日粮添加粪链球菌对仔猪生产性能的影响

微生态制剂是根据生物微生态平衡、微生态失调、微生态营养和微生态防治理论，选用动物体内正常微生物研制的一类用于调节动物机体微生态平衡的活菌制剂。它能够在数量和种类上补充肠道内减少或缺乏的正常微生物，调节或维持肠道内的微生态平衡，增强机体免疫力，促进营养物质的消化吸收，从而达到防病治病、提高饲料转化率和畜禽生产性能的目的。     

动物微生态制剂的研究进展

动物微生态制剂是根据微生态平衡理论、微生态失调理论、微生态营养理论和微生态防治理论选用动物体内正常微生物成员及其促进物质经特殊加工工艺而制成的活菌制剂。它能够在数量或种类上补充肠道内减少或缺乏的正常微生物,调整或维持肠道内微生态平衡,增强机体免疫功能,促进营养物质的消化吸收,从而达到防病治病、提高饲料转化率和畜禽生产性能之目的。微生态制剂以其无毒副作用、无耐药性、无残留、成本低、效果显著等特点,逐渐得到广大养殖界同仁的首肯。它不但可以防病治病、提高饲料转化率和畜禽生产性能,还可降低畜禽产品中胆固…     

鸡肠道菌群失调的原因

鸡肠道菌群是动物与菌群保持动态的微生态平衡.本文从疾病、饲料和抗生素3个方面分析了鸡肠道菌群失调的原因,旨在预防和治疗该类型疾病的发生. 雏鸡在出生时肠道是无菌的,进食及与外环境接触使肠道内侵入了各种细菌,且随着微生物进化过程形成了相互制约、相互依赖的微生态体系.随着微生态学的迅速发展,人们逐渐认识到通过调控肠道微生物体系,保持肠道微生态平衡,维护肠道健康,是使鸡群达到良好生产性能的重要因素.     

微生态调节剂在水产养殖中的应用

动物肠道中栖息着大量的微生物，它们保持共生或颉颃关系，维持着机体微生态平衡，当这种平衡被破坏时，就会出现菌群失调，即肠道正常菌群的种类、数量和比例发生异常变化，偏离正常的生理组合，转变为病理性组合状态。菌群失调将会引起许多相关疾病，临床上以腹泻为最明显症状。抗生素是预防动物肠道传染病，防止动物感染病菌的有效药物，但由于其抗菌谱广，在杀死病菌的同时也杀死有益菌群，长时间应用破坏了肠道微生态平衡，是引起菌群失调的主要诱发因素，而且抗生素耐药性及在畜禽产品中的残留等问题，降低了畜禽产品在国际市场的竞争能力。微生态调节剂是指在微生态学理论指导下，可调整微生态失调，保持微生态平衡，提高宿主健康水平或增进益生菌及代谢产物和生长促进物质的制剂，有抗生素样作用。     

猪源肠球菌的分离及鉴定

抗生素虽在动物保健和畜牧生产中发挥了重要作用,但抗生素的长期使用及滥用所造成的弊端已引起重视。微生态制剂以其绿色安全、无毒副作用、无残留的优点逐步成为替代抗生素类添加剂的主力军。目前市售的益生菌制剂基本都是野生菌株或经驯化培育而成的菌株,并且菌种在不断传代的过程中会发生变异。一般认为,优良的益生菌菌株应来自动物体内,能够耐受肠道的低pH值、胆盐等动物内环境因素,能产酸和抑制病原菌生长的物质,并且能够在肠道内定植〔1,2〕。肠球菌为消化道内正常存在的一种微生物,在肠黏膜具有较强的耐受和定植能力,并且是一种兼性…     

克洛生(R)在养殖业中的应用

当前集约化养殖逐渐成为主导,与生产环境有关的疾病成为影响畜禽生产性能的最根本因素.动物的体况,尤其是肠道环境仍然是优化生产成绩的指标.然而,由于近些年来的抗生素滥用,特别是抗生素在畜禽产品中的残留,直接威胁着人类的健康.从饲料及食品安全的角度出发,微生态制剂正逐渐成为维护动物健康、保证动物生产性能的重要技术手段.克洛生?能够促进乳酸菌等有益菌群的生长以及控制梭茵等有害茵的数量,以此可以替代抗生素生长促进剂来保持肠道健康,维持肠道微生态平衡,从而改善动物的生产性能.     

微生态制剂在猪无抗饲养过程中的应用

在猪群生长过程中,常使用抗生素药物来防治疾病,不仅极易产生耐药性,还会发生食品安全问题,为此国家逐渐推出无抗养殖政策。微生态制剂是指利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质而制成的活的制剂产品,具有调节动物肠道健康、促进动物生长、增强免疫力等功能,是一类良好的抗生素替代物。本文就微生态制剂的功能和研究进展及在养猪生产中的应用进行阐述,并展开试验分析两种微生态制剂对猪生产性能和饲料消化率的影响,为微生态制剂在猪无抗饲养中的应用提供试验依据。     

浅谈兽医微生态制剂

兽医微生态制剂是根据兽医微生态学原理应用生物技术生产培养的高效生物制剂，它通过补充畜禽肠道内的正常菌群，来调整畜禽肠道内微生态平衡，治标治本，从而达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。     

微生态制剂与肠粘膜免疫关系的研究进展

微生态制剂即一类以活菌为主的新型饲料添加剂,无毒、无害、无残留,是目前理想的抗生素替代品,在增强动物免疫力上作用很大。其活菌能在动物肠道内定植,维护肠道菌群平衡,并刺激肠粘膜免疫系统,引起体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,从而增强机体抗病力。     

微生态制剂与疫苗协同作用的研究

自VoekerRusch首先提出“微生态学”(Micro -ecology)这一概念以后,微生态学迅速发展起来。而根据微生态理论研制的各种微生态制剂,能够在数量或种类上补充肠道内减少或缺乏的正常微生物,调整或维持肠道内微生态平衡,增强机体免疫功能,促进营养物质的消化吸收,从而达到防病治病     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …