甜菊糖甙对哺乳仔猪生产性能和健康状况的影响

为研究天然甜菊糖甙作为新型甜味剂在哺乳仔猪中的应用效果,随机选取16窝哺乳仔猪(杜长大,10头/窝)分为4组,每组4个重复,分别饲喂添加0、100、200和500g/t天然甜菊糖甙的教槽料,试验从仔猪7d时开始,至断奶后1周(28d)结束,期间每隔7d对仔猪采食量、增重和健康状况进行测定。结果发现,在哺乳仔猪日粮中添加100、200和500g/t的甜菊糖甙,显著提高仔猪断奶重(21d)和28d体重(P0.05),显著提高14～21和22～28d阶段内的平均日增重、平均日采食量和偏嗜指数(P0.05),而各甜味剂添加组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。7～28d内仔猪日增重200g/t组显著高于对照组和100g/t组。仔猪断奶(21d)后1周内腹泻率和腹泻指数有改善趋势(P0.05),7～28d内仔猪发病率200和500g/t天然甜菊糖甙组显著降低(P0.05)。因此,考虑成体投入的同时,在哺乳仔猪日粮中添加200g/t的天然甜菊糖甙,可取得良好的应用效果。     

外源核苷酸对断奶仔猪内脏器官重量、血清指标及空肠黏膜二糖酶活性的影响

选用21±2日龄断奶仔猪160头,随机分为2组,每组设4个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.2%核苷酸,饲养期21 d。研究外源核苷酸对断奶仔猪内脏器官重、血清指标和空肠黏膜二糖酶活性的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加核苷酸可显著提高仔猪断奶后第7 d胰腺率(P<0.05),并具有提高仔猪断奶后第14 d肝脏指数、脾脏指数趋势(P>0.05);可极显著提高仔猪断奶后第21 d血清总蛋白和血清白蛋白(P<0.01);并可显著提高仔猪断奶后第14 d空肠粘膜蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05)。     

肌醇对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

文章旨在研究肌醇对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。试验采用随机区组设计,选择21日龄健康杜长大三元杂交断奶仔猪250头,平均体重为(6.2±0.11)kg,按体重相近、公母各半的原则,随机分为对照组、200 g/t肌醇组、400 g/t肌醇组、600 g/t肌醇组、1 000 g/t肌醇组。每组5个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,200、400、600、1 000 g/t肌醇组分别在基础饲粮中添加肌醇200、400、600、1 000 g/t。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)各处理组间0~14 d、15~28 d和0~28 d的日增重和日采食量差异不显著(P0.05);2)0~14 d对照组和600 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于200 g/t、400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);3)15~28 d 400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于对照组和200 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);4)0~28 d 400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇组的料重比显著低于对照组和200 g/t肌醇组(P0.05);5)与对照组相比,添加400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇显著提高了氮的消化率(P0.05)。总之,试验结果表明在该试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加400 g/t和1 000 g/t肌醇降低了15~28 d、0~28 d料重比,提高了氮的消化率。     

外源核苷酸对断奶仔猪内脏器官重量、血清指标及空肠黏膜二糖酶活性的影响

选用21±2日龄断奶仔猪160头,随机分为2组,每组设4个重复.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.2%核苷酸,饲养期21 d.研究外源核苷酸对断奶仔猪内脏器官重、血清指标和空肠黏膜二糖酶活性的影响.结果表明:日粮中添加核苷酸可显著提高仔猪断奶后第7 d胰腺率(P<0.05),并具有提高仔猪断奶后第14 d肝脏指数、脾脏指数趋势(P>0.05);可极显著提高仔猪断奶后第21 d血清总蛋白和血清白蛋白(P<0.01);并可显著提高仔猪断奶后第14 d空肠粘膜蔗糖酶活性(P<0.05).     

包被精油复合酸化剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道免疫及盲肠微生物的影响

研究旨在观察包被精油复合酸(microencapsulated complex of essential oils and organicacids, MEA)对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫相关指标和盲肠微生物的影响及其机理探讨。选用断奶仔猪250头,随机分为5组,每组设5个重复,每个重复10头猪,分别饲喂基础日粮(BASE组)、基础日粮+0.05%MEA2(LA组)、基础日粮+0.08%MEA2(MA组)、基础日粮+0.20%MEA1(HA组)、基础日粮+0.20%MEA1+0.05%MEA2(BHA组),饲养试验时间为21 d。结果表明,LA、MA组断奶仔猪肝脏指数显著低于BASE组(P<0.05),但在日粮中添加MEA对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清IL-2、回肠OccludinmRNA相对表达量与空肠SlgA无显著影响(P>0.05);BASE、LA组、MA组回肠pH值均显著高于BHA组(P<0.05),且随着MEA添加量的增加,回肠pH值随之降低(P<0.01);MA组较LA组或HA组相比有增加血清IgG的趋势(0.050.05)。结果提示,在日粮中添加MEA可以降低断奶仔猪回肠pH值;在日粮中添加MEA2可以显著降低断奶仔猪肝脏指数;在日粮中添加0.08%的MEA2可以增强断奶仔猪免疫强度并可改善断奶仔猪盲肠微生物菌群结构。     

溶菌酶对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

该试验选取28日龄杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,称量始重,差异不显著(P>0.05).随机分成3组,每组20头,分别为对照组(日粮中不添加溶菌酶)、试验Ⅰ组(每吨日粮添加溶茵酶300g)、试验Ⅱ组(每吨日粮添加溶茵酶500 g),每组两个重复,每个重复组10头,试验期为4周.试验结果表明:在断奶仔猪日粮中添加溶茵酶500g/t能够控制腹泻,提高日增重16.68%,差异显著(P<0.05);降低料重比12.00%,差异显著(P<0.05).     

不同形式氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能及腹泻的影响

选用24~26日龄"长×大"二元杂交断奶仔猪96头(平均体重6.84 kg±0.16 kg),研究不同形式氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能和腹泻的影响。试验仔猪按完全随机区组设计分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加2800 g/t普通氧化锌、800 g/t包膜氧化锌、500 g/t纳米氧化锌,试验期14 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验1、2、3组断奶仔猪平均日增重分别提高了15.26%(P<0.05)、9.88%(P<0.05)和14.69%(P<0.05),料重比降低了9.59%(P<0.05)、7.53%(P<0.05)和10.27%(P<0.05);腹泻率降低了66.67%(P<0.05)、55.55%(P<0.05)和55.55%(P<0.05)。试验1、2、3组之间断奶仔猪的平均日增重、料重比及腹泻率均无显著差异(P>0.05),说明包膜氧化锌和纳米氧化锌是一种代替高剂量普通氧化锌的可行选择。     

包被丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清生化指标、养分表观消化率和粪便微生物菌群的影响。选取128头体重为(6.37±0.11) kg的28日龄健康大白断奶仔猪,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000和1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著提高断奶仔猪末重和1～28 d平均日增重(P<0.05),并显著降低1～14 d和1～28 d断奶仔猪料重比(P <0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著提高断奶仔猪血清中总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量(P<0.05),显著降低血清中尿素氮(UN)的含量(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠可显著提高断奶仔猪粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1 000、1 500 g/t包被丁酸钠显著降低断奶仔猪粪便中大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05),显著提高乳酸杆菌数量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加包被丁酸钠可促进断奶仔猪的生长,提高断奶仔猪的免疫力,提高养分表观消化率,改善肠道菌群平衡状态。在本试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中包被丁酸钠的最适添加量为1 000 g/t。     

鞣酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态及免疫反应的影响

本研究旨在评估鞣酸添加水平对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道绒毛形态、血清抗氧化及免疫反应的影响。试验选择平均体重为8.42kg的25d断奶仔猪288头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复12头。各组分别在基础日粮添加0、50、100和200 mg/kg鞣酸。仔猪在断奶后21d每个重复选择1头猪腹腔注射脂多糖。结果 :与对照组相比,200 mg/kg鞣酸组显著降低了仔猪断奶后1～10d、11～21d及1～21d腹泻率(P 0.05),同时50 mg/kg鞣酸组显著降低了11～21d腹泻率(P 0.05)。日粮添加50～200 mg/kg鞣酸较对照组显著提高了空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(P 0.05)。此外,100和200 mg/kg鞣酸组较对照组显著降低了空肠隐窝深度(P 0.05),而50 mg/kg鞣酸组较对照组显著提高了空肠绒毛高度及回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(P 0.05)。脂多糖应激后显著降低了断奶仔猪血清过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,提高了丙二醛含量和回肠黏膜IgA、IgM浓度(P 0.05),但日粮鞣酸添加水平对抗氧化指标无显著影响(P 0.05)。结论 :日粮添加200 mg/kg鞣酸可以降低断奶仔猪的腹泻发生率,改善肠道绒毛形态。日粮鞣酸添加水平对血清抗氧化和免疫指标无显著影响,但增加了回肠黏膜sIgA含量。     

甘氨酸锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫指标及肠道形态的影响

本文旨在研究甘氨酸锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、免疫指标和肠道形态的影响.选用150头28日龄的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,分成5组(每组3个重复,每个重复10头),对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂分别在基础日粮中添加50、100和200 mg/kg甘氨酸锌(以锌计)和3 000 mg/kg氧化锌(以锌计)的日粮.饲养期为35 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,100 mg/kg的甘氨酸锌组和3 000 mg/kg的氧化锌组极显著提高了仔猪的日增重(P<0.01);100 mg/kg的甘氨酸锌组和3 000 mg/kg的氧化锌组的胰脏指数、淋巴结指数、血清中IgG、IgM、补体C3和补体C4水平以及十二指肠的绒毛高度都显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中100 mg/kg甘氨酸锌组还显著降低了空肠的隐窝深度(P<0.05).结果提示,饲料中添加甘氨酸锌能够促进断奶仔猪生长、提高断奶仔猪的免疫机能.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein