巨大芽孢杆菌1259制剂对比丝兰素、枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中氨氮含量的影响

本文旨在比较饲粮中添加巨大芽孢杆菌1259(BM1259)制剂与丝兰素、枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中氨氮含量的影响。选用384只300日龄健康、产蛋率相近的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg BM1259制剂、丝兰素和枯草芽孢杆菌。预试期14 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,BM1259组极显著提高了总产蛋重、产蛋数、产蛋率和平均蛋重(P0.01),极显著降低了料蛋比(P0.01),其结果与枯草芽孢杆菌组相近,优于丝兰素组。2)与对照组相比,BM1259组极显著降低了蛋鸡排泄物中氨态氮、尿酸、尿素氮含量和脲酶活性(P0.01),其结果与丝兰素组相近,优于枯草芽孢杆菌组。3)饲粮中添加BM 1259制剂相对于添加丝兰素或枯草芽孢杆菌能够获得更大的经济效益。由此可见,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加BM1259制剂能提高生产性能、增加利润并具备较优的除氨除臭作用。     

巨大芽孢杆菌1259对产蛋鸡生产性能及排泄物中含氮物浓度的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加巨大芽孢杆菌1259(BM1259)对蛋鸡生产性能及其排泄物中含氮物浓度的影响。选用576只300日龄健康、产蛋率差异不显著(P0.05)的海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加100、150、200、250和300 mg/kg BM1259。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)BM1259可以显著提高了平均蛋重(P0.05),极显著影响产蛋率(P0.01),并极显著降低料蛋比(P0.01),其中100 mg/kg组表现最佳。2)BM 1259极显著降低了蛋鸡排泄物中尿素氮浓度和脲酶活性(P0.01),显著降低尿酸浓度(P0.05)。由此可见,在饲粮中添加BM1259能改善蛋鸡生产性能,降低排泄物中含氮物浓度。     

中药制剂金蛋宝对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

以伊莎蛋鸡为试验对象,在蛋鸡基础日粮中添加1g/kg中药制剂金蛋宝,同时设对照组,饲喂21d,考察其对蛋鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,中药制剂试验组平均提高产蛋率2．95％,提高率为3．64％,组间差异显著（P〈0．05）;料蛋比平均下降了0．09,下降率为3．81％,组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

益生素对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期生产性能影响

选用24周龄海兰蛋鸡6000只,47周龄试验结束后随机分为2个试验组,每个试验组设3个重复,每个重复有1000只蛋鸡。在基础日粮中分别添加0．1％益生素,研究其对海兰蛋鸡产蛋高峰期生产性能的影响。结果表明：海兰蛋鸡饲料中添加0．1％益生素后,40-47周龄试验组产蛋率、累计产蛋数均高于对照组,差异显著（P〈0．05）。整个试验期料蛋比试验组比对照组减少0．07,差异显著（P〈0．05）,死淘率降低57．9％,差异显著（P〈0．05）。试验证明益生素对蛋鸡产蛋高峰期的生产性能的提高,具有一定促进作用。     

微生物制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响

为研究微生物制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及鸡蛋品质的影响,试验选取288日龄产蛋率相近、体重均匀、健康的海兰褐蛋鸡1080只,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复60只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,分别在基础饲粮的基础上添加微生物制剂100和200mg／kg。试验期为60d,测定各组生产性能、鸡蛋品质等指标。结果表明：在蛋鸡饲粮中添加微生物制剂,能够显著提高蛋鸡的产蛋率（P〈0．05）、哈氏单位（P〈0．05）,显著降低蛋鸡的料蛋比（P〈0．05）、破软蛋率（P〈0．05）,有提高蛋壳强度的趋势（P〉0．05）。     

产蛋鸡大麦型日粮添加复合酶的试验

试验旨在研究大麦酶在高产蛋鸡大麦型日粮中的应用效果。选择486只33周龄海兰褐蛋鸡，随机分为正、负对照组及添加大麦型复合酶的试验组，每组6个重复，每重复27只鸡。试验结果表明，大麦型日粮中添加复合酶，相对负对照组（大麦基础日粮）产蛋率显著提高1．3％（P〈0．05），同时平均日采食量显著下降6．5％（P〈0．05），料蛋比降低7．6％（P〈0．05），蛋质量相当（P〉0．05）；与正对照组（玉米-豆粕型日粮）相比，产蛋率、采食量、料蛋比和平均蛋质量等指标都差异不显著，表明在大麦日粮中添加大麦复合酶可达到与常规日粮相同的饲养效果。     

芽孢杆菌制剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能、血清相关指标及肠道菌群的影响

将480只30周龄海赛克斯褐壳蛋鸡随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组（Ⅰ组）饲喂基础日粮,试验组（Ⅱ～Ⅳ）分别在基础日粮中添加100、200、300mg／kg水平的芽孢杆菌制剂。结果显示,Ⅱ组产蛋率显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组（P〈O．05）,料蛋比有所降低但不显著（P〉0．05）。Ⅱ组白蛋白和血糖含量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组（P〈0．05）,芽孢杆菌对总蛋白、尿酸、总胆固醇和甘油三酯无显著性影响（P〉0．05）。各试验组ⅠgA和IgG含量均比对照组有所提高,但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组C3浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）,Ⅱ组C4浓度显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组（P〈0．05）。Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组回肠大肠杆菌的数量较Ⅰ组显著降低（P〈0．05）,乳酸杆菌显著提高（P〈O．05）。结果表明,芽孢杆菌制剂能够改善蛋鸡的生产性能,提高机体免疫力,促进肠道健康;蛋鸡日粮中添加100mg／kg芽孢杆菌制剂效果最佳。     

复合酶制剂对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

本试验选用18周龄海兰商品代笼养蛋鸡1000羽，随机分成2组，每组500羽，对照组喂基础日粮，试验组在基础日粮中添加0．1％复合酶，试验期70d，研究复合酶制剂对产蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响，试验结果表明，添加复合酶可提高蛋鸡的产蛋率7．24％（P＜0．05），料蛋比降低7．67％（P＜0．05），平均每枚蛋重增加2．32％，明显改善了蛋壳质量，减少了破蛋率和大大降低了死淘率。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本试验研究了在饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生产性能的影响。将14000多只1日龄的温氏快大肉鸡随机分成两组．对照组只喂基础日粮．试验组在基础日粮中添加0．3％的丁酸梭菌制剂。结果表明：试验组在日增重和料肉比方面比对照组均有明显改善．日增重比对照组提高4．61％．料肉比降低0．20．平均每只鸡获利比对照组提高88．2％．并且有效预防了肠炎的发生．生产性能大幅度提高。     

复合酶制剂对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响

选择32周龄健康无病商品代办罗斯蛋鸡600只，随机分成试验组和对照组，每组300只。两组基础日粮及饲养管理相同，试验组日粮添加复合酶—8681kg／t，对照组不添加，试验期6周。试验结果：试验组比对照组产蛋率提高9．15％（P＜0．05），饲料利用率提高8．3％（P＜0．05），破软蛋率降低0.99％（P＞0.05），蛋壳厚度增加5．7％（P＜0.05），经济效益提高7．46％，而蛋比重和哈夫单位差异不显著（P＞0．05）。试验表明，在蛋鸡日粮中添加复合酶—868，对产蛋率、饲料利用率和经济效益的提高效果明显，同时对改善蛋壳品质，降低破软蛋率也有一定的效果。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.