山西南部苹果花期冻害时空分布特征及综合防御技术

利用1997—2016年山西南部苹果主产县(市、区)苹果花期逐日最低气温及日平均气温观测资料,根据苹果花期冻害等级划分指标,采用最小二乘法对花期冻害日数进行线性倾向估计,并用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法对花期冻害日数的变化趋势进行显著性检验,分析山西南部苹果花期冻害的时空分布特征。结果表明: 山西省南部苹果产区发生花期冻害日数年均为3.1 d,各县花期均温介于13.0℃~13.8℃之间。运城地区4月中上旬易发生冻害,临汾地区吉县与隰县4月下旬易发生冻害;山西南部苹果花期冻害日数近20 a气候倾向率为-0.666 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01）,花期极端最低气温气候倾向率为0.165 d·（10 a）^-1（P≤0.01）,花期极端最低气温与冻害日数具有极显著负相关关系。山西南部苹果花期冻害日数突变点在2008年,且在2015年之后苹果花期冻害日数突破α=0.05显著性水平下限。对于苹果花期冻害的综合防御措施,可采用“以防为主,抗补结合”策略。     

甘肃平凉市苹果花期冻害风险分析及区划

利用平凉7县（区）气象资料、6个县（区）的苹果物候观测资料和产量资料,对苹果花期冻害指标、因冻减产情况及不同等级冻害发生频率进行了分析。根据平凉近年来苹果花期冻害实地调查,将花期冻害分为三种强度等级即重度（T≤-3.5℃）、中度（T≤-1.5℃）和轻度（T≤0℃）,不同冻害等级对应不同的减产率。 在平凉7个县（区）中,华亭花期冻害发生最严重,不同等级的冻害发生1年1～2次,崇信花期冻害则最轻,不同等级冻害3年1次,其他县（区）1～2年1次,全市不同等级冻害的频率分布表现出轻度＞中度＞重度的特点。在此基础上,以冻害灾损率作为风险区划指标,将苹果花期冻害风险分为3个区：高风险区、中风险区和低风险区。本市多数区域属于中风险区和低风险区,重度冻害发生较少,但中度冻害和轻度冻害发生仍较频繁。建议全市在目前果园布局的基础上,应进一步加大中东部低风险区的苹果种植。     

基于春季晚霜冻害的天水苹果气候风险区划

花果期霜冻灾害是天水苹果生产中常见的一种自然灾害,年发生频率60％以上,冻害年份轻者减产,重者甚至绝收.为此,进行苹果花果期霜冻灾害气候风险区划研究,对合理苹果产业布局,有效减轻灾害损失,具有一定的参考和科技指导意义.将影响天水苹果相对气象总产量的开花坐果期4月上旬-5月上旬日最低气温与0℃以下温度持续日数之积作为苹果霜冻灾害脆弱性指数(V),用该期霜冻灾害不同强度发生频率作为相应灾害危险性指数(H),用Pki=1/n∑Hj×Vij计算所得的霜冻灾害风险系数作为区划指标,按其离散程度划分为低风险、较低风险、中风险、较高风险和高风险区域,做出天水苹果霜冻灾害风险区划,对科学布局当地果树产业和提高经济效益具有显著的指导意义.     

陕西省苹果花期冻害风险评估

以Tmin≤-1℃为冻害指标,基于模糊数学和信息扩散理论,把1970～2008年38 a间日最低气温Tmin≤-1℃的低温天气事件作为风险源,计算陕西省27个苹果主要生产基地县在每年4月各时段发生花期冻害的风险水平,并确定各基地县花期冻害的重点防御时间及开始疏花的时间.结果表明,4月全省苹果基地县出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均大于十年八遇,而4月10日和20日后出现Tmin≤-1℃的风险概率均小于两年一遇及十年一遇;此外,分别用50%和20%的风险概率作为指标,确定各基地县花期重点防御结束时间和安全疏花起始时间,两个时间均从东南向西北逐渐推迟.     

北方果树春季低温伤害后的管理技术要点

近几年,莱西市及北方大部地区倒春寒频发,致使大部分果园遭受冻害,尤其是桃、梨、葡萄、苹果受害严重,沿河流域及平地果园部分园片几乎绝产.为了使冻害损失降低到最低点,现将受冻后的果树管理技术介绍如下:     

苹果极端气象灾害气温极值的分布及重现期预测

研究气温极值的分布以预测重现期是客观评价出现在农作物关键期的极端气象灾害强度的一种方法。本研究以苹果为例,根据苹果严重气象灾害指标,利用陕西种植区代表站逐日气温数据,建立了苹果开花期严重冻害(4月最低气温<-2℃)和果实膨大期严重高温热害(6~8月最高气温>40℃)气温极值的分布模型及重现期预测,对北扩地区苹果树越冬期冻害频次进行了分析。结果表明:陕北、渭北局部10 a的重现期出现开花期严重冻害,在100 a的重现期中不会出现严重高温热害;关中、渭北大部分地区40~50 a的重现期出现严重冻害,30~80a的重现期出现严重高温热害;相同重现期陕北、渭北局部极端最低气温和极端最高气温均明显低于关中、渭北大部分地区;在苹果北扩基地县中,甘泉、米脂、吴起、志丹、子洲平均每年越冬期都出现低温,米脂、吴起、志丹越冬期低温频次出现较多,达2~3次/a。     

运用马尔科夫链方法预测陕西苹果花期冻害年型

依据陕西29个苹果基地县1971～2007年4月极端最低气温资料,将陕西果区苹果花期冻害年型划分为严重冻害(NTd≤-2℃≥10),中等冻害(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0℃≥15),轻度冻害(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0℃<15 & NTd≤2℃≥19),和正常年型(NTd≤-2℃<10 & NTd≤0...     

预防和救护果树冻害的神奇物质碧护

果树冻害在湖北省分为两类,即常绿果树（柑桔、橙类、柚类等）的冬季冻害,落叶果村（梨、桃、李、杏等）的早春冻花。果树冻害的预防和救护,目前用得最多的还是农业和物理措施（如：高标准建国、树干涂白、撑枝、摇雪、树冠覆盖、烟雾防冻等）,其效果较差,难以达到预防冻害和冻后迅速救护的目的,而果树冻害发生后喷施碧护可迅速解救冻害,冻害发生前施用碧护可起到预防冻害发生和冻后迅速恢复的双重功效。     

抚顺地区主要气象灾害对农业生产的影响

选用抚顺地区50个乡镇1961~2008年的气候资料,并以抚顺3个主要产粮地区抚顺县、清原县、新宾县为研究对象,通过对1961~2008年粮食产量资料进行分析,探索冻害冷害、冰雹气象灾害对这三个主要粮食产区粮食产量的影响,并通过对霜冻、低温冷害以及冰雹等指标进行统计,探索出其时空变化规律以及各种气象灾害对抚顺地区农业生产的影响及危害。     

梨小食心虫的生物学特性及防治措施

正梨小食心虫(Busck)属鳞翅目卷叶蛾科,又名东方蛀果蛾、桃折梢虫,简称"梨小",是一种世界性的果树害虫,广布于亚洲、欧洲、美洲和澳洲[1-2]。梨小食心虫的寄主植物主要有梨、桃、苹果、李、梅、杏、樱桃、海棠、枣、沙果、山楂、枇杷、木瓜等多种果树[3-4],主要以幼虫蛀食果实以及果树的嫩梢[1,5-8]。尤其在桃、杏、梨     

中国梨喀木虱对六种非寄主越冬植物的适应性

为明确中国梨喀木虱Cacopsylla chinensis越冬代（也称冬型梨木虱）在非寄主越冬植物（苹果树、桃树、樱桃树、李树、杏树、山楂树）上的适应性,于实验室内测定其在选择性条件下对不同植物组合的趋向偏好及产卵特点,并测定非选择性条件下其在不同植物上的存活、产卵以及寄主转换后的死亡情况。结果显示,在选择性条件下,当有寄主植物梨树枝条存在时,冬型梨木虱对其的趋向占比为 24.29%,而对苹果树、桃树、李树、杏树、樱桃树和山楂树枝条的趋向占比分别为 25.76%、20.81%、13.26%、8.25%、4.01%和3.62%,在梨树和苹果树枝条上的产卵量为111.00粒和7.67粒,未在其他果树枝条上产卵;当无寄主植物梨树枝条存在时,冬型梨木虱对苹果树枝条的趋向占比最高,为 35.45%,明显高于对樱桃树、杏树、桃树、山楂树和李树枝条的趋向占比,分别为 15.96%、13.19%、13.05%、12.41%和9.95%,且在苹果树、樱桃树、李树、桃树、杏树和山楂树枝条上的产卵量分别为14.25、9.75、7.25、4.75、2.75和1.00粒,总产卵量下降。在非选择性条件下,梨树枝条上冬型梨木虱的致死中时为17.11 d,在其他非寄主果树枝条上的致死中时集中在7.00~9.00 d;其在梨树枝条上的14 d累计产卵量最高,为136.67粒,而在苹果树、樱桃树、桃树、杏树、山楂树和李树枝条上的14 d累计产卵量大幅减少,分别为41.00、11.30、5.33、1.00、1.00和0.67粒,在梨树枝条上卵的孵化率为74.26%,在苹果树枝条上卵的孵化率为24.80%,在其他果树枝条上卵极少孵化。冬型梨木虱从非寄主苹果树转到寄主梨树时对其存活影响较小,第8 天累计死亡率为13.33%,相反,从寄主梨树转到非寄主苹果树上后对其存活影响明显,第8天累计死亡率达到了81.67%。表明所测试的非寄主植物均不能满足冬型梨木虱存活和子代发育所需营养,仅可作为临时替代寄主或越冬过渡寄主,非寄主植物苹果树可作为致死性诱集植物用于冬型梨木虱的防治。     

不同食料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了红玉苹果、红元帅苹果、张掖2号苹果、沙果、苹果梨、早酥梨、杏对苹果蠹蛾［Cydia pomonella (L.)］生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同食料对苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雌成虫产卵量等有显著影响。幼虫取食沙果、早酥梨、红玉苹果最有利于其生长发育和繁殖;取食红元帅苹果和张掖2号苹果的影响居中;而取食杏和苹果梨对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫死亡率增加,幼虫期延长,蛹期延长,蛹重减轻,雌成虫寿命缩短,单雌产卵量降低。     

Phenology and damage of Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in peach,apricot and nectarine orchards under semi-arid conditions

This study was conducted under semi-arid conditions in ?anl?urfa province (Turkey) in 2010–2011. One orchard each of peach, apricot and nectarine was selected for the study. There was less than one mile distance separating the orchards, and therefore climate, soil and topography were similar. Adult emergence, population peaks, number of generations per year and damage of the peach twig borer [PTB] [Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] on twigs and fruits were determined. Sex pheromone traps were used to determine moth population dynamics. Fruits and twigs were checked to determine damage rate and host preference of the PTB among peach, apricot and nectarine. This study showed that the first adults of the PTB were detected in early May and pest populations peaked four times during both years. The highest numbers of adults captured by the pheromone traps in peach, apricot and nectarine orchards were 115, 86 and 70 adults/trap, respectively. The PTB damage rates on twigs were 38, 18 and 16% (2010) (P < 0.05) and 30, 22 and 14% (2011) (P < 0.05), while damage rates on fruits were 29, 6 and 6% (2010) (P < 0.05) and 14, 8 and 5% (2011) (P < 0.05) in peach, nectarine and apricot, respectively. The results showed that A. lineatella caused greater damage on peaches than on apricots and nectarines.     

Fireblight at Long Ashton: a case history, 1971–1983

At Long Ashton Research Station serious outbreaks of fireblight (caused by Erwinia amylovora ) occurred on apples in 1978, 1980 and 1982. and on pears in 1979, Mid-season and late-flowering cider apple cultivars were particularly affected. On cider apple, outbreaks were associated with years of profuse blossom coinciding with unusually warm temperatures during bloom. Spread of infection between hosts, including hawthorn and cotoneaster, was undoubtedly important. These and other factors underlying the outbreaks are discussed.     

Characterization of theErwinia amylovora population in Israel

A collection of 205 strains ofErwinia amylovora isolated in Israel over a period of 12 years has been established. The strains were isolated from different varieties of pear, apple, loquat and quince grown in Israel, and collected from different locations in the country. They were characterized in respect to degree of virulence on several hosts and serological and molecular characters. Pathogenicity tests carried out on flowering branches of pear and apple, shoots of pears, and on trees of pear and loquat grown in containers outdoors, revealed no significant differences in the severity of blossom blight or shoot blight among the various strains. ELISA and immunofluorescence assays revealed no serotypic groups among the Israeli strains. Genomic diversity was studied by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 24 arbitrary 10-base primers. All the strains examined (45 Israeli and 11 from Egypt, Cyprus and Greece) produced the same RAPD patterns with each of the primers used. Amplification patterns were indistinguishable from those produced by strains isolated from the neighboring countries. Results presented in this study suggest that the population ofE. amylovora in Israel is homogenous.     

Fire blight risk assessment during bloom in an experimental orchard using BIS (Billing's Integrated System)

The value of BIS for blossom blight risk assessment was studied from data collected in an experimental orchard in south-west France. Trees observed included mature commercial pear and apple trees and some young trees in experimental plots. There was a weather station in the orchard and beehives were present. Field records included flowering times of the pear and apple cultivars studied (mostly Passe-Crassane and Beurré Hardy, Royal Gala and Golden Delicious) and dates when blossom blight was first seen on each cultivar. Between 1980 and 1991, records of blight were available for 25 cases. In most cases, one or more infection risk (IR) days, as defined for BIS, could be found during bloom. DD13 mean sums (sums of degree days above a mean temperature of 13 °C) gave good guidance on times when early signs of blossom blight were present in 14 cases. There was only a slight divergence from BIS guides in a further five cases. Possible reasons for divergence and for non-fit in the remaining six cases are discussed. It is concluded from this study that BIS should give useful guidance on optimal times for protective spray applications and for timing of searches for signs of early blossom blight in south-west of France. Graphical presentations of data provide additional information.     

San José Scale in Deciduous Fruit Orchards of Some European Countries (Survey of Scale Insect Infestations in European Orchards No. IV)

Fruit tree branch and bark samples have been collected from several European countries (Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, European part of USSR) from apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry and sour cherry. Twenty-five scale insect species were found in the samples. Distribution maps of Quadra & pidiotus perniciosus on different fruit species are given. No significant changes in the distribution of this species in Central Europe can be observed in the last 30 years. Q. perniciosus is present in higher density on apple wherever it occurs, and is less frequent on pears and plums. It is frequent on peach and sometimes on cherry, but generally at low densities. It is rare on sour cherry.     

Viruses of pome fruit trees in Syria

A survey was conducted to evaluate the sanitary status of pome fruit trees in Syria during spring 2003 and 2004 in 6 governorates: Damascus, Al-Qunaitara and Al-Sweida (Southern region), Homs and Hama (Central region) and Latakia (Costal Western region), as the main production areas of pome fruits. Leaf samples from 1077 apples, 54 pears and 14 quince were collected and tested for the presence of Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in 70 commercial orchards and 3 varietal collections by ELISA. Results showed that the virus infection rates were 34 and 2% in apple and pear, respectively. Quince trees were found to be virus tested free. ACLSV was prevailing on apple with 34%, whereas ASGV and ApMV were found in 2 and 0.2% of tested trees, respectively. Pear trees were infected only with ACLSV (2%). 21 apples and 15 pears representative budwood samples were indexed by grafting on the following indicators: (i) Malus pumila cvs. Virginia Crab and Radiant for apple and (ii) M. pumila cv. V. Crab and Pyrus communis cv. Nouveau Poiteau for pear. The virus infection rates by woody indexing were much higher than ELISA, Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and ASGV were found in 86 and 82% of apple tested samples, whereas they were 80 and 60% of pear tested samples, respectively. Additional RT-PCR testing carried out for a limited number of samples confirmed the high incidence of ACLSV ASPV, ASGV and the presence of ApMV. This is the first report on pome fruit viruses in Syria, indicating an unsatisfactory sanitary status of the industry. As a consequence, a certification program is recommended for producing locally healthy propagating material.     

Current situation of sharka disease in Ankara,Turkey

Sharka disease has a limited distribution in Turkey and does not present a problem for stone fruit production. However, sharka is the most common virus disease of apricots, plums and peaches in Ankara, although it is not a common disease in other cities in Turkey. In different parts of Ankara, 212 private gardens in 21 locations were surveyed forPlum pox virus (PPV) incidence. All together 935 trees of apricot, plum, peach, sweet cherry and sour cherry were sampled and tested for the presence ofPPV by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA).PPV was identified in numerous trees,viz. 286 apricots, 172 plums and 65 peaches. Strain differentiation ofPPV was accomplished using double-antibody sandwich indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DASI-ELISA). These assays confirmed the presence of isolates belonging toPPV-M, PPV-D and mixed infections ofPPV-M+D. This is the first report of the presence ofPPV-D and mixed infections ofPPV-M+D in Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

苹果锈果病的病原

 从苹果锈果病枝条减压抽取出输导组织液,在其离心沉淀物的超薄切片中,电镜检查到形态类似立克次体的难养细菌(fastidious bacteria)。病株花柄和幼嫩果柄的超薄切片中也观察到这种细菌。健树制备的对照样品中没有。从锈果病带病者——梨树中也发现有这种菌。用难养菌液接种,苗木叶片表现典型的弯叶症状。青霉素处理有减轻病情的疗效。可以认为这种难养菌是引起苹果锈果病的病原物。