饲用羽毛肽粉的制备

本试验采用碱解法制备羽毛肽粉,旨在建立羽毛肽粉中寡肽、游离氨基酸含量的评测体系,并利用飞行时间质谱测定该体系能分离出羽毛多肽的分子量。通过均匀设计试验,获得了碱解法制备羽毛肽粉的最优试验条件:水温90℃、处理334min、液固比2.3%、碱浓度1.8%。本方法制备的羽毛肽粉产品中2kDa以下寡肽含量达87.74%,产品外观类似鱼粉。氨基酸组成测定结果表明,本羽毛肽粉角蛋白含量低、氨基酸营养均衡,具有潜在的饲用价值。     

羽毛粉酶解法制备羽毛肽的工艺研究

试验采用酶解方法处理羽毛粉,制备利于动物机体消化吸收的羽毛肽。羽毛粉经过高温和强碱预处理后,采用不同种类蛋白酶制剂酶解羽毛粉,并优化酶解条件,测定酶解物中可溶性蛋白质含量考察酶解效率;确定最佳制备条件为预处理温度90℃、处理时间150 min及溶解剂质量分数0.7%,得到最佳酶制剂为角蛋白酶,蛋白酶添加量0.8‰、酶解p H 8.5及酶解时间8 h,酶解后低聚肽含量超过70.0%。用高效液相色谱测定酶解后羽毛低聚肽分子质量的分布,约70.0%羽毛肽分子质量≤2 000 D。     

动物蛋白水解酶制备羽毛多肽的工艺优化

通过正交试验并结合中试试验,利用动物蛋白水解酶,研究不同工艺条件下制备的羽毛多肽粉对肽含量、粗蛋白含量和胃蛋白酶消化率等指标的影响,通过对结果进行极差和方差分析,获得制备羽毛多肽粉的最优条件参数。试验表明,制备羽毛多肽粉的最优条件为:底物浓度8%、pH8.5、酶添加量1.5%酶解时间12h,在此条件下获得羽毛多肽粉肽含量66.89%,粗蛋白含量84.99%,胃蛋白酶消化率达到92.95%。     

菌酶协同处理金枪鱼暗色肉制备饲用肽的研究

本试验以金枪鱼暗色肉为原料,主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌和中性蛋白酶协同发酵制备饲用肽的最佳工艺条件。以饲用肽的小肽含量为指标,利用单因素试验和正交试验考察了发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量、加酶量等因素对饲用肽中小肽含量的影响。最佳菌酶协同工艺为:发酵温度37℃、发酵时间48 h、接种量2%(V/m)、加酶量200U/g。在此条件下,小肽含量从28.89 mg/g提高到了185.59 mg/g,氨基酸组成平衡,蛋白质相对分子质量主要分布在6.5~14.4 k D,大分子蛋白得到有效降解。     

菌酶协同处理豆粕制备饲用小肽的研究

以小肽含量为指标研究了芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和中性蛋白酶协同发酵、酶解处理豆粕制备饲用小肽的工艺条件。结果表明:菌酶协同处理豆粕的最佳条件为混合菌接种量1.5%、加酶量450 U/g、料水比1∶1.4、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间48 h。在此条件下,豆粕经菌酶协同处理后,小肽含量从11.40 mg/g提高到199.65 mg/g,粗蛋白质含量从47.62%提高到56.72%。     

饲用羽毛肽粉营养成分分析

采用国标及通用的方法,对饲用羽毛肽粉中各营养成分进行分析,并与其它饲料蛋白源进行比较。结果表明,饲用羽毛肽粉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、糖分和粗灰分、盐分含量分别为85.05%、7.9%、1%7、.76%、0.9%。饲用羽毛肽粉含有18种氨基酸,总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占总量的70.47%、27.78%、38.70%,总氨基酸占蛋白质的82.86%,必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的39.42%和54.92%。饲用羽毛肽粉作为鱼粉替代品的限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)、色氨酸(Trp)、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸(Met+Cys)。饲用羽毛肽粉含14种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、ω-3不饱和脂肪酸分别占脂肪酸总量的25%、15%、10%、2%,EPA占脂肪酸含量的2%,未发现含有DHA。饲用羽毛肽粉含有丰富的营养成分,但其作为水产动物饲料蛋白源在氨基酸平衡及不饱和脂肪酸含量较鱼粉差,可通过调整营养配方,改善其应用价值。     

酶解羽毛粉替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选取28日龄断奶的三元杂种仔猪108头,按窝、性别、体重相近的原则分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,2.5%酶解羽毛粉组、5%酶解羽毛粉组分别用2.5%和5%的酶解羽毛粉等量替代基础饲粮中的鱼粉。饲养试验表明,试验各处理组间日增重、28～35日龄期间的腹泻率差异均不显著(P>0.05);添加酶解羽毛粉有降低料重比趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);酶解羽毛粉替代鱼粉能提高饲粮粗蛋白质的表观消化率,2.5%酶解羽毛粉组和5%酶解羽毛粉组饲粮粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组提高4.3%(P<0.05)和1.6%(P>0.05)。     

角蛋白酶制备羽毛蛋白粉的工艺研究

为研究角蛋白酶对羽毛蛋白粉的降解效果,采用不同的酶解温度、初始酶解液p H、酶添加量和酶解时间对羽毛蛋白粉进行酶解,并利用正交试验对酶解条件进行优化。结果表明:每克羽毛粉加入角蛋白酶0.03 g,酶解液初始p H为7,在35℃下酶解36 h。羽毛分解率达到50.5%,酶解液可溶性蛋白含量为225.7 mg/L,而酶解羽毛蛋白粉的胃蛋白酶体外消化率为23%,显示了角蛋白酶具有很好的酶解效果。     

角蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶制备羽毛蛋白粉的工艺研究

为研究角蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶对羽毛蛋白粉的降解效果,本试验采用不同的酶解温度、酶解液初始pH值、复酶添加量和酶解时间对羽毛蛋白粉进行酶解,并利用正交试验对酶解条件进行优化。结果表明:每克羽毛粉加入角蛋白酶0.0335 g、碱性蛋白酶0.01675 g,酶解液初始pH 11,在35℃下酶解36 h,羽毛分解率达到79.8%,酶解液可溶性蛋白含量为284.18 mg/L,酶解羽毛蛋白粉体外消化率达到30%,表明角蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶对羽毛蛋白粉具有良好的酶解效果。     

酶菌联用降解羽毛工艺优化及降解产物对黑水虻幼虫生长性能的影响

试验采用角蛋白酶和蜡样芽孢杆菌联用处理鸡羽毛,以羽毛降解率为指标,研究了不同pH值、酶添加量、细菌接种量、羽毛添加量和发酵时间对羽毛降解率的影响,优化了降解羽毛的工艺条件。之后分别使用三种降解产物和猪粪作为饲料,研究了羽毛降解产物对黑水虻幼虫生长性能的影响,包括平均增重、料重比和存活率等。结果表明,适宜的酶菌联用降解羽毛工艺条件为:pH值9.0、酶添加量2 000 U/g、蜡样芽孢杆菌接种量3.0%(v/v)、羽毛添加量2.5%,发酵5 d。使用发酵上清液干物质作为饲料养殖黑水虻幼虫,能有效提高黑水虻幼虫平均增重、优化料重比、提高存活率。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein