抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。     

杂草对草甘膦抗性机制及治理对策

杂草对草甘膦的抗药性发生日趋严重,给农业生产带来严重经济损失,已成为杂草抗药性研究的热点问题。本文综述了杂草对草甘膦的抗药性机制研究进展,提出了抗草甘膦杂草的防除措施。     

草甘膦作用机制和抗性研究进展

草甘膦是迄今为止最为重要、应用最广泛和最优秀的除草剂之一。然而,由于抗草甘膦转基因作物的广泛商业化导致草甘膦使用量迅速增长,杂草抗药性发生,这不仅对草甘膦的药效发挥和未来可持续应用造成了严重影响,而且对现代农业生产安全构成了威胁。本文通过对草甘膦的作用机理、草甘膦抗性杂草发展现状和抗性机制进行系统的总结和分析,以期为我国草甘膦的抗性研究和科学使用提供参考。     

抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究进展

目前,抗草甘膦杂草问题日趋严重。通过检索国内外抗草甘膦杂草的检测方法,总结出常用检测方法和其他检测方法,进行了简单概述,为抗草甘膦杂草检测体系的发展提供依据。     

耐草甘膦杂草的研究现状

草甘膦是目前世界上用量最大、应用范围最广的农药,因为在转基因抗草甘膦作物田中过度依赖其除草,耐草甘膦杂草将演替成优势种群。耐受性杂草不但增加了杂草防除难度和成本,而且还会导致在农田生态系统中因过量使用草甘膦而出现一系列生态风险问题。本文通过对草甘膦特性、耐草甘膦杂草现状和耐受机制等进行较系统的总结和分析,以期为我国未来抗除草剂作物商业化种植后制定杂草治理策略奠定基础,也为草甘膦在转基因作物田高效安全地使用提供理论依据。     

草甘膦水剂在抗草甘膦转基因大豆田除草效果及安全性研究

采用田间试验,研究了41%草甘膦水剂在抗草甘膦转基因大豆田使用的除草效果和抗草甘膦大豆的安全性。结果表明,41%草甘膦水剂对大豆田主要杂草马唐、反枝苋和铁苋菜等均有理想防效,药后30 d,41%草甘膦水剂1 537.5 g a.i./hm2剂量下对大豆田杂草防效达90%以上。41%草甘膦水剂对4种抗除草剂大豆材料（356043、87701RR2Y、06-698和07-1568）安全性较好,在922.5～2 460.0 g a.i./hm2剂量范围内,上述大豆材料无药害症状,其株高、复叶数、每荚粒数及百粒重均没有降低。与不用药对照相比,上述材料施用41%草甘膦水剂后增产显著。     

全球抗草甘膦杂草的发生概况与检疫思考

随着草甘膦在全球范围内的大量使用,杂草对草甘膦的抗药性也不断增强,给农业生产带来了严重的经济损失。本文综述了草甘膦的作用机理和杂草产生抗性的机制,重点阐述了多种草甘膦抗性杂草发生、分布与扩散概况;统计了我国在进口货物中截获与产生抗药性杂草同种类同来源国杂草的数据,分析了抗药性杂草随进口货物传入我国的风险;针对为何要加强抗药性杂草的检疫工作给出理由,并对预防抗药性杂草传入提出了几点建议。     

广西进口粮谷中2种苋属杂草草甘膦抗性测定

为了解进境粮食中常见苋属杂草的抗草甘膦水平,采用整株检测法检测了主要进口粮谷携带的和广西境内的刺苋、反枝苋的草甘膦抗性。检测结果表明:在外来杂草的对比中,巴西大豆中的刺苋以及加拿大油菜籽中的反枝苋对草甘膦抗性强;大部分外来苋属杂草比国内苋属杂草对草甘膦的抗性强。     

转基因抗草甘膦大豆的荒地生存竞争能力

抗草甘膦大豆的安全性一直备受关注,对转G10-EPSPS基因抗草甘膦大豆SHZD32-01进行荒地生存竞争能力试验,以检验其是否具有杂草化风险。以转G10-EPSPS基因抗草甘膦大豆SHZD32-01、受体大豆中豆32、主栽品种皖豆28为材料,在上海交通大学农业与生物学院的转基因试验基地,采用地表撒播和常规方式播种,在2017年4月至7月分4次播种,每个处理重复4次,调查不同播种条件下大豆和杂草的生长情况,并对大豆及杂草群落的生长进行分析。结果发现,在地表撒播情况下,SHZD32-01与中豆32、皖豆28的存活率、株高、覆盖度和种植区域内杂草覆盖度基本无显著差异。在常规播种情况下,3种大豆种植区域内杂草发生情况无显著差异;4、5月播种的转基因大豆存活率弱于中豆32和皖豆28,且与中豆32差异显著;6月播种的3种大豆存活率均低于5%。在2种播种条件下,4月播种的转基因大豆繁育系数显著大于中豆32,5—7月播种的大豆繁育系数,三者之间差异不显著。综合分析上述指标,转基因大豆荒地生存竞争能力略弱于中豆32和皖豆28。同时所有试验小区8月杂草覆盖度均达到100%,转基因大豆SHZD32-01的荒地生存能力明显弱于杂草。在2种播种条件下,转基因大豆SHZD32-01与受体大豆、主栽品种以及杂草相比均没有竞争优势,没有转化为杂草的风险。     

化学除草剂对保护性耕作燕麦田杂草的防除效果

为探究内蒙古保护性耕作燕麦田间杂草的发生规律,控制杂草生长过盛,增加燕麦产量,调查了呼和浩特市武川县上秃亥乡燕麦田间杂草种类并考察各类化学除草剂对其防除效果。结果表明:保护性耕作燕麦田分布的杂草种类分属6科13种,主要危害杂草为藜、猪毛菜和狗尾草,发生时间集中于5月中旬—6月中上旬。试验所选2,4-D丁酯、苯磺隆、草甘膦、二甲四氯、辛酰溴苯腈5种除草剂对保护性耕作燕麦田杂草均有防效,单一防除效果依次为:2,4-D丁酯10%苯磺隆75%苯磺隆草甘膦二甲四氯辛酰溴苯腈。综合防除效果以收获后900 ml·hm~(-2)草甘膦+苗期300 g·hm~(-2)二甲四氯+300 ml·hm~(-2)2,4-D丁酯处理最好,株防效和鲜重防效均在96.4%左右,且鲜重防效效果显著,燕麦增产幅度超100%,每公顷纯收益最高,为6 618.0元,在农业生产中优先推荐。     

Sustainable use of glyphosate in North American cropping systems

Roundup Ready (glyphosate-resistant) cropping systems enable the use of glyphosate, a non-selective herbicide that offers growers several benefits, including superior weed control, flexibility in weed control timing and economic advantages. The rapid adoption of such crops in North America has resulted in greater glyphosate use and concern over the potential for weed resistance to erode the sustainability of its efficacy. Computer modeling is one method that can be used to explore the sustainability of glyphosate when used in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. Field tests should help strengthen the assumptions on which the models are based, and have been initiated for this purpose. Empirical evaluations of published data show that glyphosate-resistant weeds have an appearance rate of 0.007, defined as the number of newly resistant species per million acres treated, which ranks low among herbicides used in North America. Modeling calculations and ongoing field tests support a practical recommendation for growers occasionally to include other herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems, to lower further the potential for new resistance to occur. The presented data suggest that the sustainability of glyphosate in North America would be enhanced by prudent use of additional herbicides in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems.     

Glyphosate-resistant weeds of South American cropping systems: an overview

Herbicide resistance is an evolutionary event resulting from intense herbicide selection over genetically diverse weed populations. In South America, orchard, cereal and legume cropping systems show a strong dependence on glyphosate to control weeds. The goal of this report is to review the current knowledge on cases of evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds in South American agriculture. The first reports of glyphosate resistance include populations of highly diverse taxa (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Conyza bonariensis L., C. canadensis L.). In all instances, resistance evolution followed intense glyphosate use in fruit fields of Chile and Brazil. In fruit orchards from Colombia, Parthenium hysterophorus L. has shown the ability to withstand high glyphosate rates. The recent appearance of glyphosate-resistant Sorghum halepense L. and Euphorbia heterophylla L. in glyphosate-resistant soybean fields of Argentina and Brazil, respectively, is of major concern. The evolution of glyphosate resistance has clearly taken place in those agroecosystems where glyphosate exerts a strong and continuous selection pressure on weeds. The massive adoption of no-till practices together with the utilization of glyphosate-resistant soybean crops are factors encouraging increase in glyphosate use. This phenomenon has been more evident in Argentina and Brazil. The exclusive reliance on glyphosate as the main tool for weed management results in agroecosystems biologically more prone to glyphosate resistance evolution.     

Glyphosate-resistant soybean as a weed management tool: Opportunities and challenges

Transgenic soybean, resistant to glyphosate, represents a revolutionary breakthrough in weed control technology. Transgenic soybean is the most dominant among all transgenic crops grown commercially in the world. In 2000, glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was planted to 25.8 million hectares globally, which amounts to 58% of the total global transgenic crop area. The United States soybean area planted with GR soybean has increased from 2% in 1996 to 68% in 2001. Glyphosate-resistant soybean as a weed management tool has provided farmers with the opportunity and flexibility to manage a broad spectrum of weeds. The use of glyphosate in GR soybean offers another alternative to manage weeds that are resistant to other herbicides. The rapid increase in GR soybean area is caused by the simplicity of using only one herbicide and a lower cost for weed control. Adoption of GR soybean has resulted in a dramatic decrease in the area treated with other herbicides. Glyphosphate-resistant soybean should not be relied on solely to the exclusion of other weed control methods, and should be used within integrated weed management systems. Over-reliance on GR soybean could lead to problems such as shifts in weed species and population, and the development of glyphosate-resistant weeds. The challenge is for soybean farmers to understand these problems, and for weed scientists to communicate with farmers that continuous use of glyphosate may diminish the opportunity of GR soybean as a weed management tool in the future.     

Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt

Glyphosate is the world's most important herbicide, with many uses that deliver effective and sustained control of a wide spectrum of unwanted (weedy) plant species. Until recently there were relatively few reports of weedy plant species evolving resistance to glyphosate. Since 1996, the advent and subsequent high adoption of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in the Americas has meant unprecedented and often exclusive use of glyphosate for weed control over very large areas. Consequently, in regions of the USA where transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of the economically damaging weed species Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Amaranthus palmeri S Watson, Amaranthus rudis JD Sauer, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) JD Sauer and various Conyza and Lolium spp. Likewise, in areas of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in Argentina and Brazil, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Euphorbia heterophylla L. respectively. As transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops will remain very popular with producers, it is anticipated that glyphosate-resistant biotypes of other prominent weed species will evolve over the next few years. Therefore, evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds are a major risk for the continued success of glyphosate and transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops. However, glyphosate-resistant weeds are not yet a problem in many parts of the world, and lessons can be learnt and actions taken to achieve glyphosate sustainability. A major lesson is that maintenance of diversity in weed management systems is crucial for glyphosate to be sustainable. Glyphosate is essential for present and future world food production, and action to secure its sustainability for future generations is a global imperative.     

Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide

Since its commercial introduction in 1974, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] has become the dominant herbicide worldwide. There are several reasons for its success. Glyphosate is a highly effective broad-spectrum herbicide, yet it is very toxicologically and environmentally safe. Glyphosate translocates well, and its action is slow enough to take advantage of this. Glyphosate is the only herbicide that targets 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), so there are no competing herbicide analogs or classes. Since glyphosate became a generic compound, its cost has dropped dramatically. Perhaps the most important aspect of the success of glyphosate has been the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops in 1996. Almost 90% of all transgenic crops grown worldwide are glyphosate resistant, and the adoption of these crops is increasing at a steady pace. Glyphosate/glyphosate-resistant crop weed management offers significant environmental and other benefits over the technologies that it replaces. The use of this virtually ideal herbicide is now being threatened by the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Adoption of resistance management practices will be required to maintain the benefits of glyphosate technologies for future generations.     

南繁基地牛筋草对草甘膦的抗药性研究

牛筋草是一年生禾本科恶性杂草, 在我国黄淮海流域及长江以南地区的农田危害严重。草甘膦是一种优良的非选择性除草剂, 随着生物育种产业化的推进, 草甘膦会逐步在玉米、大豆等作物田登记应用。育种基地抗草甘膦杂草的产生是其快速传播的潜在因素。为明确三亚一育种基地牛筋草种群对草甘膦的敏感性, 本研究利用生物测定、分子生物学等方法检测了待测种群的抗性水平, 并分析了可能的分子机制。结果发现, 草甘膦对牛筋草种群的生长抑制中量为2 053.0 g/hm2(有效成分用量), 抗性指数(RI)为5.0; 靶标基因EPSPS的保守区域无突变, 但相对表达量是敏感种群的47.4倍; 抗性植株中EPSPS蛋白的浓度是敏感植株的17.1倍。以上结果表明, 该牛筋草种群对草甘膦产生了中等水平抗性, 靶标基因过量表达是其抗性机制之一。