Effects of different irrigation regimes on a super-high-density olive grove cv. “Arbequina”: vegetative growth,productivity and polyphenol content of the oil

The effects of multiple irrigation regimes on the relationships among tree water status, vegetative growth and productivity within a super-high-density (SHD) “Arbequina” olive grove (1950 tree/ha) were studied for three seasons (2008–2010). Five different irrigation levels calculated as percentage of crop irrigation requirement using FAO procedures (Allen et al. in Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO, Rome, 1998) were imposed during the growing season. Periodically during the growing season, daytime stem water potential (Ψ _STEM), inflorescences per branch, fruits per inflorescence and shoot absolute growth rate were measured. Crop yield, fruit average fresh weight and oil polyphenol content were measured after harvest. The midday Ψ _STEM ranged from ?7 to ?1.5 MPa and correlated well enough with yield efficiency, crop density and fruit fresh weight to demonstrate its utility as a precise method for determining water status in SHD olive orchards. The relationships between midday Ψ _STEM and the horticultural parameters suggest maintaining Ψ _STEM values between ?3.5 and ?2.5 MPa is optimal for moderate annual yields of good quality oil. Values below ?3.5 MPa reduced current season productivity, while values over ?2.5 MPa were less effective in increasing productivity, reduced oil quality and produced excessive crop set that strongly affected vegetative growth and fruit production the following season. On the basis of the result given here, irrigation scheduling in the new SHD orchards should be planned on a 2-year basis and corrected annually based on crop load. Collectively, these results suggest that deficit irrigation management is a viable strategy for SHD olive orchards.     

Production and oil quality in ‘Arbequina’ olive (Olea europaea, L.) trees under two deficit irrigation strategies

The effect of two deficit irrigation (DI) strategies on fruit and oil production and quality in a 12-year-old ‘Arbequina’ olive orchard with 238 trees ha^?1 was evaluated. The T1 treatment was a sustained DI regime (65% ETc, 2–3 irrigation events per week). The T2 treatment was a low-frequency DI (increasing stress/rewatering cycles, which consisted in withholding irrigation until fruit shrivelling and then applying a recovery irrigation providing the same amount of water that supplied in T1 for that period). As compared to full irrigation, both strategies reduced fruit production and increased the variability of fruit ripening, but favoured oil extraction. Free acidity, peroxide value, K₂₃₂, K₂₇₀ and sensory quality of oil were not affected by DI. Furthermore, carotenoid, chlorophyll, phenol, and oleic contents increased. The greatest phenol content and bitterness index were found in oil from T2 trees. Later harvesting caused sensory quality and tocopherol losses, although the oil synthesized in DI olives increased.     

Fate and risks of potentially toxic elements in wastewater-fed food production systems—the examples of Cambodia and Vietnam

Non-treated wastewater is used for irrigation of aquatic food production systems in the peri-urban areas of the major cities in Southeast Asia. This paper complement the knowledge on agricultural soil-based crops irrigated with low quality water, by reviewing the research findings on the wastewater-fed aquatic productions with special focus on heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the production systems of Hanoi in Vietnam and Phnom Penh in Cambodia. In Hanoi, sediments in the wastewater exposed rivers of Hanoi were reported to be polluted with PTEs, in particular with Cadmium (Cd). The river sediment had a high retention capacity for PTEs which seems to prevent the transport of PTEs to the wastewater-fed production systems. In Phnom Penh, domestic and industrial wastewater is pumped into the Cheung Ek Lake located south of the city. A major part of the water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) consumed in the city is produced in the lake. The concentrations of some PTEs were elevated at the wastewater inlets to the lake compared to concentrations at the lake outlet and at the control site. Water spinach is by far the major vegetable produced in the wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh, but did only contain PTEs in concentrations within or slightly above the concentration range observed for water spinach grown in agricultural soil not exposed to wastewater. PTE concentration in fish grown in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom were low. However, mean PTE concentrations in liver and skin of some fish were high. Consumption of muscle tissue from fish produced in wastewater-fed systems in Hanoi and Phnom Penh resulted in an estimated intake of PTEs amounting to less than 9% of the tolerable intake. It was concluded, that the PTE concentrations in fish and water spinach from Hanoi and Cheung Ek Lake in Phnom Penh constituted low food safety risks for consumers.     

College of Engineering and Technology,Southwest University

Southwest University, one of the “Project 211”universities of China, was built by combiningSouthwest China Normal University and Southwest Agricultural University authorized by the Ministry ofEducation in July 2005. College of Engineering and Technology…     

Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College of Laiyang Agricultural University

Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College was founded 1969 and it was the Agricultural MechanizationDepartment with only one specialty of Agricultural Mechanization. From 1977, it began to offer an undergraduatespecialty of agricultural mechanization.…     

Response of grapevine cv. ‘Tempranillo’ to timing and amount of irrigation: water relations, vine growth, yield and berry and wine composition

The effects of several moderate irrigation regimes on vine water status, yield, and must and wine composition, were investigated during five seasons in a vineyard planted with Vitis vinifera cv. Tempranillo. Treatments consisted of non-irrigated vines and six differentially irrigated treatments with contrasting watering regimes during the pre-veraison and post-veraison periods. There were large differences in yield and grape and wine quality responses to irrigation among seasons, probably as consequence of the different environmental conditions and crop levels. It was, however, clear that vines benefit more of the irrigation supplied in years of high yield levels. Across seasons, yield increased in proportion to the amount of water applied mostly due to the larger berries of irrigated vines, and there was no clear response to the timing of irrigation supplied. In addition, there were no carry over effects due to irrigation on bud fertility. The post-veraison water application was necessary to increase must sugar level and wine alcohol content. However, water restrictions during the pre-veraison period lead to more concentrated berries in terms of total phenolic and anthocyanins. The only noticeable detrimental effect of irrigation, regardless of the timing of its application, on wine composition was an increase in wine pH.     

The Institute of Mechanical Science and Engineering,Jilin University

The Institute of Mechanical Science and Engineering of Jilin University consistsoffivedepartments andGovernment Teaching Base of Mechanical Foundation:Department of Machinery Manufacture &Automation,Department of Machinery Design & Automation,Department of Mechanical and ElectricalEngineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,Department of Industrial Engineering.TheGovernment Teaching Base contains Engineering and Computer Graphics,Mechanical Mechanism,MachineDesign and Experi…     

The Institute of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University

The Institute of Mechanical Science and Engineering of Jilin University consistsoffivedepartments andGovernment Teaching Base of Mechanical Foundation:Department of Machinery Manufacture &Automation,Department of Machinery Design & Automation,Department of Mechanical and ElectricalEngineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,Department of Industrial Engineering. TheGovernment Teaching Base contains Engineering and Computer Graphics,Mechanical Mechanism,MachineDesign and Exper…     

The Information Engineering Institute and the Electromechanical Engineering Institute, Jinhua College of Profession and Technology

JinhuaCollegeofProfessionandTechnologywasfirstfoundedin1994andwasgrantedasoneofthe keystate-levelconstructingcollegesin2003.Itisacomprehensiveandfull-timehighervocationalcollege,boastingwiththesubjectsofengineering,agriculture,medicine,economics,management,literature,pedagogyandarts.Thecollegeconsistsof12subordinateinstitutesofInformationEngineering,ElectromechanicalEngineering,ArchitecturalEngineering,GeneticEngineering,TradeandEconomy,Pedagogy,Medicine,Tourism,Arts,MaterialsandChemica…     

Layout structure of multi-quality irrigation networks: II��flexibility, separability and rigidity of networks

Three parameters were introduced here, in the second paper of the series, to evaluate layout structure of multi-quality water supply networks for irrigation. The first parameter was flexibility, which assesses the capability for a flexible supply of variable water quality values which can be obtained by dilution inside the network facilities. The second was separability which expresses the capability of the network to be divided into separate isolated sub-networks, each carrying a different water quality. The third was rigidity, which expresses a rigid allocation of one to one source?Cconsumer connections. Five types of network layout which were presented in Sinai (2011) were evaluated here, using these three parameters. The flexibility of a network was given special attention with the example of parallel and serial connection of fields to sources. A real example of a proposed network in the Hazeva region in Israel was analyzed. All feasible flow patterns (FFPs) were computed. The location of mixing and dilution junctions and computation of the QC feasibility domains were found and computed for every junction and consumer. Relative ranges of discharges and concentrations were conducted for all the FFPs found. However, no single optimal FFP with maximal flexibility was found. Therefore the FFPs were arranged in operational groups for possible sequential operation according to irrigation schedules.     

The College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Shandong Agricultural Universit

The College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering( MEE) was first founded in1 95 9,as Depart-ment of Agricultural Mechanics,which changed its name as Department of Agricultural Engineering in1 990 ,then Institute of Engineering and Technology in 1 994and finally College of Mechanical and ElectronicEngineering in2 0 0 0 respectively.Now there are60 staffsin the college including9professors and1 4associ-ate professors,and 73% of them have degrees of M.Eng.or Ph.D.With 4specialities f…     

Calculation of Irrigation Infiltration Recharge Coefficient and Analysis of Influencing Factors in the Lower Reaches of Aksu River北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to obtain the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in the lower reaches of Aksu river and improve the numerical simulation accuracy of groundwater in the study area,the influencing factors of the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in this area were analyzed. 【Method】In this paper,field sampling and indoor irrigation experiments were carried out by selecting representative points under different irrigation schemes,vadose zone thickness and soil structure in the lower Aksu area,and numerical simulation of vadose zone flow was carried out in combination with Hydrus-1d. Hydrus-1d model was used to calculate irrigation inflow under this soil structure by changing irrigation schemes and vadose zone thickness. Change of seepage recharge coefficient. On the basis of the calculation results of the model,the relationship between irrigation schedule,aeration zone thickness and irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient is analyzed firstly,and then the main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in soil structure are analyzed with the method of model calculation and mathematical statistics. 【Result】The results showed that the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient ranged from 0.320 to 0.474 under drip irrigation and from 0.408 to 0.561 under border irrigation. The irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient varied under different irrigation schemes,while the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient decreased with the increase of aeration zone thickness. The main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge are soil permeability coefficient,soil bulk density and initial soil water content. 【Conclusion】According to indoor experiment combined with numerical model to calculate the irrigation infiltration coefficient under different irrigation system range, it is concluded that the influence factors of irrigation infiltration coefficient of irrigation system, the thickness of the vadose zone and reflects soil permeability coefficient of soil structure, soil quality and soil initial moisture content, volume for the downstream area irrigation infiltration coefficient selection in arid areas and provides the theory basis for further research. © 2019 Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. All rights reserved.     

The College of Engineering and Technology,Hu'''' nan Agricultural University

The College of Engineering and Technology in Hu'nan Agricultural University was named AgriculturalMachinery Department when founded in 1 95 8,renamed as Agricultural Engineering Department in 1 984,and given the currentname in 1 994.The college has eight teaching and researching sections,including Mechanical Design Section,Metalwork Section,Electrical Engineering Section,Agricultural Machinery Section,Automobile andTractor Section,Water Conservancy and Electrical Engineering Sectio…     

Study on the Variation Characteristics of Rising Capillary Water of Layered Soil under Variation of Sand Layer and Thickness北大核心CSCD

【Objective】The purpose of this paper is to solve secondary salinization of soil in Northwest China. 【Method】the capillary water rising movement characteristics of layered soil has been analyzed through indoor test. And the variation characteristics of capillary water movement under the influence of common change of layer and thickness of sand layer has been considered in this paper, and functional relationship between groundwater recharge and height of capillary water rising with time changing has been built. Furthermore, contour distribution of groundwater recharge and capillary water rising height has been also comparative analyzed.【Result】There was a very significant positive correlation between the horizon and the volume constant and the height constant （P<0.01）. And there was a significant negative correlation between the horizon and the stable recharge rate of groundwater and the rate of steady increase of capillary water （P<0.05）. There was a significant negative correlation between the thickness of sand layer and stable recharge rate and steady rising rate（P<0.05）. When the duration of the capillary water height was rising was 0~4 days, the sandy layer was 30~50 cm, the thickness of sand layer was 0~15 cm, which has a significant effect on the change of groundwater recharge and height of capillary water. When the duration of the capillary water height was rising was 4~12 days, the sand layer is distributed in 15~30 cm, the thickness of sand layer was 15~30 cm, which has a significant effect on the change of groundwater recharge and height of capillary water. To summarize, the results of this study were of great significance for the study of water salt movement and soil salinization in layered soils.【Conclusion】The fitting parameters of the function including volume constant (v), stable recharge rate (q*), groundwater recharge time constant (τQ), capillary water rising height (υ), steady rising rate (μ*) and rising height time constant (τh) were determined by the variation of capillary groundwater recharge and capillary water height with time changing respectively. © 2019 Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. All rights reserved.     

Influence of boundary plantation of poplar (Populus deltoides M.) on soil–water use and water use efficiency of wheat

Study was undertaken to assess the water use, moisture extraction and water use efficiency (WUE) of irrigated wheat, when grown in association with boundary plantation of poplar, at different distances (0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15 and >15 m (control)) from poplar (Populus deltoides M.) tree line. Presence of 3-year old poplar plantation at the boundary of wheat field caused 7.5% higher water use than control (plots having no effect of tree line) up to 3 m distance from tree line which further intensified up to 12.7% and extended up to 6 m distance with 4-year old plantation. Similarly, maximum moisture extraction, both laterally and vertically, observed near the tree line. Contrary to this, WUE of wheat was reduced by 4.6% between 0 and 3 m distance from tree line with 3-year old plantation, decline intensified further to 18.6% with 4-year old plantation. However, wheat was benefited by boundary plantation of trees between 3 and 9 m distance from the base of the tree line which resulted in increased WUE of the wheat crop up to 9%.     

Brief Introduction to Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Discipline,College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science Zhejiang University

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Discipline of Zhejiang University was a keydiscipline of the National “985”Program.This discipline currently has52 faculty members,including 1 Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering,1 6professors,and 1 3 Ph.D.student supervisors. Our discipline has many well-equipped labs,including a Key Open ResearchL ab of Agriculture Ministry of China,and some experimental bases forteaching and researching.In the recent3 years,over1 3 0 research proje…     

Social capital and farming at the rural–urban interface: the importance of nonfarmer and farmer relations

Because of growth and development in agricultural areas at the rural–urban interface, a variety of farmer adaptations have been identified. While exiting from farming or entrepreneurial adaptations that tap urban markets are frequently identified responses, farmers might also attempt to develop social capital, or neighborly relations, with nonfarm neighbors to mitigate social constraints created by nonfarmer concerns at the rural–urban interface. In a case study of an agricultural region within a large metropolitan area, this research reports data from a survey of farm and nonfarm residents (N=620). The analysis operationalizes the concept of social capital, nonfarmer trust of farmers and frequency of nonfarmer interaction with farmers, to determine whether these social relations have a discernable impact on nonfarmer support or tolerance of agriculture. Results reveal a relationship, indicating that support and tolerance of agriculture is stronger when nonfarmers report the existence of social capital with farmers. These findings have implications for farm operator adaptations as well as community capacity to preserve or develop local agriculture.     

Effects of the measures envisaged in “Agenda 2000” on arable crop producers and beef and veal producers: an application of Positive Mathematical Programming to representative farms of a Spanish region

The authors analyse the possible effects of the measures envisaged in “Agenda 2000”, approved by the Berlin European Council of March 1999, on representative farms specialised in arable crop production and beef and veal production. Three economic sizes are considered for each of these types of farming (4–16 European Size Units [ESU], 16–40 ESU and >40 ESU). The analysis is made by means of Positive Mathematical Programming, utilising quadratic cost functions. The results show that the increase in compensatory payments and premiums would not offset a possible decrease in market prices, and therefore, for most of the agricultural holdings studied, the economic results worsen. It is worth noting that the total subsidies share in agricultural incomes is notably increased.     

Introduction to the College of Engineering and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University

The College of Engineering and Technology at Huazhong Agricultural University was set up on thebasis of the former Departmentof Agricultural Engineering in1 997under the ratification ofthe Ministry ofAgriculture.The college now has 71 staff members including 6professors,2 3associate professors,and 2senior engineers.Two of them won the award of the young and middle aged experts with outstandingachievements and1 2 were awarded the special allowance.Among all the academic staff,5 1 % ( 2 3) h…