丙酸钙对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响

选用4头体重500kg、年龄3.5岁的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究丙酸钙(0、100、200和300g/d)对日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响。结果表明:各处理组采食总能和尿能差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮添加丙酸钙200g/d和300g/d组粪能和气体能有降低趋势(P>0.05),消化能、代谢能和沉积能较对照组均显著提高(P<0.05)。各处理组采食氮和尿氮差异不显著(P>0.05);日粮添加丙酸钙组粪氮显著降低(P<0.05),可消化氮显著提高(P<0.05);200g/d组沉积氮显著高于对照组和100g/d组(P<0.05),高于300g/d组但差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据本试验结果推断日粮中丙酸钙的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

乙酸钠对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响

选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管,年龄3.5岁,体重约500kg,体况良好的西门塔尔阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究乙酸钠(0、200、400和600g/d)对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响。结果表明:400g/d组和600g/d组消化能、代谢能、沉积能显著高于对照组和200g/d组(P<0.05),其中200g/d组沉积能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);400g/d组和600g/d尿能、消化能/总能、代谢能/总能、沉积能/消化能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组总能、气体能、产热量差异不显著(P>0.05);400g/d组和600g/d组粪氮含量显著降低(P<0.05);尿氮含量差异不显著(P>0.05);400g/d组和600g/d组可消化氮和沉积氮含量、氮利用率显著高于对照组和200g/d组(P<0.05),400g/d组显著高于600g/d组(P<0.05)。由此推断日粮中乙酸钠的适宜添加量为400g/d。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛尿嘌呤衍生物和微生物蛋白的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,丙酸镁组和丙酸组尿囊素、PD、微生物氮(MN)、MCP较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05),但丙酸镁组和丙酸组差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对尿酸(uric acid)含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮中添加丙酸镁和丙酸提高了尿囊素含量和PD、MN和MCP产量,但处理对尿酸没有影响。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和氨态氮浓度的影响

选用4头3.5岁、体况良好(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后,0h各组间pH差异不显著(P0.05),3h、6h丙酸镁和丙酸组pH较对照组和氧化镁组显著降低(P0.05),9h丙酸镁组pH与其他三组差异不显著(P0.05),丙酸镁组和丙酸组pH平均值较对照组和氧化镁组显著降低(P0.05);0h和9h各组间瘤胃液NH3-N浓度差异不显著(P0.05),3h和6h丙酸镁组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著低于其他组(P0.05),丙酸镁组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度平均值显著低于其他组(P0.05)。本试验条件下,日粮中添加丙酸镁可降低西门塔尔牛瘤胃液pH和NH3-N浓度。     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛日粮养分表观消化率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁、体况良好、体重500 kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对养分消化率的影响.结果表明:丙酸镁组日粮干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和磷(P)的表现消化率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),但与丙酸和氧化镁组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).日粮粗脂肪(EE)和钙(Ca)的表现消化率各组间差异不显著(P>0.05).     

丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛豆粕营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁、体况良好、体重500kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛。采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100g/d)、丙酸(87g/d)和氧化镁(24g/d)对豆粕干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)和粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁后对豆粕DM、OM和CP瘤胃有效降解率(P)无显著影响(P>0.05);丙酸镁组豆粕DM和OM快速降解部分(a)较对照组和丙酸组显著提高(P<0.05),丙酸镁组豆粕CP快速降解部分(a)较对照组和氧化镁组显著提高(P<0.05);丙酸组豆粕CP慢速降解部分(b)较对照组和氧化镁组显著降低(P<0.05),氧化镁组豆粕CP慢速降解部分(b)较丙酸镁组显著提高(P<0.05);丙酸组豆粕CP的降解常数(c)较对照组和丙酸镁组显著提高(P<0.05)。丙酸镁提高了豆粕营养物质的瘤胃快速降解部分,但对有效降解率无显著影响。     

异位酸与叶酸对犊牛生长性能、氮平衡和血液指标的影响

试验旨在研究日粮添加异位酸(branched-chain volatile fatty acids, BCVFA)与叶酸(folic acid, FA)对犊牛生长性能、氮平衡与血液代谢产物的影响。试验选用16头60日龄、体重(BW)(91±5.3) kg的中国荷斯坦奶公牛,进行为期80 d的2×2因子饲养试验。结果表明:BCVFA与FA对犊牛消化氮、沉积氮、沉积氮/采食氮和沉积氮/消化氮存在交互作用(P<0.05)。BCVFA与FA显著提高了犊牛干物质采食量、日增重和饲料效率(P<0.05)。采食氮、消化氮、沉积氮、沉积氮/采食氮和沉积氮/消化氮显著增加(P<0.05);总氮排泄量显著降低(P<0.05)。血液葡萄糖、总蛋白和白蛋白显著增加(P<0.05);尿素氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。综上可知,20 g/d BCVFA和0.1 mg/kg BW FA均能促进犊牛生长,提高日粮氮利用率。     

可消化纤维替代蛋白质对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响

文章旨在研究日粮不同可消化纤维与蛋白质比例对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响。试验选择32 d断奶的肉兔120只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只。试验日粮分为4种,日粮可消化纤维与蛋白质比例分别为1.0(处理1组)、1.15(处理2组)、1.35(处理3组)和1.55(处理4组),试验共进行6周。结果 :处理3、4组较处理1、2组显著提高中性洗涤的表观消化系数(P <0.05),较处理1组显著提高了酸性洗涤纤维和粗纤维表观消化系数(P <0.05)。处理1组半纤维素表观消化系数最低(P <0.05),但可消化蛋白质和蛋能比最高(P <0.05)。处理1组较其他三组显著提高了氮的摄入量(P <0.05),处理3、4组较处理1组显著提高了能量沉积系数(P <0.05),日龄和日粮对尿氮排泄量和氮沉积量的影响具有显著交互效应(P <0.05)。处理1组较处理4组显著提高了盲肠内容物干物质含量(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮采用高比例可消化纤维替代蛋白质可以降低肉兔生长后期粪氨气和尿氮排泄量,提高氮沉积量。     

苜蓿干草切割长度对荷斯坦育成母牛日粮氮平衡和能量代谢的影响

本文旨在研究苜蓿干草切割长度对荷斯坦育成母牛日粮氮平衡和能量代谢的影响.试验以3头8～10月龄、平均体重(300±22)kg的荷斯坦育成母牛为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,以呼吸测热室为研究手段,分别测定了2、4 cm和自然全长3种理论苜蓿干草切割长度日粮的进食粗蛋白质、粪粗蛋白质、尿粗蛋白质和进食能、粪能、尿能、甲烷能、产热量,进而计算出氮平衡和能量平衡的各项主要参数.结果表明,苜蓿干草的切割长度对日粮的总能消化率、消化能代谢率和氮平衡没有显著影响(P>0.05);随着苜蓿干草长度的增加,日粮代谢能沉积率、消化能沉积率和总能沉积率显著(或极显著)降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),甲烷排出量有升高的趋势,但统计上差异不显著(P>0.05).本研究结果提示,荷斯坦8～10月龄育成母牛日粮粗饲料应经适当切短后饲喂.     

柠檬酸对西门塔尔牛日粮能量平衡和氮平衡的影响

选用4头年龄4岁、体况良好、平均体重500kg,装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计．以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究柠檬酸（0、100、200和300g／d）对日粮养分表观消化率的影响。结果表明：日粮添加柠檬酸200州组代谢能、沉积能、代谢能／总能、沉积能／消化能和沉积氮较对照组显著提高（P〈0．05）,沉积氮／消化氮较对照组极显著提高（P〈0．01）。根据试验结果推断日粮中柠檬酸的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

Effects of exogenous equine somatotropin on mineral balance in two-year-old horses in race training

This study examined the effects of exogenous equinesomatotropin (eST — Equigen) administration on mineral absorption and retention in two-year-old horses in race training. Sixteen Quarter Horse geldings were paired by age (ave.age=794 d), and one horse from each pair was assigned at random to either the eST treatment group or the control. The experiment was conducted over 112 days during which the horses were gentled to ride and trained on a dirt track in a regimen typical for race horses in training. At 28-day intervals, collections of total fecal and urinary output were made to determine effects on Ca, inorganic P, Mg, Cu and Zn mineral balance.Due to marginal and slightly deficient amounts (P<01)of Ca, P, Mg and Zn intake by days 84 and 112, a result of reduced feed intake to maintain a constant body condition in the presence of a decreased workload, mineral balance for the aforementioned minerals was only examined through day 56. In contrast to the previous minerals, Cu intake appeared adequate. Ca, P, Mg, Cu and Zn intake did not differ (P>.05) by treatment. The eST-treated horses increased (P<.05) Ca retention as a percent of Ca absorbed, had greater (P<.05) overall apparent efficiency of P absorption and greater (P<.05) apparent retention of P on day 56 than the control horses. The eST-treated horses had greater (P<.05) apparent Cu absorption on day 56, greater (P<.05) apparent Cu absorption efficiency on days 56 and 84, and there was a trend (P<.1) for the eST-treated horses to retain more Cu on day 56 than the control horses. Finally, the eST-treated horses retained a greater percent (P<.1) of absorbed Zn on day 56.     

饲粮电解质平衡对动物营养物质代谢的影响

饲粮电解质平衡状况可影响动物机体酸碱平衡,进而影响营养物质的消化吸收率,还可通过改变一些酶的活性而影响氨基酸等养分的代谢利用。     

Metabolizable energy,nitrogen balance,and ileal digestibility of amino acids in quality protein maize for pigs

Background：To compare the nutritional value and digestibility of five quality protein maize（QPM） hybrids to that of white and yellow maize,two experiments were carried out in growing pigs.In experiment 1,the energy metabolizability and the nitrogen balance of growing pigs fed one of five QPM hybrid diets were compared against those of pigs fed white or yellow maize.In experiment 2,the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility（AID and SID,respectively） of proteins and amino acids from the five QPM hybrids were compared against those obtained from pigs fed white and yellow maize.In both experiments,the comparisons were conducted using contrasts.Results：The dry matter and nitrogen intakes were higher in the pigs fed the QPM hybrids（P 〈 0.05） than in the pigs fed white or yellow maize.Energy digestibility（P 〈 0.001） and metabolizability（P 〈 0.01） were higher in the pigs fed the white and yellow maize diets than in those fed the QPM diets.The AID of lysine was higher（P〈 0.01） in the QPM diets than in the white and yellow maize.The AIDs of leucine,isoleucine,valine,phenylalanine,and methionine were lower in the QPM diets than those of maize（white and yellow）（all P 〈 0.05）.Maize（white and yellow） had greater SIDs of leucine,isoleucine,valine,phenylalanine,glutamic acid,serine,alanine,tyrosine,and proline（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions：Based on these results,it was concluded that QPM had a lower metabolizable energy content and a higher amount of digestible lysine than normal maize.     

奶牛营养平衡与需要量

随着我国奶牛业的快速发展,奶牛对日粮营养平衡的要求越来越高,而正确理解奶牛的营养需要对制定营养平衡的日粮配方非常重要。本文主要从能量、蛋白质、纤维、矿物质和维生素方面探讨奶牛的适宜营养需要量。     

锡林浩特市草地载畜量及草畜平衡分析

以北方典型代表区域--锡林浩特市为例,利用GRAZFEED模型,模拟了不同月乌珠穆沁羊在没有补饲的情况下的体质量的变化以及气候因子对其体质量的影响;同时结合统计资料对锡林浩特市各苏木的草地载畜量及草畜平衡状况进行了分析。结果表明, 7-9月乌珠穆沁羊体质量日均增质量约8.7 g,其他月体质量及膘情具有不同程度的下降,若要维持体质量或增质量,需额外补充饲料。气候因子也是影响乌珠穆沁羊产出的一个重要因子,4、10月气温较低,乌珠穆沁羊需付出额外的能量才能维持正常的生理活动。在没有补饲的情况下,锡林浩特市除了达布希勒图苏木5-9月的载畜量可做进一步调整外,其他苏木均已超过其能承受的最大载畜量,或者说草畜已经严重失衡。锡林浩特市各苏木畜牧业要得到健康持续的发展,还需进一步的进行调控和管理。草地和牲畜要得到双赢的发展,需出栏一部分牲畜,或加大对牲畜的补饲量。     

Correlation between energy balance and fertility in Finnish dairy cows.

The effect of serum glucose, ASAT and urea on reproductive performance was studied in 45 Finnish dairy cows from 8 different herds. Blood samples were taken a month before calving as well as 2 weeks and 2 months after calving. Serum urea, ASAT and glucose were used as indicators of metabolic and energy balance. Glucose and ASAT concentrations were significantly correlated with fertility 2 weeks after calving, but not before calving or 2 months after calving. Antepartum, 60% of the cows had a low urea level; at 2 weeks and at 2 months postpartum 89% and 65%, respectively had low levels of urea. The cows were divided into groups as follows: low or high (greater than or equal to 2.9 mmol/l) glucose level and low or high (greater than or equal to 2.5 mmol/l) urea level. Low levels of glucose and/or urea in puerperium were associated with poor fertility. The intervals from calving to first insemination and conception were shorter in the group with high glucose and high urea than in the group with low values. The cows with the shortest intervals from calving to first insemination and conception showed adequate metabolic balance (high levels of urea and glucose). Clinical ketosis had an adverse affect on intervals from calving to first insemination and on conception. Intervals from calving to first insemination and to conception were significantly (p less than 0.01) longer in ketotic cows than in non-ketotic ones. Liver damage, reflected as elevated activity of ASAT, was associated with poor fertility. If shorter calving intervals are desired, adequate energy balance in puerperium is essential.     

饲粮不同氯水平对笼养生长蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米-豆粕型饲粮不同氯水平对笼养生长蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响。选用300只28日龄体重相近的金定鸭,随机分为5个处理组,分别饲喂含氯0.06%、0.12%、0.18%、0.30%和0.60%的饲粮,每个处理组设10个重复,每个重复6只蛋鸭。结果显示:各处理组之间血清Cl-含量和Na+含量随饲粮氯水平的升高呈线性增加;各组间血液pH和HCO3-浓度差异不显著(P0.05),但是随氯水平增大血液逐渐趋于酸性。综合分析,低水平或高水平的氯可影响蛋鸭体内的酸碱平衡,饲粮中含0.12%～0.18%的氯可使笼养蛋鸭体内达到最佳的酸碱平衡。     

Nitrogen balance in barrows fed low-protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids

This study was conducted to determine the effect of addition of essential amino acids (EAA) to low-protein diets on N balance in barrows. Thirty barrows (Duroc × Yorkshire) with an initial BW of 36 kg were fed 5 corn- and soybean meal-based diets containing 13.6 to 18.2% crude protein (CP) for 10 d in a randomized complete block design. The 18.2% CP diet was formulated without addition of EAA (Lys, Met or Thr). The other diets contained 13.6 to 16.5% CP and were supplemented with EAA to provide 0.83% true digestible lysine equal to that in the 18.2% CP diet. Fecal, urinary, and total N excretion as well as N retention (g/d) decreased with decreasing dietary CP level (P < 0.01). The apparent digestibility of N was almost the same for the 18.2 and 16.5 CP diets, but the value was 2% higher (P = 0.07) than that for the 13.6% CP diet. These findings indicate that, compared with the 18.2% CP diets, supplementation with three EAA to the lowest-protein diets (13.6 CP) is inadequate for maximum intestinal protein digestion, amino acid absorption, or tissue protein deposition in growing barrows.     

Metabolizable energy,nitrogen balance,and ileal digestibility of amino acids in quality protein maize for pigs

Background

To compare the nutritional value and digestibility of five quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids to that of white and yellow maize, two experiments were carried out in growing pigs. In experiment 1, the energy metabolizability and the nitrogen balance of growing pigs fed one of five QPM hybrid diets were compared against those of pigs fed white or yellow maize. In experiment 2, the apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID, respectively) of proteins and amino acids from the five QPM hybrids were compared against those obtained from pigs fed white and yellow maize. In both experiments, the comparisons were conducted using contrasts.

Results

The dry matter and nitrogen intakes were higher in the pigs fed the QPM hybrids (P < 0.05) than in the pigs fed white or yellow maize. Energy digestibility (P < 0.001) and metabolizability (P < 0.01) were higher in the pigs fed the white and yellow maize diets than in those fed the QPM diets. The AID of lysine was higher (P < 0.01) in the QPM diets than in the white and yellow maize. The AIDs of leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and methionine were lower in the QPM diets than those of maize (white and yellow) (all P < 0.05). Maize (white and yellow) had greater SIDs of leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, serine, alanine, tyrosine, and proline (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Based on these results, it was concluded that QPM had a lower metabolizable energy content and a higher amount of digestible lysine than normal maize.     

日粮核苷酸对机体炎症抗炎症平衡体系的影响

为探讨日粮核苷酸对小鼠炎症／抗炎症平衡体系的作用，用CpG DNA和脂多糖（LPS）刺激小鼠构建炎症反应模型，观察分别饲喂无核苷酸（NF）日粮和核苷酸（NT）日粮小鼠的炎性细胞因子IL-1、IFN-λ，、抗炎性细胞因子IL-10水平和小肠髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性变化。结果显示，在刺激后第4h时，NT组小鼠的IL-1（P〈0．05）、IFN-λ，（P〈0．01）和小肠MPO（P〈0．01）明显低于NF组，IL-10（P〉0．05）高于NF组；刺激后第18h时，NT与NF组的IL-1（P〈0．01）、IFN-λ，（P〈0．01）、IL-10（P〉0．05）和MPO（P〈0．01）均较刺激后第4h有所降低，NT组的IL-1（P〉0．05）、IFN-λ，（P〈0．05）和小肠MPO（P〈0．05）仍低于NF组，IL-10（P〉0．05）仍高于NF组。表明，日粮核苷酸对CpG DNA或LPS所诱导的炎症反应有明显的抑制作用，有助于维持机体炎症／抗炎症平衡，保护机体免受炎症损伤。