鉴的东西。     

武夷岩茶品质与土壤等微域环境因子的关系研究

采集武夷山市岩茶名岩产区和丹岩产区内10个茶园的土壤、温度、湿度数据,并对这10个茶园内的肉桂茶树鲜叶及其加工制作的武夷岩茶成品茶进行理化成分检测,探讨武夷岩茶的品质与土壤等微域环境因子关系。结果表明,名岩区的微域环境优于丹岩区,名岩区所制茶叶品质更优。     

广东凤凰水仙与福建武夷荆山乌龙茶比较研究

水仙乌龙茶在广东省和福建省的乌龙茶中占有重要的地位，本文对凤凰水仙与武夷水仙进行了品种、工艺、感官、常规生化组分系统比较研究，研究结果表明二者既存在较多的相似之处，也存在许多不同点,主要表现在：（1）水仙乌龙茶品种与茶叶产品在广东省和福建省的乌龙茶生产中均占有重要的地位，他们都是以加工成条形乌龙茶为主，基本加工工艺均为：“晒青－凉青－做青－杀青－揉捻－干燥”，但是其中每个工序都有差异，导致其成品茶的品质特征不同：（2）广东凤凰水仙与福建武夷水仙在香气、滋味、汤色及叶底方面存在明显区别：凤凰水仙的条索较紧直细长，武夷水仙的条索较肥壮粗松：武夷水仙的发酵程度较凤凰水仙重，凤凰水仙的汤色橙黄明亮：武夷水仙汤色明显橙黄偏红：凤凰水仙香气表现出明显持久的花果蜜香型，武夷水仙香气表现浓厚而持久的烘焙香夹带米饭香韵：凤凰水仙滋味浓厚，收敛性较强，武夷水仙茶样滋味浓醇，收敛性较弱：（3）生化成分分析表明：凤凰水仙的水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量较武夷水仙高，而水溶性糖含量武夷水仙较凤凰水仙高，游离氨基酸含量和咖啡碱含量两者差异不显著：（4）福建武夷水仙与广东凤凰水仙乌龙茶在产业发展与技术构建中应该存在较多可以交流借鉴的东西。     

武夷肉桂茶品质差异分析及其与矿质元素间的关系

为探明不同等级武夷肉桂茶品质差异,分析造成茶叶品质差异的原因,以649个不同等级武夷肉桂茶为研究对象,分别进行感官审评及主要滋味物质和矿质元素测定。结果表明:获奖肉桂茶滋味物质含量比未入围肉桂茶丰富。不同等级武夷肉桂茶除K、Mg、Mn、Co外,大多数矿质元素含量之间没有显著差异。限制性主坐标轴分析表明,品质指标对武夷肉桂茶等级间差异的总差异解释达到43.391%,矿质元素解释度仅有26.996%。热图分析表明,武夷肉桂茶RA(特等奖)和RB(一等奖)在总黄酮、可溶性糖、茶多酚、咖啡因、EGCG、EGC、GC、GCG等指标显著积累,其酚氨比更高,RC(优质奖)和RD(未入围)在Mn和Mg有显著积累。相关性分析表明,武夷肉桂茶等级与茶多酚、EGCG、酚氨比、咖啡碱、ECG、EGC呈显著正相关,与Mn含量呈显著负相关。研究结果可为客观判别武夷肉桂茶的品质差异提供一定的理论依据。     

指纹图谱技术在茶叶研究上的应用

茶叶品质难辨易形成混乱的市场局面,制约了茶产业现代化发展进程。近年来,指纹图谱技术在茶叶感官品评、质量控制和产地判别等方面的应用越来越多,为茶叶的品质鉴定提供了有效的技术支撑。文章就茶叶指纹图谱技术方法进行了综述,包括气相色谱(GC)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、毛细管电泳(CE)、红外(IR)及近红外光谱(NIR)、核磁共振(NMR)等,并对指纹图谱技术在茶叶应用上存在的问题进行了分析,对其今后的发展做出了展望,为指纹图谱技术在茶叶上的进一步应用提供理论基础和参考依据。     

武夷岩茶水仙初加工技术探讨

武夷水仙岩茶在闽北乌龙产区占据主流地位,种植面积占全产区的25%左右。水仙从鲜叶等级可分为正岩水仙、半岩水仙、高山水仙和洲地水仙,因水仙存在品质好、产量高的特点,导致茶企加工水仙时比较随意,加工工艺管理粗放,采摘鲜叶不标准,焙火不到位等现象,加工出的成品茶品质不佳。因此有必要对武夷水仙的加工技术进行深入探讨,探索出一套适合推广的各等级水仙的标准化加工工艺。     

南印度茶树的不同部分及红茶茶汤中各种元素的含量

用电感偶合等离子体原子发射光谱测定茶树的不同部分(茶芽、老熟叶、小枝、粗枝和根系)CTC红茶和传统红茶、泡制1分钟和5分钟的茶汤中各种元素的含量。根据这些测定结果,计算和讨论了1000公斤商品茶叶中每种元素的含量、泡制后每种元素进入茶汤中的数量,以及人们通过喝茶对各种元素的可能吸收量。在茶树同化的各种元素中,茶芽(用于制造商品茶叶,具有重要的经济价值)中含N、P、K和Mg较高,而老熟叶含Al、Ba、Ca、Cd、Mn、Pb和Sr较高。泡制时进入红茶茶汤的各种元素中,K的含量最高(>10000微克/克茶叶),其次是P(700—1200微克/克),Mg(300—700微克/克)Ca和Al(每种150—300微克/克),Mn(60—150微克/克),Cu、Na、Si和Zn(每种6—50微克/克),B、Ba、Cr、Fe、Ni和Pb(每种1—6微克/克),Sr、Co和Cd(每种<1微克/克)。进入茶汤的某种元素占该元素在茶叶中的总量的比例表明,Ba、CaFe和Sr的可溶性较低(小于总量的10%),Al、B、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mg、Mn、P、Pb、Si和Zn的可溶性中等(10—50%),K、Na和Ni的可溶性最高(>50%)。在泡制1分钟和5分钟的茶汤中所有元素的溶解度的总平均结果表明,1分钟溶解进入茶汤的数量占5分钟的68%。     

武夷岩茶生产新技术

武夷岩茶主要产于福建省武夷山市,目前有茶园面积13万亩左右,茶叶产量约7000吨,茶叶总产值10多亿元,茶叶企业（包括小作坊）有2000多家,茶叶是武夷山人民致富的第一产业。武夷岩茶产区除水仙、肉桂主栽品种外,现有名枞、单枞众多,如茶王大红袍就有拼配大红袍和纯种大红袍之分,拼配大红袍由水仙、肉桂及其他品种、甚至陈茶拼配而成,而纯种大红袍也有奇丹、北斗1号等不同观点。名枞如水金龟、铁罗汉、半天妖、白鸡冠,还有向天梅、胭脂柳、留兰香、玉麒麟、     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.