体外模拟消化研究不同来源木聚糖酶对能量饲料原料降解的影响

考察不同来源木聚糖酶对饲料原料的降解效果。通过将不同来源的木聚糖酶同时配制成复合酶作用于不同原料小麦、DDGS和美国玉米,进行体外消化模拟试验,发现消化率较单一木聚糖酶配制的复合酶分别提高36.5%、37.8%和66.9%,粗蛋白质消化率分别提高1.48%、9.19%和9.31%,粗纤维消化率分别提高1.38%、9.6%和7.12%。说明多种来源木聚糖酶对日粮的消化效果要优于单一木聚糖酶。     

家禽小麦型日粮添加木聚糖酶体外消化的效果研究

运用体外模拟家禽消化装置,通过测定5个木聚糖酶水平下3种比例的小麦型日粮体外消化产生还原糖的量,研究不同水平木聚糖酶在家禽小麦型日粮中的酶解效果。试验表明:小麦水平B组日粮添加木聚糖酶的最佳水平为0.135%,小麦水平C组日粮添加木聚糖酶的最佳水平为0.204%;小麦水平D组日粮添加木聚糖酶的最佳水平为0.243%。     

不同来源的木聚糖酶及组合酶对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响

选取健康和体重差异不显著的270日龄罗曼褐蛋鸡1575只,随机分为A、B、C、D、E、F、G7个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复45只鸡,其中A组为对照组,B～F组为试验组,观察木聚糖酶在蛋鸡生产中的影响。试验结果表明,添加组合木聚糖酶组产蛋率提高6.74%,料蛋比下降3.90%,蛋重降低1.84%,与对照组相比,差异均显著(P0.05)。     

不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率的影响

研究小麦基础日粮中添加不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率的影响.选择22日龄体重相近的健康黄羽肉鸡375羽,随机分成3个处理,每处理5个重复,每重复25羽.对照组饲喂小麦型基础日粮,试验I、II组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加250 mL/t真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶的试验日粮.试验期为28 d.结果表明,与对照组相比,试验I、II组的日增重分别提高了1.73%(P>0.05)和2.80%(P<0.05),日采食量和料重比分别降低了4.71%(P<0.01)、6.37%(P<0.01)和2.17%(P<0.01)、4.78%(P<0.01);加酶组干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸和能量利用率均高于对照组(P>0.05).其中,试验I、II组的蛋白质真代谢率、总氨基酸真消化率和真代谢能值分别比对照组高出2.98%、1.76%、0.22 MJ/kg和4.28%、0.93%、0.29 MJ/kg.由此可知,在小麦基础日粮中分别添加真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶均不同程度地提高了黄羽肉鸡养分利用率,改善生长性能,且总体上细菌性木聚糖酶的作用效果优于真菌性木聚糖酶.     

木聚糖酶对氨化小麦秸秆体外发酵特性及甲烷产量的影响

旨在探究木聚糖酶对氨化处理小麦秸秆营养价值、体外发酵特性及甲烷产量的影响。试验设5个处理组:对照组(C)、单一氨化处理组(A)、氨化处理加木聚糖酶15 U/g组(A+X15)、20 U/g组(A+X20)和25 U/g组(A+X25),氨化处理20 d后取样分析小麦秸秆营养价值,并利用体外产气法测定小麦秸秆瘤胃发酵参数及甲烷产量。结果表明:小麦秸秆经氨化处理后各组粗蛋白质(CP)含量均显著提高(P0.05)。与对照组和单一氨化组相比,添加木聚糖酶可以显著降低中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和半纤维素含量(P0.05),随着酶添加量的提高有降低趋势(P0.05)。小麦秸秆经氨化处理后,72 h产气量、潜在产气量和瘤胃发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)产量均有显著提高(P0.05),添加木聚糖酶可以进一步提高潜在产气量和瘤胃发酵液TVFA含量(P0.05),其中A+X20组达到最大值。各组间产气速率和甲烷产量没有显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,小麦秸秆经氨化处理时推荐添加20 U/g的木聚糖酶。     

饲料添加木聚糖酶对肉鸭生产性能和营养物质利用率的影响

试验采用单因子试验设计,试验分三个饲粮处理,分别为正对照组、正对照基础上降低代谢能0.836 MJ/kg的负对照组及负对照基础上添加4 000 U/kg木聚糖酶饲料的处理组,每个处理7个重复,每个重复12只鸭,总计252只肉鸭.试验分前期(0～21 d)和后期(22～42 d)两个阶段.前后期饲粮均为颗粒饲料,在15～21 d和36～42 d阶段进行代谢试验,代谢试验期间,饲粮中加入0.4%的二氧化钛作为指示剂,预试期4 d,正试期3 d,在正试期内收集粪样,用于测定营养物质消化率,在42日龄时屠宰肉鸭,以重复为单位收集回肠食糜,冻干、粉碎后用于测定营养物质消化率.试验研究结果表明,与负对照组相比,在低能负对照组日粮中添加4000 U/kg 木聚糖酶可以使前期和后期肉鸭日增重分别提高9.8%和5.5%,料重比分别降低6.9%和5.3%;相对于低能负对照组,添加4 000 U/kg 木聚糖酶可以显著提高前期肉鸭粗蛋白、能量的表观代谢率和代谢能,分别提高5.5%、4.0%和3.9%;在负对照组基础上添加4000 U/kg 的木聚糖酶可以显著提高后期肉鸭粗蛋白、能量的表观代谢率和表观代谢能,提高幅度分别为10.0%、4.2%、4.5%.添加4 000 U/kg木聚糖酶可以提高肉鸭表观代谢能0.47 MJ/kg.     

体外法研究日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物比例对干物质体外降解率的影响

本试验的氮源是纯化大豆蛋白(IsolatedSoybeanProtein,ISP)和尿素(NPN),按80:20、50:50和20:80分3组;碳水化合物源分别是从干草中提取的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、玉米淀粉和蔗糖,按10:85:5、10:80:10、10:75:15、30:65:5、30:60:10、30:55:15、50:45:5、50:40:10和50:35:15分9组的3×9因子实验设计。应用体外尼龙袋发酵技术,研究了奶牛日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物及其比例对干物质(DM)体外降解率的影响。结果表明,过量补充尿素及随着日粮中淀粉和蔗糖比例的增加,日粮干物质的体外降解率均下降。根据试验结果,建议在泌乳期奶牛的全混合日粮中尿素的补充量应低于干物质的2.8%,非结构性碳水化合物的含量不应超过干物质的45%。     

不同比例小麦日粮添加木聚糖酶对肉鸡生产性能的影响

<正>小麦是一种品质较好的能量饲料原料,小麦作为饲料的优点是其蛋白质和赖氨酸含量比玉米高30%~50%,与家畜生长发育密切相关的烟酸含量是玉米的2倍多,Ca、P、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸的含量也比玉米高,但代谢能是玉米的90%左右(NRC,1994),叶黄素、生物素的含量比较低。利用氨基酸平衡原理,用小麦替代部分玉米和豆饼饲喂家禽,可减少蛋白质饲料的用量,     

不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响

为研究小麦型日粮中添加不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响,选择22日龄体重相近的健康黄羽肉鸡375羽,随机分成3个处理,每处理5个重复,每重复25羽.对照组饲喂小麦型基础日粮,试验I、II组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加250 mL/t真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶的试验日粮.试验期为28 d.结果表明,小麦型日粮中分别添加250 mL/t真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶显著提高了黄羽肉鸡腹脂率(P<0.01),而对全净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率没有影响(P>0.05); 显著提高了黄羽肉鸡法氏囊指数(P<0.01)以及血清中T3(P>0.05)、T4、IgA(P<0.01)和IgM(P<0.01)水平,且均表现出试验II组>试验I组>对照组的规律,但脾脏指数却相反.结果提示,两种来源木聚糖酶可提高黄羽肉鸡腹脂率和增强机体免疫功能,且细菌性木聚糖酶的提高幅度均高于真菌性木聚糖酶.     

不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响

为研究小麦型日粮中添加不同来源木聚糖酶对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能和免疫功能的影响,选择22日龄体重相近的健康黄羽肉鸡375羽,随机分成3个处理,每处理5个重复,每重复25羽。对照组饲喂小麦型基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加250 mL/t真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶的试验日粮。试验期为28 d。结果表明,小麦型日粮中分别添加250mL/t真菌性和细菌性木聚糖酶显著提高了黄羽肉鸡腹脂率（P〈0.01）,而对全净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率没有影响（P〉0.05）;显著提高了黄羽肉鸡法氏囊指数（P〈0.01）以及血清中T3（P〉0.05）、T4、IgA（P〈0.01）和IgM（P〈0.01）水平,且均表现出试验Ⅱ组〉试验Ⅰ组〉对照组的规律,但脾脏指数却相反。结果提示,两种来源木聚糖酶可提高黄羽肉鸡腹脂率和增强机体免疫功能,且细菌性木聚糖酶的提高幅度均高于真菌性木聚糖酶。     

复合酶制剂体外酶解小麦的研究

添加浓度为0、0.25%、0.5%、1%和2%的复合酶制剂体外酶解小麦,研究其对养分消化率、黏度和还原糖含量的影响。结果表明,在添加浓度为0.25%时粗脂肪的消化率最高,为20.86%;添加浓度为0.5%时粗蛋白的消化率达到最高,为79.77%;干物质的消化率随添加量的增加呈升高的趋势,但整体差异不显著。消化滤液黏度随添加量的增加而降低。还原糖含量随复合酶制剂添加量的增加而提高,添加量为0.5%时还原糖含量最高,为121.98mg。添加量在0.5%、1%和2%时,还原糖含量差异不显著。     

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of two wheat cultivars and evaluation of xylanase supplementation

Background:The filamentous fungus Talaromyces versatilis is known to improve the metabolizable energy of wheatbased poultry diets thanks to its ability to produce a pool of CAZymes and particularly endo-β(1,4)-xylanases.In order to appreciate their in vivo mode of action,the supplementation effect of two of its xylanases,XynD and XynB from families GH10 and GH11 respectively,have been evaluated on two different wheat cultivars Caphorn and Isengrain,which were chosen amongst 6 varieties for their difference in non starch polysaccharides content and arabinoxylan composition.Results:Polysaccharides digestion was followed during 6 h along the digestive tract using the TNO gastrointestinal model-1,to mimic monogastric metabolism.Polysaccharide degradation appeared to occur mainly at the jejunal level and was higher with Isengrain than with Caphorn.For both cultivars,XynD and XynB supplementation increased notably the amount of reducing end sugars into the jejuno-ileal dialysates,which has been confirmed by a valuable increase of the soluble glucose into the jejunal dialysates.Conclusions:The amounts of arabinose and xylose into the dialysates and ileal deliveries increased consequently mainly for Caphorn,suggesting that XynD and XynB supplementation in wheat-based diet could alleviate the anti-nutritional effects of arabinoxylans by limiting the physical entrapment of starch and could increase the available metabolizable energy.     

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion study of two wheat cultivars and evaluation of xylanase supplementation

Background

The filamentous fungus Talaromyces versatilis is known to improve the metabolizable energy of wheat-based poultry diets thanks to its ability to produce a pool of CAZymes and particularly endo-β(1,4)-xylanases. In order to appreciate their in vivo mode of action, the supplementation effect of two of its xylanases, XynD and XynB from families GH10 and GH11 respectively, have been evaluated on two different wheat cultivars Caphorn and Isengrain, which were chosen amongst 6 varieties for their difference in non starch polysaccharides content and arabinoxylan composition.

Results

Polysaccharides digestion was followed during 6 h along the digestive tract using the TNO gastrointestinal model-1, to mimic monogastric metabolism. Polysaccharide degradation appeared to occur mainly at the jejunal level and was higher with Isengrain than with Caphorn. For both cultivars, XynD and XynB supplementation increased notably the amount of reducing end sugars into the jejuno-ileal dialysates, which has been confirmed by a valuable increase of the soluble glucose into the jejunal dialysates.

Conclusions

The amounts of arabinose and xylose into the dialysates and ileal deliveries increased consequently mainly for Caphorn, suggesting that XynD and XynB supplementation in wheat-based diet could alleviate the anti-nutritional effects of arabinoxylans by limiting the physical entrapment of starch and could increase the available metabolizable energy.     

In vitro antibacterial susceptibility of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from different sources

The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources. Seventy Arcobacter spp. isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the agar disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. The antibiotics tested included enrofloxacin, erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, danofloxacin, amoxycillin-clavulonic acid, cefuroxime-sodium, neomycine. Although all the arcobacters tested were susceptible to gentamycin, resistance to three or more antibacterial agents (especially, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime-sodium and rifampin) was observed. A. butzleri isolates were found to be resistant to amoxycillin+clavulonic acid, nalidixic acid and ampicillin, at the rate of 20%, 44.28% and 78.57% respectively. In conclusion, gentamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline may be suitable antibiotics for the treatment or control of disease caused by Arcobacter spp. in veterinary and human medicine.     

The effect of methanol extracts of sawdust on the digestion of cellulose, hay and wheat bran in vitro

An experiment was treated to investigate the effects of an extract of conditioned beech sawdust (80% methanol extraction) on the in vitro digestion of cellulose and on the digestion of hay and wheat bran diet (80 to 20%) in a artificial rumen (Rusitec). The addition of 10, 25, 50, 75 mg of extract to 0.25 g cellulose reduced significantly its digestibility from 94.5 to 92.9%; 90.4; 85.2; 82.1 and 80.1%, respectively. The addition of 0.6, 1.5 and 3.0 g of extract to 14 g diet DM in Rusitec decreased the digestibility from 49.6 to 41.8%. Gas (CO2, H2, CH4) production increased as well as the production of total volatile fatty acids: acetic, propionic, n-butyric and isobutyric, glucose utilization and ATP production were also better. The addition of extracts did not influence significantly the effectiveness of microbial proteosynthesis (YATP). The methanol extract of conditioned beech sawdust contained reducing sugars (saccharides), besides the phenolic substances (syringaldehyde and vanillin); these sugars influenced diet fermentation in Rusitec.     

纤维素酶酶解小麦麸皮技术初步研究

本实验采用还原糖法研究了不同酶解时间、温度、pH值及酶浓度条件对纤维素酶酶解小麦麸皮效果的影响。结果表明,纤维素酶酶解小麦麸皮的最适条件为:酶解时间15min,温度37℃,pH值6,最适酶浓度0.04IU/mL。     

小麦秸秆与米糠粕瘤胃体外发酵组合效应研究

为了探讨小麦秸秆与米糠粕间的组合效应,采用体外产气法评价了小麦秸秆与米糠粕按100:0(RBM0)、75:25(RBM25)、50:50(RBM50)、25:75(RBM75)、0:100(RBM100)的比例组合后的发酵特性。结果表明,1)在产气特性方面,随着米糠粕比例的增加,12,24,48 h累计产气量(GP)、理论最大产气量(HM)和产气速率(B)逐渐增大,而体外延滞时间(Lag)逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05)。2)在体外发酵12,24,48 h时,当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的产气量产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。3)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的干物质降解率(DMD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)最大,各比例之间差异显著(P<0.05);当米糠粕占25%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的DMD产生最大的组合效应(P<0.05);当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的NDFD、ADFD产生最大组合效应(P<0.05)。4)当米糠粕占75%时,小麦秸秆与米糠粕组合体外发酵48 h的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,乙酸/丙酸最低。5)48 h累计产气量、产气速率与干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)以及中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)极显著正相关(P<0.01),与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、有机物(OM)、半纤维(HC)以及中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白(NDS/CP)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);理论最大产气量与DM、CP、Ash、NDS显著正相关(P<0.05),与NDF、ADF、OM和HC显著负相关(P<0.05);Lag与NDS/CP极显著正相关(P<0.01)。本试验结果提示,在本试验条件下,从产气量及干物质降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是75:25;从纤维降解率的组合效应方面来看,小麦秸秆与米糠粕的最优组合是25:75。     

不同来源菌糠饲料营养价值的动态变化

本试验测定了榆黄蘑、红平菇、平菇、香菇、猴头菇初装袋、菌丝长满袋、长势良好无污染无霉变的第1茬、第2茬采摘后的菌糠营养成分,考察食用菌品种和生长周期对菌糠营养价值的影响.结果表明:不同生长阶段的食用菌菌糠常见营养成分变化显著.随着食用菌生长发育,菌糠粗蛋白、磷、粗脂肪含量呈现先上升后下降再上升的趋势,菌糠钙含量显著增加...     

Effect of different fat sources on in vitro degradation of nutrients and certain blood parameters in sheep

This study was designed to determine the effects of calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids (CS), hydroxyethylsoyamide (HESA), butylsoyamide (BSA) and soybean oil (SO) on degradation of crude protein and fibre in vitro, and on the blood plasma lipid parameters in vivo. Five mature wethers (body weight 75 kg) were fed five diets in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The control diet consisted of 50% meadow hay and 50% concentrate with no added fat. The control diet was supplemented with CS, HESA, BSA, or SO. Fat was added at 3.5% of dietary dry matter (DM). The final ether extract content of the ration was near 6%. Each period lasted 20 days. Fat supplements, except HESA, consistently decreased the in vitro DM disappearance of soybean meal as compared to control. In contrast to the effect of other treatments, crude protein degradation was greatest in the test tubes with inocula obtained from sheep fed diet with HESA. Fat supplements equally inhibited the DM and fibre breakdown of alfalfa pellet. CS and HESA seemed to be less detrimental to in vitro fermentation of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than BSA and SO. All fat supplements increased blood plasma triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid content. Plasma concentration of cholesterol and total lipid was highest with SO. The inclusion of CS in the diet increased 16:0, while all fat supplements increased plasma 18:0 and decreased 16:1 and 18:1 fatty acid content. Plasma 18:2n-6 was not changed by feeding CS and SO. However, compared to the control diet, 18:2n-6 increased with 12 and 41% in plasma fatty acids when sheep were fed HESA and BSA, respectively. The results showed that plasma concentration of linoleic acid was enhanced more when the amide was synthesised from butylamine than when from ethanolamine.