大兴安岭南部春季火行为特征及可燃物消耗

利用标准地调查分析2007年春季大兴安岭2起森林火灾的火行为及可燃物变化.采用加拿大火险天气指数(FWI)系统分析火险变化,地表可燃物载量调查采用线状相交可燃物调查方法,并利用MODIS遥感数据对火烧程度进行分级.结果表明:FWI系统各指标可以很好地指示森林火险变化,2007年4-5月细小可燃物湿度码(FFMC)基本都在90以上,腐殖质湿度码(DMC)和干旱指数(DC)在4月份持续升高,2场大火也发生在火险高的时段.火烧类型以地表火为主,部分林分有冲冠火.火后阔叶林地表径级可燃物增加不明显,针阔混交林主要是5.0～6.99 cm径级可燃物增加,而落叶松纯林火烧后除0.50～0.99 cm径级可燃物减少外,其他径级可燃物都明显增加.不同火烧程度对地表可燃物载量的影响有差异.中度和重度火烧后草本盖度明显下降,有些林分下木层死亡率较高.罕诺河火场和松岭区壮志林场过火区重度火烧分别占33.2%和46.4%.     

Future impacts of climate change on forest fire danger in northeastern China

Climate warming has a rapid and far-reaching impact on forest fire management in the boreal forests of China. Regional climate model outputs and the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) Sys- tem were used to analyze changes to fire danger and the fire season for future periods under IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2, and the data will guide future fire management planning. We used regional climate in China (1961 1990) as our validation data, and the period (1991-2100) was modeled under SRES A2 and B2 through the weather simulated by the regional climate model system (PRECIS). Meteorological data and fire danger were interpolated to 1 km 2 by using ANUSPLIN software. The average FWI value for future spring fire sea- sons under Scenarios A2 and B2 shows an increase over most of the region. Compared with the baseline, FWI averages of spring fire season will increase by 0.40, 0.26 and 1.32 under Scenario A2, and increase by 0.60, 1.54 and 2.56 under Scenario B2 in 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, respectively. FWI averages of autumn fire season also show an increase over most of the region. FWI values increase more for Scenario B2 than for Scenario A2 in the same periods, particularly during the 2050s and 2080s. Average future FWI values will increase under both scenarios for autumn fire season. The potential burned areas are expected to increase by 10% and 18% in spring for 2080s under Scenario A2 and B2, respectively. Fire season will be prolonged by 21 and 26 days under ScenariosA2 and B2 in 2080s respectively.     

The impact of climate change on fire risk in Daxing’anling,China

Daxing'anling is a key region for forest fire prevention in China.Assessing changes in fire risk in the future under multiple climatic scenarios will contribute to our understanding of the influences of climate change for the region and provide a reference for applying adaptive measures for fire management.This study analyzed the changes in fire weather indices and the fire season under four climate scenarios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0,RCP8.5)for 2021–2050 using data from five global climate models together with observation data.The results showed that the analog data could project the average state of the climate for a given period but were not effective for simulating extreme weather conditions.Compared with the baseline period(1971–2000),the period 2021–2050 was predicted to have an increase in average temperature of 2.02–2.65 °C and in annual precipitation 25.4–40.3 mm,while the fire weather index(FWI) was predicted to increase by6.2–11.2% and seasonal severity rating(SSR) by5.5–17.2%.The DMC(Duff moisture code),ISI(initial spread index),BUI(build-up index),FWI and SSR were predicted to increase significantly under scenarios RCP4.5,RCP6.0,and RCP8.5.Furthermore,days with high or higher fire danger rating were predicted to be prolonged by 3–6 days,with the change in the southern region being greater under scenarios RCP4.5,RCP6.0,and RCP8.5.     

未来情景下西南地区森林火险变化

采用区域气候模式输出的日值和加拿大森林火险天气指数系统,在50 km×50 km尺度下,分析IPCCSRES A2和B2情景下中国西南地区未来不同时段区域森林火险和森林火险期变化,为科学制定未来林火管理规划提供参考.气候情景数据使用区域气候模式系统(PRECIS)对中国区域1961-2100年SRES A2,B2情景下的气候模拟结果,计算研究区各格点森林火险天气指数( FWI),并利用ANUSPLIN软件把研究结果插值到1 km×1 km水平.结果表明:PRECIS模式对研究区的平均气温和月均降水均有较好的模拟能力,气温和降水空间分布形态及中心区域与观测数值基本一致.A2和B2情景下西南地区火险期(11月至翌年5月)内森林火险天气指数平均分别增加1.66和1.40.A2和B2情景下2041-2050年火险期FWI平均变率分别为1.22倍和1.24倍,表明A2和B2情景下西南地区的森林火烧面积在2041-2050年可能比基准时段增加22％和24％,并且在火险高的月份潜在的森林火烧面积增加更为明显.与基准时段相比,2种情景下都表现出低火险日数明显减少和极高火险日数显著增加的趋势.A2和B2情景下,2041-2050年高、很高和极高火险等级总日数分别增加17和13天.建议根据未来森林火险和火险期变化特点,加强早期预警、火灾监测和可燃物管理等,提高该区域适应气候变化的能力.     

Forest fire danger ratings in the 2040s for northeastern China

The average temperature of northeastern China is expected to increase 2.22 and 2.55°C under two scenarios selected from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), i.e., A2 and B2, during the 2040s (2041 2050), which will have an impact on fire activities in those areas. We calculated the output of regional climate models, using the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) on a scale of 50 km × 50 km. Meteorological data and fire weather index were interpolated to a scale of 1 km × 1 km by using ANUSPLIN software. The results show that the model of Providing Regional Climate for Impacts Studies (PRECIS) had the ability to provide good temperature and precipitation estimates of the study area in the baseline period, by simulation. In the 2040s the mean FWI values of the study area will increase during most of the fire seasons under both selected scenarios, compared with the baseline period. Under scenario B2 the peak fire season will appear in advance. The changes of FWI ratio (2×CO 2 /1×CO 2 ) show that the potential burned areas will increase 20% under scenario B2 and lightly increase under scenario A2 in 2040s. The days of high, very high and extreme fire danger classes will add 5 and 18 d under scenarios A2 and B2, respectively. It suggests adapting the climate change through improving fuel management and enhancing the fighting abilities.     

新西兰森林火险等级系统及预测应用

新西兰是森林火灾多发的国家,由于近年来气候变化导致新西兰火灾季节延长且火灾频发。探究新西兰火险等级体系的火天气指数和火行为分析模型,可以用于模拟历史、当前和未来的火险。文中对新西兰火险等级、火行为分析模型以及用于监测当前火险的火天气系统进行了探讨,认为开展相关火行为模拟研究是上述3种管理工具的研发基础,并且可以确保火险信息的有效性和准确性。不同植被的火行为是林火管理系统的重要输入因子,当前的天气、火行为和火险由新西兰国家乡村消防局进行每日更新并通过网络发布给全国的防火机构和公众,用于中、短期防火管理计划的实施。这些火行为模型已经成为新西兰很多火管理决策支持工具的基础。新西兰气象局把火天气指标系统和他们的预测模型结合起来,产生每小时的预测图用于短期计划和应急管理。借鉴新西兰的森林火险等级系统可以为我国构建完备的国家火险等级预报系统提供技术参考,而且探讨世界各国火险等级体系和火险模型可以促进我国与世界各国森林火险信息平台共享,提高预测和应对重特大森林火灾的能力,减少森林资源的损失,助力我国“双碳”目标的实现。     

华山松人工林凋落物层细小可燃物含水率预测模型研究

在防火期2~5级火险天气条件下,在华山松人工林测定了153组林内气温(x1)、相对湿度(x2)、凋落物表面温度(x3)、腐殖质层表面温度(x4)、凋落物层厚度(x5)、可燃物含水率(y)数据,建立了华山松林细小可燃物含水率预测的多元线性回归模型。分析表明,影响华山松林凋落物上层易燃可燃物含水率的因子依次为:x3>x2>x4>x1。应用该模型,可以用易于获取的火环境和可燃物因子来预测可燃物的含水率,为合理开展林火预测预报、计划火烧、营林用火等提供依据。     

森林火险等级预报系统评述

对当前世界上主要的森林火险等级系统进行了综述, 包括加拿大、美国、澳大利亚以及其他一些国家的森林火险等级系统。对主要森林火险等级系统的组成、结构和发展过程进行了比较, 讨论了这些系统应用的局限性。比较了世界上3个应用比较普遍的森林火险等级系统的发展、可燃物类型、输入因子、输出因子和应用范围, 认为发展中国的森林火险等级系统采用加拿大的森林火险等级系统(CFFDRS)的技术比较合适。我们可直接应用CFFDRS, 然后根据当地气候和可燃物类型对火险等级系统进行校正。     

Spatiotemporal variation in forest fire danger from 1996 to 2010 in Jilin Province,China

We evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of forest fires in two fire seasons (March to June and September to November) from 1996 to 2010 in Jilin Province, China, using the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System. Fire data were obtained from the Provincial Fire Agency, and historical climate records of daily weather observations were collected from 36 weather stations in Jilin and its neighboring provinces. A linear regression model was used to analyze linear trends between climate and fire weather indices with time treated as an independent variable. Correlation analysis was used to detect correlations between fire frequency, areas burned, and fire weather indices. A thin-plate smooth spline model was used to interpolate the point data of 36 weather stations to generate a surface covering the whole province. Our analyses indicated fire frequency and areas burned were significantly correlated with fire weather indices. Overall, the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System appeared to be work well for determining the fire danger rating in Jilin Province. Also, our analyses indicated that in the forthcoming decades, the overall fire danger in March and April should decrease across the province, but the chance of a large fire in these months would increase. The fire danger in the fall fire season would increase in the future, and the chance of large fire would also increase. Historically, because most fires have occurred in the spring in Jilin Province, such a shift in the future fire danger between the two fire seasons would be beneficial for the province’s fire management.     

Chapter 9. A Database for Spatial Assessments of Fire Characteristics,Fuel Profiles,and PM10 Emissions

Summary

This paper describes the procedures and data used to develop a database of 28 fire, fuels, and smoke attributes for the broad-scale scientific assessment of the Interior Columbia River Basin. These attributes relate to three general areas: (1) fire weather, fuel moisture, and fire characteristics; (2) fuel loading and fuel consumption; and (3) PM₁₀ smoke emissions. The process flow and development protocols for creation of the database are fully described and illustrated, with examples provided where appropriate. This database was developed for application to a certain geographic area with parameters specific to both the biophysical environment and the management issues of that area. However, the methods and protocols used to develop this comprehensive suite of fire-related data are applicable to any ecosystem for which predictions are needed for wildfire hazard, fire potential, biomass consumption, and smoke emissions.     

应用卫星遥感技术监测林火燃料可燃性研究现状与发展趋势

遥感可以提供燃料和其可燃性空间分布的信息,准确地了解燃料属性的时空动态,特别是空间分辨率高、覆盖范围大的燃料类型和燃料可燃性的遥感图像可以大大提高火险预报精度并有效地采取措施控制火燃烧的行为。本文通过文献综述,分析了应用卫星遥感技术监测林火燃料可燃性的国内外进展和未来发展趋势。     

林区干雷暴及雷电监测的研究

通过对雷击易发区的调查,对气候、可燃物、火源种类等特征进行相关分析,结果表明：每年4月下旬至5月初为雷暴发生期,5月份以后强对流天气进一步增强,进入5月中旬后,为干雷暴发生最为频繁时段也是极易发生林火的危险时期。安装雷电监测系统,可以探测雷电发生的时间、方位、密度和强度等雷电特性;结合气象雷达和卫星资料,分析引发森林火灾的可能位置,作出预报。     

Modeling topographic influences on fuel moisture and fire danger in complex terrain to improve wildland fire management decision support

Fire danger rating systems commonly ignore fine scale, topographically-induced weather variations. These variations will likely create heterogeneous, landscape-scale fire danger conditions that have never been examined in detail. We modeled the evolution of fuel moistures and the Energy Release Component (ERC) from the US National Fire Danger Rating System across the 2009 fire season using very high resolution (30 m) surface air temperature, humidity and snow ablation date models developed from a network of inexpensive weather sensors. Snow ablation date occurred as much as 28 days later on North-facing slopes than on South-facing slopes at upper elevations. South-facing slopes were hotter and drier than North-facing slopes but slope position, in addition to aspect, was also important because nocturnal air temperatures were coolest and humidity was highest in valley bottoms. These factors created heterogeneous fuel moistures and fire danger across the study area. In the late season (August and September), nocturnal cold air drainage and high relative humidity fostered fuel moisture recovery in valley bottoms, where fuel moistures and ERC values were 30% and 45% higher and lower, respectively at peak fire danger (September 29th). Dry fuel moistures and relatively high ERC values persisted on low elevation, South-facing slopes. The driest conditions were observed 100-200 m above the valley floor where mid-slope thermal belts frequently developed above areas of cold air pooling. We suggest that a complete understanding of these variations may help improve fire management decision making.     

动态数据驱动的北京市森林火险天气预报与发布系统研建

基于动态数据驱动应用系统(DDDAS)技术范式,对北京市森林火险预报与发布系统进行了研究.利用野外自动气象站获取的实时、动态数据以及气象部门提供的预报数据,实现了森林火险等级预报的自动化业务运行,并通过网络和手机短信方式对预报结果进行发布;系统在运行过程中能够根据预报结果自适应地对预报模型进行修正,使预报结果精度得到提高.     

林火研究综述(Ⅱ)——林火预测预报*

林火预测预报是综合气象要素、地形、可燃物的干湿程度、可燃物类型特点和火源等，对森林可燃物燃烧危险性进行分析预测，天气预报的准确性直接影响林火预报的准确性。林火预测预报分为火险天气预报、林火发生预报和林火行为预报。林火预测预报从20世纪20年代迄今，已有80余年的历史，在世界各国发展很快。林火预报研究中的关键问题是主要因子的选择和预报因子的测定。林火预测预报主要方法有：经验法、数学方法、物理方法、野外实验法和室内测定法等。     

连云港花果山高分辨率森林火险等级三维可视化短期预报研究

以连云港花果山为研究区,将火险等级预报因子归纳为森林火险区划、天气、火源等3个类别。其中火险区划根据植被类型、植被特征、地形因子获取;天气因子通过24h天气预报获取;火源危险等级由景区内的道路进行缓冲区分析获取。利用3类火险因子,通过加权叠置法建立火险等级短期预报模型,进行火险等级预报;利用DEM和SPOT5影像,通过GIS三维可视化技术,对预报结果进行三维可视化显示。通过研究实现了火险等级短期预报,将火险等级落实到小班,并将火险等级分布信息以三维可视化方式显示,为研究区森林火险实时监测提供了基础平台,为山区林火科学化管理提供技术支持。     

基于改进交叉影响法的木材加工产业园区火险因素研究

【目的】为正确把握木材加工产业园区的消防管控方向,运用改进的交叉影响分析法对木材加工产业园区火险影响因素进行研究,以深入剖析木材加工产业园区火险因素间的交互作用,为木材加工产业园区的科学防火提供模型支撑。【方法】首先从系统论和事故致因角度出发,建立包含人、物、环、管4方面共16个影响因素的木材加工产业园区火险因素体系,进而运用三元模糊法,基于各影响因素间的相互作用关系,构建火险因素的交叉影响关系矩阵,并将马尔科夫稳态预测模型引入交叉影响分析过程中,计算木材加工产业园区中火险因素火灾发生的校正概率,实现对木材加工产业园区火险因素交互作用下的发生概率变化趋势的预测。【结果】通过实例分析可知:消防安全意识、人员工作技能、木材贮存规范性、园区消防安全氛围、消防设施、消防救援力量、消防制度与机构、安全教育与培训、事故应急管理、消防巡查与监管的火灾发生概率呈上升趋势;人员基本素质、设备健康状态、木材贮存数量、园区规模、消防规划合理性的火险发生概率呈下降趋势。【结论】改进的交叉影响分析法可以应用到木材加工产业园区火险因素的预测中,且能够真实地反映因素交叉影响后的发展方向和程度,为木材加工产业园区的安全生产、科学管理及消防风险决策提供理论依据和新思路。